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Lab Items Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

extensions of the arachnoid mater/subarachnoid space that protrude into the dural venous sinuses, allowing CSF to filter back into venous circulation

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2
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle meningeal layer; forms a membranous layer over the superficial surface of the brain, does not follow gyrus surfaces within sulci; forms superficial layer of the subarachnoid space

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3
Q

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

A

ventricular canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles; passes through the midbrain and divides it into the tectum and tegmentum

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4
Q

choroid plexus

A

plexus of blood vessels within the lateral ventricles in which blood plasma filters from the arterial circulation into the ventricular circulation to make CSF; supplied by arterial branches from the internal carotid a. and the posterior cerebral a.

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5
Q

dura mater

A

outermost meningeal layer; consists of two layers: the periosteum, which lies superficially/adjacent to the calvaria, and the meningeal layer, which lies deep/adacent to the arachnoid mater; dural venous sinuses lie between these two layers

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6
Q

falx cerebelli

A

dural infolding that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

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7
Q

falx cerebri

A

dural infolding that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

foramen of Magendie

A

median aperture of the fourth ventricle through which CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space

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9
Q

foramina of Luschka

A

two lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle through which CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space

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10
Q

fourth ventricle

A

last ventricle of CSF circulation; located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the brainstem

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11
Q

inferior sagittal sinus

A

dural venous sinus located along the inferior border of the falx cerebri which joins with the Great cerebral vein of Galen into the straight sinus

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12
Q

interventricular foramen (of Monro)

A

canal in the ventricular system that conducts CSF from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle

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13
Q

lateral ventricle

A

paired ventricles separated by the septum pellucidum into which blood filtrate first drains in order to form CSF; found inferior to the corpus callosum and superior to the thalamus

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14
Q

lateral ventricle - frontal/anterior horn

A

portion of the lateral ventricle that extends anteriorly into the frontal lobe

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15
Q

lateral ventricle - occipital/posterior horn

A

portion of the lateral ventricle that extends posteriorly into the occipital lobe

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16
Q

lateral ventricle - temporal/inferior horn

A

portion of the lateral ventricle that curves back around like a “C” into the temporal lobe

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17
Q

pia mater

A

microscopic deep meningeal layer that adheres faithfully to the cortical surface of the brain; follows gyri into the sulci but does not follow blood vessels into perivascular spaces

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18
Q

septum pellucidum

A

thin membranous wall separating lateral ventricles

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19
Q

straight sinus

A

dural venous sinus that drains blood from Great cerebral vein of Galen and the inferior sagittal sinus into the confluence of the sinuses and ultimately into the internal jugular vein

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20
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

dural venous sinus that lies on the superior surface of the brain, following the sagittal fissure and the superior border of the falx cerebri

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21
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

dural infolding that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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22
Q

third ventricle

A

central CSF ventricle surrounded on its lateral aspects by the thalamus that receives CSF from the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramen of Monro and conducts it to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

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23
Q

angular gyrus

A

gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule that caps the terminus of the superior temporal sulcus

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24
Q

anterior paracentral lobule

A

gyrus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere at the junction of the frontal and parietal lobes, capping the terminus of the central sulcus

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25
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

sulcus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere in the occipital lobe running perpendicular to the occipitoparietal sulcus; separates the cuneus superiorly from the lingual gyrus inferiorly; area surrounding this sulcus forms the primary visual cortex

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26
Q

callosal sulcus

A

large sulcus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere; separates the corpus callosum from the cingulate gyrus

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27
Q

central sulcus (of Rolando)

A

large sulcus found on the lateral aspect of the brain; separates the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the precentral and postcentral gyri

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28
Q

cerebellar hemisphere

A

right or left half of the cerebellum; includes three lobes: anterior, flocculonodular, and posterior (includes tonsils)

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29
Q

cerebellar tonsil

A

part of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum; located adjacent to the foramen magnum

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30
Q

cerebellar vermis

A

midline structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres; consists of 10 lobules

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31
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

paired structure that forms the tegmentum of the midbrain; found on the anterior aspect of the brainstem superior to the pons

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32
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

large gyrus found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere superior to the corpus callosum; functions in emotional processing of pain; also contains a supplementary motor area where complex movements are planned and executed

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33
Q

cingulate sulcus

A

large sulcus found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere superior to the cingulate gyrus; cortical areas within this sulcus are involved in initial stages of movement generation

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34
Q

collateral sulcus

A

sulcus found on the inferior surface of the brain in the temporal lobe; separates the fusiform gyrus laterally from the parahyppocampal/lingual gyri medially

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35
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere superior to the lateral ventricles that connects the two cerebral hemispheres when the brain is intact

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36
Q

cuneus

A

gyrus/cortical region found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere; located in the occipital lobe superior to the calcarine sulcus and posterior to the occipitoparietal sulcus

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37
Q

gyrus rectus

A

gyrus of the frontal lobe found on the inferior surface of the brain immediately adjacent to the sagittal fissure and medial to the olfactory sulcus

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38
Q

hypothalamus

A

structure located inferior to the thalamus and third ventricle that extends anterioinferiorly; projections include the pituitary gland and the mamillary bodies; functions to regulate the endocrine system, is involved with the autonomic NS, and makes connections with other parts of the brain

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39
Q

inferior colliculus

A

one of the four “bumps” that forms the tectum of the midbrain; visible on the posterior aspect of the brainstem in the lower row of bumps; functions in auditory system relay and reflexes

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40
Q

inferior frontal gyrus - opercular part

A

posterior-most part of the inferior frontal gyrus located just anterior to the precentral gyrus; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca’s area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech

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41
Q

inferior frontal gyrus - orbital part

A

anterior-most part of the inferior frontal gyrus; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca’s area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech

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42
Q

inferior frontal gyrus - triangular part

A

middle part of the inferior frontal gyrus; forms a triangular shape; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca’s area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech

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43
Q

inferior frontal sulcus

A

sulcus of the frontal lobe running parallel to the sagittal fissure; separates the middle and inferior frontal gyri

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44
Q

inferior parietal lobule

A

region of the parietal lobe inferior to the intraparietal sulcus; composed of the supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

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45
Q

inferior temporal gyrus

A

gyrus of the temporal lobe running parallel to the lateral fissure; found inferior to the inferior temporal sulcus and superior to the occipitotemporal sulcus

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46
Q

inferior temporal sulcus

A

sulcus of the temporal lobe running parallel to the lateral fissure; separates the middle and inferior temporal gyri

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47
Q

insula

A

cortical region hidden from superficial examination by the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula; functions to receive information from the viscera and contribute to autonomic components of the pain response

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48
Q

interpeduncular fossa

A

space between the cerebral peduncles on the anterior aspect of the brainstem; forms part of the tegmentum of the midbrain

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49
Q

intraparietal sulcus

A

sulcus of the parietal lobe running perpendicular to the postcentral sulcus; separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules

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50
Q

lateral occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

A

gyrus visible on the inferior surface of the brain; found between the occipitotemporal and collateral sulci

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51
Q

lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

A

large sulcus/fissure on the lateral surface of the brain separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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52
Q

lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus)

A

gyrus visible on the inferior surface of the brain; found medial and posterior to the collateral sulcus, posterior to the parahippocampal gyrus, and lateral to the sagittal fissure

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53
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

large fissure separating the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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54
Q

marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus

A

branch of the cingulate sulcus on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere that extends superiorly, posterior to the paracentral gyrus

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55
Q

medulla

A

most inferior part of the brainstem

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56
Q

medullary pyramid

A

vertical ridges visible on the anteromedial aspect of the medulla; carry ipsilateral motor information from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord

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57
Q

midbrain tectum

A

part of the midbrain located superior/posterior to the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius; consists of the superior and inferior colliculi

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58
Q

midbrain tegmentum

A

part of the midbrain located inferior/anterior to the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius; composed of the cerebral peduncles and the interpeduncular fossa

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59
Q

middle frontal gyrus

A

gyrus of the frontal lobe found on the lateral surface of the brain between the superior and inferior frontal sulci; functions to initiate contralateral horizontal saccades

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60
Q

middle temporal gyrus

A

gyrus of the temporal lobe found on the lateral surface of the brain between the superior and inferior temporal sulci

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61
Q

occipitotemporal sulcus

A

sulcus of the temporal lobe found on the lateral/inferior surface of the brain; separates the inferior temporal gyrus and the fusiform gyrus

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62
Q

olfactory sulcus

A

sulcus of the frontal lobe found on the inferior surface of the brain; runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure and separates the straight gyrus from the orbital gyri

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63
Q

olive

A

large “bumps” found on the anterolateral surface of the medulla; located lateral to the medullary pyramids and just inferior to the pons

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64
Q

orbital gyrus

A

gyrus of the frontal lobe visible on the inferior surface of the brain just lateral to the olfactory sulcus

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65
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

gyrus of the temporal lobe visible on the inferior surface of the brain; located between the collateral sulcus and the thalamus

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66
Q

parietooccipital sulcus

A

large sulcus visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere that separates the parietal and occipital lobes; runs just posterior to the corpus callosum

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67
Q

pineal body (pineal gland)

A

small midline gland located on the posterior aspect of the thalamus, just superior to the posterior commissure; functions to secrete melatonin

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68
Q

pons

A

oval-shaped portion of the brainstem located inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla

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69
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

gyrus of the parietal lobe located between the central sulcus and the postcentral sulcus; serves as the primary somatosensory cortex

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70
Q

postcentral sulcus

A

sulcus of the parietal lobe located just posterior to and running parallel to the central sulcus; separates the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules

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71
Q

precuneus

A

gyrus of the parietal lobe visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere just anterior to the parietooccipital sulcus

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72
Q

preoccipital notch

A

small notch between gyri located on the inferior edge of the lateral surface of the brain that separates the temporal and occipital lobes

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73
Q

pyramidal decussation

A

elevated region between the medullary pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla where the nerve fibers of the pyramids cross the midline

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74
Q

superior colliculus

A

one of the four “bumps” that forms the tectum of the midbrain; upper row of bumps; functions for visual system relay and reflexes

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75
Q

superior frontal gyrus

A

gyrus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure; located medial to the superior frontal sulcus

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76
Q

superior frontal sulcus

A

sulcus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure; separates the superior and middle frontal gyri

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77
Q

superior parietal lobule

A

region of the parietal lobe found posterior to the postcentral sulcus and superior to the intraparietal sulcus

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78
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

gyrus of the temporal lobe that runs parallel to the lateral fissure; found superior to the superior temporal sulcus; contains Wernicke’s area, which is a sensory area for speech; also contains auditory association area

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79
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A

sulcus of the temporal lobe that runs parallel to the lateral fissure; separates the superior and middle temporal gyri

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80
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A

part of the inferior parietal lobule that caps the terminus of the lateral fissure; located anterior to the angular gyrus

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81
Q

thalamus

A

member of the diencephalon that forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle; functions to process and relay information between sensory or motor systems and the cerebral cortex

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82
Q

uncus

A

gyrus found on the inferior surface of the brain that extends from the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus and folds back on itself posteriorly; anterior surface makes up the olfactory cortex

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83
Q

posterior paracentral lobule

A

gyrus visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere; found just anterior to the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus and posterior to the terminus of the central sulcus

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84
Q

precentral gyrus

A

gyrus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the central sulcus and is located anterior to the central sulcus and posterior to the pre central sulcus; functions as the primary motor cortex

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85
Q

precentral sulcus

A

sulcus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the central sulcus and separates the precentral gyrus from the inferior, middle, and superior frontal gyri

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86
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

member of the circle of Willis; branches off the internal carotid a. and anastamoses with its pair via the anterior communicating artery; branches include the medial striated a., pericollosal a., and callosomarginal a.; supplies the medial aspect of the cerebrum (frontal and parietal lobes, cingulate gyrus) and the basal ganglia

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87
Q

anterior communicating artery

A

connects the two anterior cerebral arteries at the anterior pole of the circle of Willis, anterior to the optic chiasm; does not usually contain much blood, becomes more important when there is an arterial blockage

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88
Q

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

branches off of the basilar artery just inferior to the pons and the labyrinthine a.; supplies the inferior surface of cerebellum and lateral part of the caudal pons

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89
Q

anterior spinal artery

A

unpaired medial artery on the anterior surface of the spinal cord; formed by anastomosing branches of the paired vertebral aa.

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90
Q

basilar artery

A

large artery located on the anterior face of the pons formed by the anastomosis of the two vertebral aa.; forms the inferior part of the circle of Willis

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91
Q

callosomarginal artery

A

branch of the ACA that extends anterosuperiorly along the superior border of the cingulate sulcus

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92
Q

internal carotid artery

A

branch of the common carotid artery that travels up to the brain, giving off the ophthalmic artery before contributing to the circle of Willis; terminally bifurcates into the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral aa.

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93
Q

labyrinthine/internal acoustic artery

A

branch of the basilar artery found at the base of the pons just superior to the AICA; supplies the inner ear

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94
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

forms part of the circle of Willis; branches off the internal carotid a. then travels laterally; branches include the lenticulostriate aa., orbitofrontal a., and the prefrontal a.; passes through the lateral cerebral fissure; supplies the lateral aspect of the cerebrum (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, insula, temporal pole), basal ganglia, and internal capsule

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95
Q

pericallosal artery

A

branch of the ACA that lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum, lying within the callosal sulcus

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96
Q

pontine arteries

A

small penetrating branches of the basilar a. that supply the pons

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97
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

branch of the basilar a. within the circle of Willis; supplies the midbrain, posterior parts of the cerebrum (occipital lobe), thalamus, globus pallidus

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98
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

part of the circle of Willis; connects the internal carotid a. to the PCA; supplies the optic chiasm, parahippocampal gyrus, interpeduncular region, crus cerebri, and thalamus

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99
Q

posterior inferior cerebrellar artery

A

branch of the superior vertebral aa. just before they anastomose to form the basilar a.; supplies the posterior half of the inferior part of the cerebellum

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100
Q

superior cerebellar artery

A

last branch of the basilar a. before it branches into posterior cerebral aa.; runs with the PCA over the pons briefly before it dives into the cerebellum; supplies the superior surface of cerebellum, parts of the midbrain, lateral part of middle pons

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101
Q

vertebral artery

A

branches of the subclavian aa. that travel up the anterior aspect of the spinal cord before anastomosing to form the basilar a. at the pons

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102
Q

astrocyte

A

connective glia of the CNS; fills in spaces between neurons, processes articulate with blood vessels, assists in metabolite/neurotransmitter recycling, forms a potassium buffer

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103
Q

axon

A

long process of a neuron that allows it to communicate with other cells; usually myelinated, contains no RER, ribosomes, or golgi bodies

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104
Q

axon hillock

A

part of cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon; contains no RER/Nissl substance

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105
Q

betz cells (unit 2)

A

extra-large pyramidal cell

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106
Q

dendrite

A

process of a neuron that allows it to receive chemical and electrical signals from surrounding neurons

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107
Q

endoneurium

A

inner-most connective tissue of a peripheral nerve that surrounds myelin sheaths

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108
Q

ependymal cell

A

a type of glial cell in the CNS that lines ventricular spaces of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; also part of choroid plexus; contributes to synthesis of CSF

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109
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds a nerve; contains vascular and adipose tissue

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110
Q

initial segment

A

proximal-most part of an axon connected to the axon hillock of the cell body; locus of generation of action potentials

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111
Q

microtubules

A

polar cytoskeletal component; GTPase; formed by heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulin bound to GTP to favor polymerization; hydrolysis of GTP to GDP favors depolymerization; end diameter is appx. 20-25 nm

112
Q

myelin sheath

A

layers of lipophilic cell membrane devoid of cytoplasm wrapped around neuronal axons to insulate them and facilitate saltatory conduction

113
Q

neurofilaments

A

intermediate filament unique to neurons; composed of parallel coiled-coil homodimer, which then aggregates to form antiparallel homotetramer (protofilament), which then links with others (protofibril), which then further polymerizes into a neurofilament with a diameter of appx. 10 nm; filaments may be of low (~70 kDa), medium (~140 kDa), or high (~210 kDa) molecular weight; aggregations form neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer’s disease

114
Q

neuron soma

A

cell body of a neuron; contains euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus, Nissl substance (RER)

115
Q

Nissl substance/rough ER

A

dark-staining substance in neuronal cell bodies that facilitate protein synthesis

116
Q

node of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths on neuronal axons that allow depolarization and saltatory conduction of an action potential down an axon

117
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glial cell of the CNS that myelinates neuronal axons in the CNS; one oligodendrocyte may myelinate multiple axons

118
Q

perineurium

A

connective tissue surrounding nerve fascicles that make up a nerve

119
Q

pyramidal cell (unit 2)

A

cortical neuron type with a triangular-shaped cell body

120
Q

Schwann cell

A

glial cell of the PNS that myelinated neuronal axons in the PNS: one Schwann cell can myelinate only one axon; one axon may be myelinated by 50-500 Schwann cells

121
Q

terminal bouton

A

cytoplasmic enlargement at the terminus of axonal rami that contains vesicles of neurotransmitters and forms synapses with other neurons

122
Q

unmyelinated

A

a neuronal axon that has not been insulated by any glial cells and is exposed to extracellular fluid; peripheral neurons of this type are still surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm

123
Q

CN I - olfactory bulb

A

bulbous nerve tissue located at the distal end of the olfactory tract superior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; contains postsynaptic neurons from CN I

124
Q

CN I - olfactory tract

A

sensory nerve tract located in the olfactory sulcus that carries axons of postsynaptic neurons involved in olfaction from the olfactory bulb to the thalamus

125
Q

CN II - optic

A

sensory cranial nerve carrying fibers from the retina of the eyes through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone to the lateral geniculate nucleus; nasal fibers decussate at the optic chiasm before reaching the thalamus

126
Q

CN III - oculomotor

A

motor cranial nerve originating in the oculomotor nucleus of the upper midbrain; emerges at junction of midbrain and pons, passes through superior orbital fissure and through the common tendinous ring of the rectus mm. to innervate the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique mm.

127
Q

CN IV - trochlear

A

motor cranial nerve originating in the trochlear nucleus of the lower midbrain; emerges from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, passes through superior orbital fissure and outside the common tendinous ring of the rectus mm. to innervate the superior oblique m.

128
Q

CN V - trigeminal

A

mixed cranial nerve originating in its own motor nucleus of the pons with sensory cell bodies located in its own ganglion; divided into three divisions: 1) passes through superior orbital fissure to provide sensory innervation to the forehead, scalp, and nasal mucous membranes; 2) passes through the foramen rotundum to provide sensory innervation to the upper lip, prominence of cheek, palate, and maxillary sinus; 3) passes through the foramen ovale to provide sensory innervation to the lower jaw and mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of tongue; also provides motor innervation to mm. of mastication, tensor veli palatini m., tensor tympani m., ant. belly of digastric m., and the mylohyoid m.

129
Q

CN VI - abducent

A

motor cranial nerve originating in the abducent nucleus of the pons; emerges at the pontomedullary junction, passes through the superior orbital fissure, goes through the common tendinous ring of rectus mm., and innervates the lateral rectus m.

130
Q

CN VII - facial

A

mixed cranial nerve

131
Q

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

A

??

132
Q

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

A

??

133
Q

CN X - vagus

A

??

134
Q

CN XI - accessory

A

??

135
Q

CN XII - hypoglossal

A

??

136
Q

crus cerebri

A

ventral part of the cerebral peduncle; part of the midbrain

137
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

one of the thalamic nuclei located at the posterior pole of the thalamus; located near the tectum of the midbrain; functions as a relay in the visual pathway

138
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

one of the thalamic nuclei located at the posterior pole of the thalamus; located just lateral to the superior colliculus; functions as a relay in the visual pathway

139
Q

red nucleus

A

oval, vascular structure in the center of the midbrain tegmentum; functions as a relay between the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and the the spinal cord

140
Q

substantia nigra

A

heavily pigmented nuclear mass within the cerebral peduncle

141
Q

dorsal root/spinal ganglion

A

nodular nervous tissue on the dorsal spinal root that houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons

142
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

encapsulated nerve ending consisting of many layers of membranes and fluid; located deep in the dermis of the skin; senses high-frequency vibrations; fast-adapting

143
Q

spinal cord - anterior column/funiculus

A

white matter in the anterior section of the spinal cord; located between the anterior horns of gray matter

144
Q

spinal cord - central canal

A

hole in the center of the spinal cord where the CSF resides; lined with ependymal cells

145
Q

spinal cord - central gray commissure

A

section of gray matter that connects the lateral areas of gray matter on either side of the spinal cord

146
Q

spinal cord - dorsal/posterior horn

A

section of gray matter on the posterior side of the spinal cord where sensory nerve roots enter the spinal cord

147
Q

spinal cord - dorsal median sulcus

A

groove that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord

148
Q

spinal cord - dorsolateral sulcus

A

shallow groove that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord lateral to the dorsal median sulcus; location where sensory nerve fibers enter the spinal cord and the dorsal horn of gray matter

149
Q

spinal cord - fasciculus cuneatus

A

triangular-shaped section of posterior column located at the T6 level and above that carries sensory nerve fibers from the upper body; located laterally

150
Q

spinal cord - fasciculus gracilis

A

triangular-shaped section of posterior column located at all spinal levels that carries sensory nerve fibers from the lower body; located medially

151
Q

spinal cord - lateral column/funiculus

A

white matter tract that runs on the lateral aspect of the spinal cord between the anterior and posterior horns of gray matter

152
Q

spinal cord - lateral horn

A

lateral extension of gray matter in the spinal cord located between the dorsal and ventral horns; only present at thoracic, L1, and L2 levels

153
Q

spinal cord - posterior column/funiculus

A

white matter of the spinal cord located on the dorsal aspect between the two dorsal horns of gray matter

154
Q

spinal cord - ventral/anterior horn

A

section of gray matter in the spinal cord located in the anterior half that carries lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle

155
Q

spinal cord - ventral/anterior median fissure

A

deep groove that runs longitudinally along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord

156
Q

spinal cord level - cervical

A

section of spinal cord that has the most amount of white matter, has oval shape, has a larger anterior horn than the thoracic region, has both fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

157
Q

spinal cord level - lumbar

A

section of spinal cord that is large, has fasciculus gracilis, does not have fasciculus cuneatus; lateral horn of gray matter is present at L1 and L2 levels

158
Q

spinal cord level - sacral

A

section of spinal cord that has a small amount of white matter, present fasciculus gracilis, absent fasciculus cuneatus

159
Q

spinal cord level - thoracic

A

section of spinal cord that has lateral horn of gray matter, fasciculus gracilis, and fasciculus cuneatus at levels T1-T6

160
Q

anterior chamber

A

space between the cornea and the iris

161
Q

bowman’s membrane

A

collagenous membrane between the epithelium and the stroma of the cornea; can heal after being injured but will scar

162
Q

canal of Schlemm

A

canal within the cornea that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber

163
Q

ciliary body

A

uveal structure between the choroid and the iris

164
Q

ciliary muscle

A

muscle within the ciliary body that is responsible for accommodation

165
Q

ciliary process

A

extensions of the ciliary body toward the lens that project zonule fibers

166
Q

cornea

A

transparent continuation of the sclera that covers the iris and pupil; protects the eye and performs the majority of the eye’s refractive power

167
Q

cornea - endothelium

A

innermost layer of the cornea; transports nutrients to the posterior portion of the cornea from the aqueous humor and pumps excess fluid out of the cornea to prevent swelling; does not heal if injured

168
Q

cornea - epithelium

A

outermost layer of the cornea; transports nutrients to the anterior portion of the cornea from the tear film; can heal if injured without scarring

169
Q

cornea - stroma

A

layer of the cornea that makes up the greatest portion of corneal thickness; mostly water, also composed of type I collagen

170
Q

Descemet’s membrane

A

collagenous membrane between the endothelium and the stroma of the cornea

171
Q

dilator pupillae muscle

A

radially-arranged muscle of the iris innervated by the sympathetic nervous system that dilates the pupil

172
Q

fovea

A

retinal locus of central vision where the inner retinal layers are excavated away and there is the greatest visual acuity/density of cone photoreceptors

173
Q

ganglion cells layer

A

retinal layer containing nuclei of ganglion cells

174
Q

inner limiting membrane

A

inner-most membrane of the retina that separates the neural retina from the vitreous body

175
Q

inner nuclear layer

A

retinal layer containing nuclei of bipolar cells

176
Q

inner plexiform layer

A

retinal layer containing synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

177
Q

iris

A

uveal structure containing three layers: a vascular layer containing melanocytes (outermost), radial and circular muscles, and a pigmented epithelium (innermost)

178
Q

lens

A

duh…

179
Q

lens fibers

A

cells that make up the majority of the mass of the lens; no organelles; primarily made up of collagen

180
Q

optic nerve fiber layer

A

inner-most layer (next to inner limiting membrane) of retinal tissue that contains fibers of ganglion cells projecting to the optic nerve

181
Q

outer limiting membrane

A

thin membranous layer between photoreceptor inner segments and their nuclei

182
Q

outer nuclear layer

A

retinal layer containing nuclei of photoreceptors

183
Q

outer plexiform layer

A

retinal layer containing synapses between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

184
Q

photoreceptor layer

A

outer part of the retina that contains the outer segments, inner segments, and nuclei of photoreceptors

185
Q

posterior chamber

A

space between the lens/zonules and the iris; location where aqueous humor is secreted after being synthesized by the ciliary body

186
Q

pupil

A

duh…

187
Q

retina

A

duh…

188
Q

retinal pigment epithelium

A

pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium between the retina and the choroid that recycles cone outer segments and metabolites as well as passes nutrients between the retina and the choroid

189
Q

sclera

A

white, fibrous covering of the eyeball

190
Q

sphincter pupillae muscle

A

circular muscle at the inner edge of the iris innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system that constricts the pupil when it contracts

191
Q

vitreous chamber

A

lumen of the eyeball posterior to the lens; contains the vitreous humor

192
Q

zonule fibers

A

extensions of the ciliary processes that connect the lens of the eye to the ciliary body; allow for accommodation

193
Q

cochlea

A

spiral, bony and membranous structure within the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is responsible for transducing signals to the brain about sound

194
Q

basilar membrane

A

membrane stretched between the osseous spiral lamina and the spiral ligament within the cochlea that divides the scala media from the scala tympani and vibrates in response to sound

195
Q

crista ampullaris

A

an elevated ridge of specialized epithelium within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that contains sensory hair cells

196
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous extracellular material on top of the crista amullaris within the semicircular canals that allows the hair cells to bend and transduce signals

197
Q

inner hair cells

A

hair cells of the organ of Corti arranged in a single row that act as transducers for various frequencies of sound as they press against the tectorial membrane in response to the basilar membrane vibrating

198
Q

inner phalangeal cells

A

supporting cells of the organ of Corti that form the base/support for inner hair cells

199
Q

inner pillar cells

A

thin supporting cells of the organ of Corti containing bundles of microtubules that form the inner border of the inner tunnel of Corti

200
Q

inner tunnel of Corti

A

tunnel within the scala media of the cochlea formed by inner and outer pillar cells

201
Q

maculae

A

specialized regions of epithelia within the saccule and utricle that contain hair cells that transduce information about linear acceleration

202
Q

modiolus

A

bony core of the osseous labyrinth of the cochlea

203
Q

osseous spiral lamina

A

bony projection from the modiolus that forms part of the floor of the scala media

204
Q

outer hair cells

A

hair cells of the organ of Corti arranged in three rows that act as amplifiers for sound as they press against the tectorial membrane in response to the basilar membrane vibrating

205
Q

outer phalangeal cells

A

supporting cells of the organ of Corti that form the base/support for outer hair cells

206
Q

outer pillar cells

A

thin supporting cells of the organ of Corti containing bundles of microtubules that form the outer border of the inner tunnel of Corti

207
Q

scala media/cochlear duct

A

canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that contains the organ of Corti; filled with endolymph

208
Q

scala tympani

A

canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that lies below the basilar membrane; filled with perilymph

209
Q

scala vestibuli

A

canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that lies above the vestibular membrane; filled with perilymph

210
Q

spiral ganglion

A

nerve ganglion of bipolar cells innervating the hair cells of the organ of Corti; located within the modiolus

211
Q

spiral limbus

A

shelf of cells that sits on top of the osseous spiral limbus; origin of the tectorial membrane

212
Q

spiral organ (of Corti)

A

hair cells, arranged in three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells, that sit on top of the basilar membrane of the cochlea; hair cells are stimulated by sheer force against the tectorial membrane when the basilar membrane vibrates due to sound waves passing through the scala tympani

213
Q

stria vascularis

A

thick, vascular tissue on the inner surface of the scala media of the cochlea distal to the spiral lamina; maintains high K+ levels in the scala media

214
Q

tectorial membrane

A

thick membrane above the organ of Corti within the scala media of the cochlea

215
Q

vestibular membrane

A

Thin fibrous membrane, covered by simple epithelia on either side, within the cochlea that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media

216
Q

abducent nucleus

A

located on the dorsal/posterior surface of the pons

217
Q

cortocospinal tract

A

visible in the very middle of the pons (located more laterally at more rostral cross sections)

218
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

located in the rostral midbrain, medial, anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, posterior to the main oculomotor nucleus

219
Q

abducent nucleus

A

??

220
Q

facial nucleus

A

motor nucleus located in pons anterior and lateral to the reticular formation; lateral and posterior to the superior olivary nucleus

221
Q

hypoglossal nucleus

A

located on the dorsal/posterior surface of the medulla anterior to the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

222
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

light-colored, convoluted structure in the anterior portion of the medulla

223
Q

medial lemniscus

A

visible in the medulla medially, delving into the anterior sulcus; moves posteriorly, then laterally as it travels rostrally

224
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A

medullary nucleus located in the center (slightly lateral and anterior) of the reticular formation

225
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

located in the caudal medulla, lateral and slightly posterior to the central gray substance, lateral to the nucleus gracilis

226
Q

nucleus gracilis

A

located in the caudal medulla, posterior to the central gray substance, medial to the nucleus cuneatus

227
Q

oculomotor nucleus

A

located in the midbrain on the anterior aspect of the periaqueductal gray

228
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

located in the midbrain anterior/lateral to the cerebral aqueduct

229
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

runs along the lateral surface of the spinal cord and medulla, as it ascends it moves deeper and more posterior; in pons, located posterior, lateral to the medial lemniscus

230
Q

vestibular nucleus

A

located in the caudal pons/rostral medulla along the lateral border of the fourth ventricle

231
Q

cortocospinal tract

A

??

232
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

??

233
Q

facial nucleus

A

??

234
Q

hypoglossal nucleus

A

??

235
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

??

236
Q

medial lemniscus

A

??

237
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A

??

238
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

??

239
Q

nucleus gracilis

A

??

240
Q

oculomotor nucleus

A

??

241
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

??

242
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

??

243
Q

vestibular nucleus

A

??

244
Q

caudate nucleus - body

A

middle part of basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally; thinner than the head, thicker than the tail

245
Q

caudate nucleus - head

A

anterior part of the basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally and projects inferiorly into the anterior horn of the ventricles; thickest part of the ganglion

246
Q

caudate nucleus - tail

A

posterior part of the basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally; thinnest part of the ganglion, tapers off into insignificance as the ventricles project down into the inferior and posterior horns

247
Q

cerebellum - granule cell layer

A

deepest layer of the cerebellar cortex; cell-dense, contains granule cells and golgi cells

248
Q

cerebellum - molecular layer

A

most superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex; cell-sparse,, contains stellate cells and basket cells

249
Q

cerebellum - Purkinje cell layer

A

single-cell layer of the cerebellar cortex; lies between the molecular layer and the granule cell layer; houses purkinje cells

250
Q

claustrum

A

thin sheet of gray matter found between the external and extreme capsules, lateral to the lenticular nucleus

251
Q

dentate nucleus

A

lateral-most deep cerebellar nucleus; part of the cerebrocerebellum, receives input from the lateral zone of the cerebellar cortex, contributes to planning and coordination of fine movements

252
Q

external capsule

A

white matter located lateral to the lenticular nucleus and medial to the claustrum

253
Q

extreme capsule

A

white matter located lateral to the claustrum and medial to the insula

254
Q

flocculus

A

bilateral structure of the cerebellum visible on the ventral surface of a whole-brain specimen; lateral to CN VII and VIII, superior to the foramen of Luschka

255
Q

globus pallidus

A

pale region of lenticular nucleus located medial and inferior to the putamen

256
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

inferior attachment of the cerebellum to the medulla; originates on the dorsolateral surface of the upper medulla, enters cerebellum medial to the middle cerebellar peduncle and inferior to the superior cerebellar peduncle

257
Q

inferior medullary velum

A

boundary between the posterior aspect of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum; forms the floor of the fourth ventricle

258
Q

internal capsule - anterior limb

A

white matter separating the caudate nucleus from the lenticular nucleus

259
Q

internal capsule - genu

A

white matter separating the caudate nucleus/thalamus from the lenticular nucleus; point at which it bends in axial cross-section

260
Q

internal capsule - posterior limb

A

white matter separating the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus

261
Q

lingula

A

cerebellar structure protruding from the ventral surface adjacent to the superior cerebellar velum

262
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

middle connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem; originates on the anterior surface of the pons, enters cerebellum lateral to the superior and inferior peduncles

263
Q

nodulus

A

cerebellar structure protruding from the ventral surface adjacent to the inferior cerebellar velum; part of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

264
Q

primary fissure

A

large fissure separating the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

265
Q

putamen

A

basal ganglion; part of the lenticular nucleus; located lateral and superior to the globus pallidus

266
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

superior connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem; forms the dorsolateral wall of the fourth ventricle, enters the cerebellum lateral to the superior medullary velum

267
Q

superior medullary velum

A

boundary between the superior aspect of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum; forms the roof of the fourth ventricle

268
Q

internal capsule - anterior limb

A

??

269
Q

internal capsule - genu

A

??

270
Q

internal capsule - posterior limb

A

??

271
Q

lingula

A

??

272
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

??

273
Q

nodulus

A

??

274
Q

primary fissure

A

??

275
Q

putamen

A

??

276
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

??

277
Q

superior medullary velum

A

??

Medical Neuroscience (1 decks)

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