Lab Items Flashcards
1
Q
arachnoid granulation
A
extensions of the arachnoid mater/subarachnoid space that protrude into the dural venous sinuses, allowing CSF to filter back into venous circulation
2
Q
arachnoid mater
A
middle meningeal layer; forms a membranous layer over the superficial surface of the brain, does not follow gyrus surfaces within sulci; forms superficial layer of the subarachnoid space
3
Q
cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
A
ventricular canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles; passes through the midbrain and divides it into the tectum and tegmentum
4
Q
choroid plexus
A
plexus of blood vessels within the lateral ventricles in which blood plasma filters from the arterial circulation into the ventricular circulation to make CSF; supplied by arterial branches from the internal carotid a. and the posterior cerebral a.
5
Q
dura mater
A
outermost meningeal layer; consists of two layers: the periosteum, which lies superficially/adjacent to the calvaria, and the meningeal layer, which lies deep/adacent to the arachnoid mater; dural venous sinuses lie between these two layers
6
Q
falx cerebelli
A
dural infolding that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
7
Q
falx cerebri
A
dural infolding that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
8
Q
foramen of Magendie
A
median aperture of the fourth ventricle through which CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space
9
Q
foramina of Luschka
A
two lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle through which CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space
10
Q
fourth ventricle
A
last ventricle of CSF circulation; located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the brainstem
11
Q
inferior sagittal sinus
A
dural venous sinus located along the inferior border of the falx cerebri which joins with the Great cerebral vein of Galen into the straight sinus
12
Q
interventricular foramen (of Monro)
A
canal in the ventricular system that conducts CSF from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle
13
Q
lateral ventricle
A
paired ventricles separated by the septum pellucidum into which blood filtrate first drains in order to form CSF; found inferior to the corpus callosum and superior to the thalamus
14
Q
lateral ventricle - frontal/anterior horn
A
portion of the lateral ventricle that extends anteriorly into the frontal lobe
15
Q
lateral ventricle - occipital/posterior horn
A
portion of the lateral ventricle that extends posteriorly into the occipital lobe
16
Q
lateral ventricle - temporal/inferior horn
A
portion of the lateral ventricle that curves back around like a “C” into the temporal lobe
17
Q
pia mater
A
microscopic deep meningeal layer that adheres faithfully to the cortical surface of the brain; follows gyri into the sulci but does not follow blood vessels into perivascular spaces
18
Q
septum pellucidum
A
thin membranous wall separating lateral ventricles
19
Q
straight sinus
A
dural venous sinus that drains blood from Great cerebral vein of Galen and the inferior sagittal sinus into the confluence of the sinuses and ultimately into the internal jugular vein
20
Q
superior sagittal sinus
A
dural venous sinus that lies on the superior surface of the brain, following the sagittal fissure and the superior border of the falx cerebri
21
Q
tentorium cerebelli
A
dural infolding that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
22
Q
third ventricle
A
central CSF ventricle surrounded on its lateral aspects by the thalamus that receives CSF from the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramen of Monro and conducts it to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
23
Q
angular gyrus
A
gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule that caps the terminus of the superior temporal sulcus
24
Q
anterior paracentral lobule
A
gyrus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere at the junction of the frontal and parietal lobes, capping the terminus of the central sulcus
25
calcarine sulcus
sulcus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere in the occipital lobe running perpendicular to the occipitoparietal sulcus; separates the cuneus superiorly from the lingual gyrus inferiorly; area surrounding this sulcus forms the primary visual cortex
26
callosal sulcus
large sulcus found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere; separates the corpus callosum from the cingulate gyrus
27
central sulcus (of Rolando)
large sulcus found on the lateral aspect of the brain; separates the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the precentral and postcentral gyri
28
cerebellar hemisphere
right or left half of the cerebellum; includes three lobes: anterior, flocculonodular, and posterior (includes tonsils)
29
cerebellar tonsil
part of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum; located adjacent to the foramen magnum
30
cerebellar vermis
midline structure that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres; consists of 10 lobules
31
cerebral peduncle
paired structure that forms the tegmentum of the midbrain; found on the anterior aspect of the brainstem superior to the pons
32
cingulate gyrus
large gyrus found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere superior to the corpus callosum; functions in emotional processing of pain; also contains a supplementary motor area where complex movements are planned and executed
33
cingulate sulcus
large sulcus found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere superior to the cingulate gyrus; cortical areas within this sulcus are involved in initial stages of movement generation
34
collateral sulcus
sulcus found on the inferior surface of the brain in the temporal lobe; separates the fusiform gyrus laterally from the parahyppocampal/lingual gyri medially
35
corpus callosum
white matter found on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere superior to the lateral ventricles that connects the two cerebral hemispheres when the brain is intact
36
cuneus
gyrus/cortical region found on the medial aspect of the brain hemisphere; located in the occipital lobe superior to the calcarine sulcus and posterior to the occipitoparietal sulcus
37
gyrus rectus
gyrus of the frontal lobe found on the inferior surface of the brain immediately adjacent to the sagittal fissure and medial to the olfactory sulcus
38
hypothalamus
structure located inferior to the thalamus and third ventricle that extends anterioinferiorly; projections include the pituitary gland and the mamillary bodies; functions to regulate the endocrine system, is involved with the autonomic NS, and makes connections with other parts of the brain
39
inferior colliculus
one of the four "bumps" that forms the tectum of the midbrain; visible on the posterior aspect of the brainstem in the lower row of bumps; functions in auditory system relay and reflexes
40
inferior frontal gyrus - opercular part
posterior-most part of the inferior frontal gyrus located just anterior to the precentral gyrus; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca's area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech
41
inferior frontal gyrus - orbital part
anterior-most part of the inferior frontal gyrus; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca's area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech
42
inferior frontal gyrus - triangular part
middle part of the inferior frontal gyrus; forms a triangular shape; area around the rami of the lateral fissure on the left side is part of Broca's area, which is involved in motor aspects of speech
43
inferior frontal sulcus
sulcus of the frontal lobe running parallel to the sagittal fissure; separates the middle and inferior frontal gyri
44
inferior parietal lobule
region of the parietal lobe inferior to the intraparietal sulcus; composed of the supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus
45
inferior temporal gyrus
gyrus of the temporal lobe running parallel to the lateral fissure; found inferior to the inferior temporal sulcus and superior to the occipitotemporal sulcus
46
inferior temporal sulcus
sulcus of the temporal lobe running parallel to the lateral fissure; separates the middle and inferior temporal gyri
47
insula
cortical region hidden from superficial examination by the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula; functions to receive information from the viscera and contribute to autonomic components of the pain response
48
interpeduncular fossa
space between the cerebral peduncles on the anterior aspect of the brainstem; forms part of the tegmentum of the midbrain
49
intraparietal sulcus
sulcus of the parietal lobe running perpendicular to the postcentral sulcus; separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules
50
lateral occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
gyrus visible on the inferior surface of the brain; found between the occipitotemporal and collateral sulci
51
lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
large sulcus/fissure on the lateral surface of the brain separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
52
lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus)
gyrus visible on the inferior surface of the brain; found medial and posterior to the collateral sulcus, posterior to the parahippocampal gyrus, and lateral to the sagittal fissure
53
longitudinal fissure
large fissure separating the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
54
marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus
branch of the cingulate sulcus on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere that extends superiorly, posterior to the paracentral gyrus
55
medulla
most inferior part of the brainstem
56
medullary pyramid
vertical ridges visible on the anteromedial aspect of the medulla; carry ipsilateral motor information from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord
57
midbrain tectum
part of the midbrain located superior/posterior to the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius; consists of the superior and inferior colliculi
58
midbrain tegmentum
part of the midbrain located inferior/anterior to the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius; composed of the cerebral peduncles and the interpeduncular fossa
59
middle frontal gyrus
gyrus of the frontal lobe found on the lateral surface of the brain between the superior and inferior frontal sulci; functions to initiate contralateral horizontal saccades
60
middle temporal gyrus
gyrus of the temporal lobe found on the lateral surface of the brain between the superior and inferior temporal sulci
61
occipitotemporal sulcus
sulcus of the temporal lobe found on the lateral/inferior surface of the brain; separates the inferior temporal gyrus and the fusiform gyrus
62
olfactory sulcus
sulcus of the frontal lobe found on the inferior surface of the brain; runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure and separates the straight gyrus from the orbital gyri
63
olive
large "bumps" found on the anterolateral surface of the medulla; located lateral to the medullary pyramids and just inferior to the pons
64
orbital gyrus
gyrus of the frontal lobe visible on the inferior surface of the brain just lateral to the olfactory sulcus
65
parahippocampal gyrus
gyrus of the temporal lobe visible on the inferior surface of the brain; located between the collateral sulcus and the thalamus
66
parietooccipital sulcus
large sulcus visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere that separates the parietal and occipital lobes; runs just posterior to the corpus callosum
67
pineal body (pineal gland)
small midline gland located on the posterior aspect of the thalamus, just superior to the posterior commissure; functions to secrete melatonin
68
pons
oval-shaped portion of the brainstem located inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla
69
postcentral gyrus
gyrus of the parietal lobe located between the central sulcus and the postcentral sulcus; serves as the primary somatosensory cortex
70
postcentral sulcus
sulcus of the parietal lobe located just posterior to and running parallel to the central sulcus; separates the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules
71
precuneus
gyrus of the parietal lobe visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere just anterior to the parietooccipital sulcus
72
preoccipital notch
small notch between gyri located on the inferior edge of the lateral surface of the brain that separates the temporal and occipital lobes
73
pyramidal decussation
elevated region between the medullary pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla where the nerve fibers of the pyramids cross the midline
74
superior colliculus
one of the four "bumps" that forms the tectum of the midbrain; upper row of bumps; functions for visual system relay and reflexes
75
superior frontal gyrus
gyrus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure; located medial to the superior frontal sulcus
76
superior frontal sulcus
sulcus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the longitudinal fissure; separates the superior and middle frontal gyri
77
superior parietal lobule
region of the parietal lobe found posterior to the postcentral sulcus and superior to the intraparietal sulcus
78
superior temporal gyrus
gyrus of the temporal lobe that runs parallel to the lateral fissure; found superior to the superior temporal sulcus; contains Wernicke's area, which is a sensory area for speech; also contains auditory association area
79
superior temporal sulcus
sulcus of the temporal lobe that runs parallel to the lateral fissure; separates the superior and middle temporal gyri
80
supramarginal gyrus
part of the inferior parietal lobule that caps the terminus of the lateral fissure; located anterior to the angular gyrus
81
thalamus
member of the diencephalon that forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle; functions to process and relay information between sensory or motor systems and the cerebral cortex
82
uncus
gyrus found on the inferior surface of the brain that extends from the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus and folds back on itself posteriorly; anterior surface makes up the olfactory cortex
83
posterior paracentral lobule
gyrus visible on the medial surface of the brain hemisphere; found just anterior to the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus and posterior to the terminus of the central sulcus
84
precentral gyrus
gyrus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the central sulcus and is located anterior to the central sulcus and posterior to the pre central sulcus; functions as the primary motor cortex
85
precentral sulcus
sulcus of the frontal lobe that runs parallel to the central sulcus and separates the precentral gyrus from the inferior, middle, and superior frontal gyri
86
anterior cerebral artery
member of the circle of Willis; branches off the internal carotid a. and anastamoses with its pair via the anterior communicating artery; branches include the medial striated a., pericollosal a., and callosomarginal a.; supplies the medial aspect of the cerebrum (frontal and parietal lobes, cingulate gyrus) and the basal ganglia
87
anterior communicating artery
connects the two anterior cerebral arteries at the anterior pole of the circle of Willis, anterior to the optic chiasm; does not usually contain much blood, becomes more important when there is an arterial blockage
88
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
branches off of the basilar artery just inferior to the pons and the labyrinthine a.; supplies the inferior surface of cerebellum and lateral part of the caudal pons
89
anterior spinal artery
unpaired medial artery on the anterior surface of the spinal cord; formed by anastomosing branches of the paired vertebral aa.
90
basilar artery
large artery located on the anterior face of the pons formed by the anastomosis of the two vertebral aa.; forms the inferior part of the circle of Willis
91
callosomarginal artery
branch of the ACA that extends anterosuperiorly along the superior border of the cingulate sulcus
92
internal carotid artery
branch of the common carotid artery that travels up to the brain, giving off the ophthalmic artery before contributing to the circle of Willis; terminally bifurcates into the middle cerebral and anterior cerebral aa.
93
labyrinthine/internal acoustic artery
branch of the basilar artery found at the base of the pons just superior to the AICA; supplies the inner ear
94
middle cerebral artery
forms part of the circle of Willis; branches off the internal carotid a. then travels laterally; branches include the lenticulostriate aa., orbitofrontal a., and the prefrontal a.; passes through the lateral cerebral fissure; supplies the lateral aspect of the cerebrum (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, insula, temporal pole), basal ganglia, and internal capsule
95
pericallosal artery
branch of the ACA that lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum, lying within the callosal sulcus
96
pontine arteries
small penetrating branches of the basilar a. that supply the pons
97
posterior cerebral artery
branch of the basilar a. within the circle of Willis; supplies the midbrain, posterior parts of the cerebrum (occipital lobe), thalamus, globus pallidus
98
posterior communicating artery
part of the circle of Willis; connects the internal carotid a. to the PCA; supplies the optic chiasm, parahippocampal gyrus, interpeduncular region, crus cerebri, and thalamus
99
posterior inferior cerebrellar artery
branch of the superior vertebral aa. just before they anastomose to form the basilar a.; supplies the posterior half of the inferior part of the cerebellum
100
superior cerebellar artery
last branch of the basilar a. before it branches into posterior cerebral aa.; runs with the PCA over the pons briefly before it dives into the cerebellum; supplies the superior surface of cerebellum, parts of the midbrain, lateral part of middle pons
101
vertebral artery
branches of the subclavian aa. that travel up the anterior aspect of the spinal cord before anastomosing to form the basilar a. at the pons
102
astrocyte
connective glia of the CNS; fills in spaces between neurons, processes articulate with blood vessels, assists in metabolite/neurotransmitter recycling, forms a potassium buffer
103
axon
long process of a neuron that allows it to communicate with other cells; usually myelinated, contains no RER, ribosomes, or golgi bodies
104
axon hillock
part of cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon; contains no RER/Nissl substance
105
betz cells (unit 2)
extra-large pyramidal cell
106
dendrite
process of a neuron that allows it to receive chemical and electrical signals from surrounding neurons
107
endoneurium
inner-most connective tissue of a peripheral nerve that surrounds myelin sheaths
108
ependymal cell
a type of glial cell in the CNS that lines ventricular spaces of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; also part of choroid plexus; contributes to synthesis of CSF
109
epineurium
outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds a nerve; contains vascular and adipose tissue
110
initial segment
proximal-most part of an axon connected to the axon hillock of the cell body; locus of generation of action potentials
111
microtubules
polar cytoskeletal component; GTPase; formed by heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulin bound to GTP to favor polymerization; hydrolysis of GTP to GDP favors depolymerization; end diameter is appx. 20-25 nm
112
myelin sheath
layers of lipophilic cell membrane devoid of cytoplasm wrapped around neuronal axons to insulate them and facilitate saltatory conduction
113
neurofilaments
intermediate filament unique to neurons; composed of parallel coiled-coil homodimer, which then aggregates to form antiparallel homotetramer (protofilament), which then links with others (protofibril), which then further polymerizes into a neurofilament with a diameter of appx. 10 nm; filaments may be of low (~70 kDa), medium (~140 kDa), or high (~210 kDa) molecular weight; aggregations form neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease
114
neuron soma
cell body of a neuron; contains euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus, Nissl substance (RER)
115
Nissl substance/rough ER
dark-staining substance in neuronal cell bodies that facilitate protein synthesis
116
node of Ranvier
gaps between myelin sheaths on neuronal axons that allow depolarization and saltatory conduction of an action potential down an axon
117
oligodendrocyte
glial cell of the CNS that myelinates neuronal axons in the CNS; one oligodendrocyte may myelinate multiple axons
118
perineurium
connective tissue surrounding nerve fascicles that make up a nerve
119
pyramidal cell (unit 2)
cortical neuron type with a triangular-shaped cell body
120
Schwann cell
glial cell of the PNS that myelinated neuronal axons in the PNS: one Schwann cell can myelinate only one axon; one axon may be myelinated by 50-500 Schwann cells
121
terminal bouton
cytoplasmic enlargement at the terminus of axonal rami that contains vesicles of neurotransmitters and forms synapses with other neurons
122
unmyelinated
a neuronal axon that has not been insulated by any glial cells and is exposed to extracellular fluid; peripheral neurons of this type are still surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm
123
CN I - olfactory bulb
bulbous nerve tissue located at the distal end of the olfactory tract superior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; contains postsynaptic neurons from CN I
124
CN I - olfactory tract
sensory nerve tract located in the olfactory sulcus that carries axons of postsynaptic neurons involved in olfaction from the olfactory bulb to the thalamus
125
CN II - optic
sensory cranial nerve carrying fibers from the retina of the eyes through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone to the lateral geniculate nucleus; nasal fibers decussate at the optic chiasm before reaching the thalamus
126
CN III - oculomotor
motor cranial nerve originating in the oculomotor nucleus of the upper midbrain; emerges at junction of midbrain and pons, passes through superior orbital fissure and through the common tendinous ring of the rectus mm. to innervate the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique mm.
127
CN IV - trochlear
motor cranial nerve originating in the trochlear nucleus of the lower midbrain; emerges from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, passes through superior orbital fissure and outside the common tendinous ring of the rectus mm. to innervate the superior oblique m.
128
CN V - trigeminal
mixed cranial nerve originating in its own motor nucleus of the pons with sensory cell bodies located in its own ganglion; divided into three divisions: 1) passes through superior orbital fissure to provide sensory innervation to the forehead, scalp, and nasal mucous membranes; 2) passes through the foramen rotundum to provide sensory innervation to the upper lip, prominence of cheek, palate, and maxillary sinus; 3) passes through the foramen ovale to provide sensory innervation to the lower jaw and mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of tongue; also provides motor innervation to mm. of mastication, tensor veli palatini m., tensor tympani m., ant. belly of digastric m., and the mylohyoid m.
129
CN VI - abducent
motor cranial nerve originating in the abducent nucleus of the pons; emerges at the pontomedullary junction, passes through the superior orbital fissure, goes through the common tendinous ring of rectus mm., and innervates the lateral rectus m.
130
CN VII - facial
mixed cranial nerve
131
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
??
132
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
??
133
CN X - vagus
??
134
CN XI - accessory
??
135
CN XII - hypoglossal
??
136
crus cerebri
ventral part of the cerebral peduncle; part of the midbrain
137
lateral geniculate nucleus
one of the thalamic nuclei located at the posterior pole of the thalamus; located near the tectum of the midbrain; functions as a relay in the visual pathway
138
medial geniculate nucleus
one of the thalamic nuclei located at the posterior pole of the thalamus; located just lateral to the superior colliculus; functions as a relay in the visual pathway
139
red nucleus
oval, vascular structure in the center of the midbrain tegmentum; functions as a relay between the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and the the spinal cord
140
substantia nigra
heavily pigmented nuclear mass within the cerebral peduncle
141
dorsal root/spinal ganglion
nodular nervous tissue on the dorsal spinal root that houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons
142
pacinian corpuscle
encapsulated nerve ending consisting of many layers of membranes and fluid; located deep in the dermis of the skin; senses high-frequency vibrations; fast-adapting
143
spinal cord - anterior column/funiculus
white matter in the anterior section of the spinal cord; located between the anterior horns of gray matter
144
spinal cord - central canal
hole in the center of the spinal cord where the CSF resides; lined with ependymal cells
145
spinal cord - central gray commissure
section of gray matter that connects the lateral areas of gray matter on either side of the spinal cord
146
spinal cord - dorsal/posterior horn
section of gray matter on the posterior side of the spinal cord where sensory nerve roots enter the spinal cord
147
spinal cord - dorsal median sulcus
groove that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
148
spinal cord - dorsolateral sulcus
shallow groove that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord lateral to the dorsal median sulcus; location where sensory nerve fibers enter the spinal cord and the dorsal horn of gray matter
149
spinal cord - fasciculus cuneatus
triangular-shaped section of posterior column located at the T6 level and above that carries sensory nerve fibers from the upper body; located laterally
150
spinal cord - fasciculus gracilis
triangular-shaped section of posterior column located at all spinal levels that carries sensory nerve fibers from the lower body; located medially
151
spinal cord - lateral column/funiculus
white matter tract that runs on the lateral aspect of the spinal cord between the anterior and posterior horns of gray matter
152
spinal cord - lateral horn
lateral extension of gray matter in the spinal cord located between the dorsal and ventral horns; only present at thoracic, L1, and L2 levels
153
spinal cord - posterior column/funiculus
white matter of the spinal cord located on the dorsal aspect between the two dorsal horns of gray matter
154
spinal cord - ventral/anterior horn
section of gray matter in the spinal cord located in the anterior half that carries lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle
155
spinal cord - ventral/anterior median fissure
deep groove that runs longitudinally along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord
156
spinal cord level - cervical
section of spinal cord that has the most amount of white matter, has oval shape, has a larger anterior horn than the thoracic region, has both fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
157
spinal cord level - lumbar
section of spinal cord that is large, has fasciculus gracilis, does not have fasciculus cuneatus; lateral horn of gray matter is present at L1 and L2 levels
158
spinal cord level - sacral
section of spinal cord that has a small amount of white matter, present fasciculus gracilis, absent fasciculus cuneatus
159
spinal cord level - thoracic
section of spinal cord that has lateral horn of gray matter, fasciculus gracilis, and fasciculus cuneatus at levels T1-T6
160
anterior chamber
space between the cornea and the iris
161
bowman's membrane
collagenous membrane between the epithelium and the stroma of the cornea; can heal after being injured but will scar
162
canal of Schlemm
canal within the cornea that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
163
ciliary body
uveal structure between the choroid and the iris
164
ciliary muscle
muscle within the ciliary body that is responsible for accommodation
165
ciliary process
extensions of the ciliary body toward the lens that project zonule fibers
166
cornea
transparent continuation of the sclera that covers the iris and pupil; protects the eye and performs the majority of the eye's refractive power
167
cornea - endothelium
innermost layer of the cornea; transports nutrients to the posterior portion of the cornea from the aqueous humor and pumps excess fluid out of the cornea to prevent swelling; does not heal if injured
168
cornea - epithelium
outermost layer of the cornea; transports nutrients to the anterior portion of the cornea from the tear film; can heal if injured without scarring
169
cornea - stroma
layer of the cornea that makes up the greatest portion of corneal thickness; mostly water, also composed of type I collagen
170
Descemet's membrane
collagenous membrane between the endothelium and the stroma of the cornea
171
dilator pupillae muscle
radially-arranged muscle of the iris innervated by the sympathetic nervous system that dilates the pupil
172
fovea
retinal locus of central vision where the inner retinal layers are excavated away and there is the greatest visual acuity/density of cone photoreceptors
173
ganglion cells layer
retinal layer containing nuclei of ganglion cells
174
inner limiting membrane
inner-most membrane of the retina that separates the neural retina from the vitreous body
175
inner nuclear layer
retinal layer containing nuclei of bipolar cells
176
inner plexiform layer
retinal layer containing synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells
177
iris
uveal structure containing three layers: a vascular layer containing melanocytes (outermost), radial and circular muscles, and a pigmented epithelium (innermost)
178
lens
duh...
179
lens fibers
cells that make up the majority of the mass of the lens; no organelles; primarily made up of collagen
180
optic nerve fiber layer
inner-most layer (next to inner limiting membrane) of retinal tissue that contains fibers of ganglion cells projecting to the optic nerve
181
outer limiting membrane
thin membranous layer between photoreceptor inner segments and their nuclei
182
outer nuclear layer
retinal layer containing nuclei of photoreceptors
183
outer plexiform layer
retinal layer containing synapses between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
184
photoreceptor layer
outer part of the retina that contains the outer segments, inner segments, and nuclei of photoreceptors
185
posterior chamber
space between the lens/zonules and the iris; location where aqueous humor is secreted after being synthesized by the ciliary body
186
pupil
duh...
187
retina
duh...
188
retinal pigment epithelium
pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium between the retina and the choroid that recycles cone outer segments and metabolites as well as passes nutrients between the retina and the choroid
189
sclera
white, fibrous covering of the eyeball
190
sphincter pupillae muscle
circular muscle at the inner edge of the iris innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system that constricts the pupil when it contracts
191
vitreous chamber
lumen of the eyeball posterior to the lens; contains the vitreous humor
192
zonule fibers
extensions of the ciliary processes that connect the lens of the eye to the ciliary body; allow for accommodation
193
cochlea
spiral, bony and membranous structure within the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is responsible for transducing signals to the brain about sound
194
basilar membrane
membrane stretched between the osseous spiral lamina and the spiral ligament within the cochlea that divides the scala media from the scala tympani and vibrates in response to sound
195
crista ampullaris
an elevated ridge of specialized epithelium within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that contains sensory hair cells
196
cupula
gelatinous extracellular material on top of the crista amullaris within the semicircular canals that allows the hair cells to bend and transduce signals
197
inner hair cells
hair cells of the organ of Corti arranged in a single row that act as transducers for various frequencies of sound as they press against the tectorial membrane in response to the basilar membrane vibrating
198
inner phalangeal cells
supporting cells of the organ of Corti that form the base/support for inner hair cells
199
inner pillar cells
thin supporting cells of the organ of Corti containing bundles of microtubules that form the inner border of the inner tunnel of Corti
200
inner tunnel of Corti
tunnel within the scala media of the cochlea formed by inner and outer pillar cells
201
maculae
specialized regions of epithelia within the saccule and utricle that contain hair cells that transduce information about linear acceleration
202
modiolus
bony core of the osseous labyrinth of the cochlea
203
osseous spiral lamina
bony projection from the modiolus that forms part of the floor of the scala media
204
outer hair cells
hair cells of the organ of Corti arranged in three rows that act as amplifiers for sound as they press against the tectorial membrane in response to the basilar membrane vibrating
205
outer phalangeal cells
supporting cells of the organ of Corti that form the base/support for outer hair cells
206
outer pillar cells
thin supporting cells of the organ of Corti containing bundles of microtubules that form the outer border of the inner tunnel of Corti
207
scala media/cochlear duct
canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that contains the organ of Corti; filled with endolymph
208
scala tympani
canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that lies below the basilar membrane; filled with perilymph
209
scala vestibuli
canal within the bony labyrinth of the cochlea that lies above the vestibular membrane; filled with perilymph
210
spiral ganglion
nerve ganglion of bipolar cells innervating the hair cells of the organ of Corti; located within the modiolus
211
spiral limbus
shelf of cells that sits on top of the osseous spiral limbus; origin of the tectorial membrane
212
spiral organ (of Corti)
hair cells, arranged in three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells, that sit on top of the basilar membrane of the cochlea; hair cells are stimulated by sheer force against the tectorial membrane when the basilar membrane vibrates due to sound waves passing through the scala tympani
213
stria vascularis
thick, vascular tissue on the inner surface of the scala media of the cochlea distal to the spiral lamina; maintains high K+ levels in the scala media
214
tectorial membrane
thick membrane above the organ of Corti within the scala media of the cochlea
215
vestibular membrane
Thin fibrous membrane, covered by simple epithelia on either side, within the cochlea that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media
216
abducent nucleus
located on the dorsal/posterior surface of the pons
217
cortocospinal tract
visible in the very middle of the pons (located more laterally at more rostral cross sections)
218
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
located in the rostral midbrain, medial, anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, posterior to the main oculomotor nucleus
219
abducent nucleus
??
220
facial nucleus
motor nucleus located in pons anterior and lateral to the reticular formation; lateral and posterior to the superior olivary nucleus
221
hypoglossal nucleus
located on the dorsal/posterior surface of the medulla anterior to the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
222
inferior olivary nucleus
light-colored, convoluted structure in the anterior portion of the medulla
223
medial lemniscus
visible in the medulla medially, delving into the anterior sulcus; moves posteriorly, then laterally as it travels rostrally
224
nucleus ambiguus
medullary nucleus located in the center (slightly lateral and anterior) of the reticular formation
225
nucleus cuneatus
located in the caudal medulla, lateral and slightly posterior to the central gray substance, lateral to the nucleus gracilis
226
nucleus gracilis
located in the caudal medulla, posterior to the central gray substance, medial to the nucleus cuneatus
227
oculomotor nucleus
located in the midbrain on the anterior aspect of the periaqueductal gray
228
periaqueductal gray
located in the midbrain anterior/lateral to the cerebral aqueduct
229
spinothalamic tract
runs along the lateral surface of the spinal cord and medulla, as it ascends it moves deeper and more posterior; in pons, located posterior, lateral to the medial lemniscus
230
vestibular nucleus
located in the caudal pons/rostral medulla along the lateral border of the fourth ventricle
231
cortocospinal tract
??
232
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
??
233
facial nucleus
??
234
hypoglossal nucleus
??
235
inferior olivary nucleus
??
236
medial lemniscus
??
237
nucleus ambiguus
??
238
nucleus cuneatus
??
239
nucleus gracilis
??
240
oculomotor nucleus
??
241
periaqueductal gray
??
242
spinothalamic tract
??
243
vestibular nucleus
??
244
caudate nucleus - body
middle part of basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally; thinner than the head, thicker than the tail
245
caudate nucleus - head
anterior part of the basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally and projects inferiorly into the anterior horn of the ventricles; thickest part of the ganglion
246
caudate nucleus - tail
posterior part of the basal ganglion that runs along the lateral surface of the lateral ventricles bilaterally; thinnest part of the ganglion, tapers off into insignificance as the ventricles project down into the inferior and posterior horns
247
cerebellum - granule cell layer
deepest layer of the cerebellar cortex; cell-dense, contains granule cells and golgi cells
248
cerebellum - molecular layer
most superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex; cell-sparse,, contains stellate cells and basket cells
249
cerebellum - Purkinje cell layer
single-cell layer of the cerebellar cortex; lies between the molecular layer and the granule cell layer; houses purkinje cells
250
claustrum
thin sheet of gray matter found between the external and extreme capsules, lateral to the lenticular nucleus
251
dentate nucleus
lateral-most deep cerebellar nucleus; part of the cerebrocerebellum, receives input from the lateral zone of the cerebellar cortex, contributes to planning and coordination of fine movements
252
external capsule
white matter located lateral to the lenticular nucleus and medial to the claustrum
253
extreme capsule
white matter located lateral to the claustrum and medial to the insula
254
flocculus
bilateral structure of the cerebellum visible on the ventral surface of a whole-brain specimen; lateral to CN VII and VIII, superior to the foramen of Luschka
255
globus pallidus
pale region of lenticular nucleus located medial and inferior to the putamen
256
inferior cerebellar peduncle
inferior attachment of the cerebellum to the medulla; originates on the dorsolateral surface of the upper medulla, enters cerebellum medial to the middle cerebellar peduncle and inferior to the superior cerebellar peduncle
257
inferior medullary velum
boundary between the posterior aspect of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum; forms the floor of the fourth ventricle
258
internal capsule - anterior limb
white matter separating the caudate nucleus from the lenticular nucleus
259
internal capsule - genu
white matter separating the caudate nucleus/thalamus from the lenticular nucleus; point at which it bends in axial cross-section
260
internal capsule - posterior limb
white matter separating the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus
261
lingula
cerebellar structure protruding from the ventral surface adjacent to the superior cerebellar velum
262
middle cerebellar peduncle
middle connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem; originates on the anterior surface of the pons, enters cerebellum lateral to the superior and inferior peduncles
263
nodulus
cerebellar structure protruding from the ventral surface adjacent to the inferior cerebellar velum; part of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum
264
primary fissure
large fissure separating the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
265
putamen
basal ganglion; part of the lenticular nucleus; located lateral and superior to the globus pallidus
266
superior cerebellar peduncle
superior connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem; forms the dorsolateral wall of the fourth ventricle, enters the cerebellum lateral to the superior medullary velum
267
superior medullary velum
boundary between the superior aspect of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum; forms the roof of the fourth ventricle
268
internal capsule - anterior limb
??
269
internal capsule - genu
??
270
internal capsule - posterior limb
??
271
lingula
??
272
middle cerebellar peduncle
??
273
nodulus
??
274
primary fissure
??
275
putamen
??
276
superior cerebellar peduncle
??
277
superior medullary velum
??
