Lab final exam Flashcards
How are bones classified?
By their general shape
What are the 6 different ways to classify bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Irregular bones
- Sutural bones
How do you categorize/describe long bones?
- longer than they are wide
- Mostly located in the appendicular skeleton
What are some examples of long bones?
Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals
What is the diaphysis?
the shaft of the long bone
What are the epiphysis?
each end of a long bone
How do you categorize/describe short bones?
Are about as wide as they are long and cube shaped
Where are short bones only found?
In hands and feet
What are examples of short bones?
carpal bones and tarsal bones
How do you categorize/describe flat bones?
Are flat and thin
What are examples of flat bones?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer, Scapula, Sternum, Rib, and Hip/coxal bone
How do you categorize/describe sesamoid bones?
Circular bones and looks similar to a sesame seed in shape
What is an example of a sesamoid bones?
Patella (knee cap)
How do you categorize/describe irregular bones?
Complex shapes and bones that do not fit neatly into long, short, flat or sesamoid bone category
What are examples of irregular bones?
Ethmoid, palatine, Inferior nasal concha, Sphenoid, Temporal, Zygomatic, Maxillla, Mandible, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx
How do you categorize/describe sutural bones?
Only within cranial sutures and are unnamed
Where are sutural bones only found?
the skull
Bone is also called _____ tissue?
osseous
Osseous tissue comes into what two forms?
compact bone and spongy bone
Describe compact bone:
Compact bone is mostly solid with only a few hollow spaces for either cells or blood vessels and nerves; usually found on the outer surface of bones
Describe spongy bone:
Spongy bone is very porous, with the bone mineral forming a web-like series of connecting columns; usually found on the interior of bones.
Compact bone is made up of _____?
osteons
What are osteons?
cylinders of bone
Compact bone consists of many _____ packed beside one another?
osteons
The osteons are made up of concentric rings called ______?
lamella: 1 singular
lamellae: 2+ plural
At the center of each osteon is a _____?
Central canal/haversian canal
What does the central canal/haversian canal in the ostoen contain?
blood vessels and nerves that travel through compact bone
At the base of the individual osteons are _____ which are empty spaces that allow blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to travel across bone, linking up with the vessels and nerves in the central canals?
perforating canals/Volkmann’s canals
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells that secret and maintain the bone mineral and collagen fibers
Where do you find osteocytes in osteons?
Osteocytes are found in a hollowed out chamber called lacuna-s/lacunae-p which are black dots that line lamellae rings
Each osteocyte has branchlike projections that stick out and connect to other projections from other osteocytes are in little tunnels called ______?
canaliculi: plural
canaliculum: singular
Bones are covered with a layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper called _____?
periosteum
Long ones have a hollow interior that is lined with a layer of irregular dense connective tissue proper called ______?
endosteum
The outer layer of all bones is _____ bone, but the interior is always ______ bone?
Compact bone and spongy bone
Long bones have a hollow cavity in their center called the ______?
Medullary cavity
What is the medullary cavity of long bones filled with?
bone marrow (red and yellow depending on age)
Spongy bone is made up of thin columns of bone called ____?
trabeculae
Trabeculae of spongy bone are made up of concentric rings of ______?
lamellae like osteons in compact bone
Trabeculae of spongy bone also has osteocytes in lacunae on the edges of lamella and also have projections called _____, like (osteons)
canaliculi
Trabeculae of spongy bone does not have a _____ unlike osteons?
central cannal/haversian canal
What are the 4 things to know about osteons?
- They are made up of rings of lamellae.
- Osteocytes in lacunae occur on lamellae edges.
- Canaliculi connect lacunae of adjacent lamellae and hold osteocyte cellular projections.
- They have a central canal through which blood vessels and nerves travel.
What are the 4 things to know about compact bone?
- Compact bone is made up of osteons packed together.
- Compact bone makes up the outer edges of most bones.
- Surrounded on the exterior by periosteum, an irregular dense connective tissue proper.
- Blood vessels travel through compact bone through the central canals of osteons and through perforating canals between the end of one osteon and the start of the next below it.
What are the 4 things to know about spongy bone?
- Spongy bone is found in the interior of all bones
- Spongy bone is made of trabeculae, which are osteon-like projections in a web-like arrangement.
- Trabeculae have lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, but no central canal.
- Long bones (but not other bones) have a hollow center and the spongy bone before this hollow center are lined with an irregular dense connective tissue proper layer called endosteum.
- Blood vessels travel through the spaces in spongy bone.
What is a process?
Any kind of shape on a bone
What is a tuberosity on the bone?
A large rounded projections may be roughened
What is a trochanter on the bone?
A very large blunt, irregularly shaped process
What is the only ex. of a trochanter?
on the femur
What is a epicondyle on the bone?
The raised area above or on a condyle
What is the head on the bone?
The bony expansion carries on a narrow neck
What is the meatus on the bone?
Canal like passageway (ear hole in skull)
What is the fossa on the bone?
A shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
What is the foramen in the bone?
A round or oval opening through a bone
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx
What 3 vertebrae that make the vertebral column?
cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae
How many bones make up the cervical vertebrae?
7
How many bones make up the thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many bones make up the lumbar vertebrae?
5
Describe the shape of C3-C7 vertebrae bones?
Just spinous process
Describe the shape of T1-T12 vertebrae bones?
Spinous process + 2 transverse processes
Describe the shape of L1-L5 vertebrae bones?
Spinous process + 2 transverse proceses + 2 articular processes
C1 vertebrae bone is also known as _____?
Atlas
What is C1 vertebrae bone purpose?
It carries the skull
C2 vertebrae bone is also known as _____?
Axis
What is C2 vertebrae bone purpose?
It turns the neck
How would you describe both C1 and C2 vertebrae bones?
Both lack vertebral bodies and have small spinal processes (rest of cervical vertebrae have body and distinct spinal process)
What bone in the vertebral column forms from five fused vertebrae?
Sacrum
What age does the sacrum start fusing and complete fusing?
16 yrs starts and 35 yrs completed
What is often referred to as the tailbone and form from three to five semi fused vertebrae?
Coccyx
What are the three main parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
What part of the column starts out cartilage and converts to bone in adulthood?
xiphoid process
How many ribs are there?
12
Why are some ribs considered true ribs?
They have their own cartilage connection to the sternum
Why are so ribs considered false ribs?
They do not have their own connection to the sternum and connects to rib 7
Why are rib 11 and 12 considered floating ribs?
Because they have no cartilage
How many true ribs are there
7
How many false ribs are there?
5
How many floating false ribs are there?
2
Which end of the rib connects to the vertebrae?
the acromial end head (bumpy end)
Which end of the rib connects cartilage to sternum?
The sternal end/extremity (smooth/circular)
What does the pectoral (shoulder) girdle consist of?
Clavicle and Scapula
What is another name for the clavicle?
Collar bone
What is another name for he shoulder blade?
Shoulder blade
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
the 2 coxal bones
What makes up the entire pelvis structure?
Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Each coxal bone is formed from the fusion of what 3 bones?
Illium, ishium, and pubis
What age do the three bones that make up each coxal bone grow together eliminating cartilage?
by 25
What is the hole at the bottom of the coxal bone?
the oburator foramen
What is the hole or place where the femur bone sits in the coxal bone?
acetabulum
What is the rough spot called where the coxal bone connects to the sacrum?
sacroiliac joint
pelvis means?
bowl
What are the 2 key difference between male and female pelvis bones?
the pubic arch and the pelvic inlet and outlet
Males have a ___degree pubic arch and females have a ___degree pubic arch?
60 degree and 90 degree
What is the longest bone in the body?
femur
A femur has a prominent ball on the top that is called the _____?
head
The prominent ball on the top of a femur called the head is attached to the ___ of the femur?
neck
And after the neck of the femur there are 2 rough process called the what?
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
The higher rough process below the neck of the the femur, lateral the body is the ____ trochanter?
greater
The lower rough process below the neck of the femur, medial the body is _____ trochanter?
lesser
At the bottom of the femur there are 2 processes sticking out at the end, they are called?
the medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle
Which epicondyle at the bottom of the femur is medial?
medial epicondyle
Which epicondyle at the bottom of the femur is lateral?
lateral epicondyle
What is the smooth surface on the femur anterior between the two epicondyles is the what?
patellar surface
On the posterior or backside of the femur between the 2 epicondyles is a groove called the what?
intercondylar fossa
What is the knee cap bone?
patella
What is the shin bone?
tibia
On the anterior side of the tibia is a prominent ridge called the?
anterior border
On the bottom of the tibia there is a part that points medial toward the big toe what is this called?
medial malleolus
On the fibula the roundish end on the top is the what?
head
The anterior side of the fibula has a prominent ridge called the what?
anterior border
The pointy end of the fibula is bottom and forms the lateral ankle bone is called what?
lateral malleolus
What are the 5 foot bones?
phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, calcareous, and talus
The hook like or curved process located on the anterior side of the scapula and points lateral the body is what?
coracoid process
The process on the posterior side of scapula that connects to the spine and is almost like a ridge that extends from lateral top to medial is what?
acromial process
What is the roundish cavity on the scapula where the head of the humerus rests lateral the body (socket for humerus) ?
glenoid cavity
The upper arm is also called the what?
brachium
The forearm is also called the what?
antebrachium
The hand is also called the what?
carpus
What is the prominent ball on the top of the humerus that articulates with “socket” of glenoid cavity and points medially?
head
Lateral the head of the humerus at the top is 2 tubercles called what?
greater tubercle and lower tubercle
What is the higher tubercle on the humerus?
greater tubercle
What is the lower tubercle on the humerus?
lower tubercle
On the humerus at the bottom inferior there are 2 epicondlyes called what?
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle
Which epicondyle on the bottom of the humerus is lateral?
Lateral epicondyle
Which epicondyle on the bottom of the humerus is medial?
Medial epicondyle
On the humerus what is the central hinge the main forearm bone (ulna) swings on and is at the very bottom of the bone below both the fossa(holes)?
trochlea
On the bottom of the humerus what is the smallish hole called that is always anterior?
cornoid fossa
On the bottom of the humerus what is the largish hole called that is always posterior?
olecranon fossa
On the ulna the top has a c shaped hook what is it called the what?
trochlear notch
What is the very top part of the ulna called (not the hook part)?
olecranon process
What is the flattened disk on the ulna at the bottom of the “u” on lateral side?
radial notch
On the radius the top is smaller circle and is called the what?
head
On the radius anterior there is a bump below the head that is medial and is called what?
radial tuberosity
On the radius the bottom has a side that is lower than the other side and points toward the thumb and it is called the what?
styloid process
What is the ulna and radius joined by?
interosseous membrane
What are the short bones of the wrist called?
the carpals
What are the long bones in the palm called?
metacarpals
What are the long bones of the finger and thumb called?
phalanges
The thumb only has ___ phalanges and the fingers all have ___ phalanges?
2 and 3
What is muscle origin?
Muscle origin is the point of attachment on the bone that is not moved when the muscle contracts
What is muscle insertion?
Muscle insertion is the point of attachment on the bone that is moved when the muscle contracts
What is flexion?
is a muscle-controlled movement that decreases the angle of the joint, brings the two bones closer, along the sagittal plane, when the muscle is contracted.
What is extension?
is a muscle-controlled movement that increases the angle of the joint, moves the two bones farther apart, along the sagittal plane when the muscle is contracted.
What is abduction?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a limb away from the center of the body along the frontal plane when the muscle is contracted.
What is adduction?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a limb toward the center of the body along the frontal plane when the muscle is contracted.
What is pronation?
is a muscle-controlled movement of the arm that moves the palm of the hand from upwards-facing to downwards-facing when the muscle is contracted.
What is supination?
is a muscle-controlled movement of the arm that moves the palm from downwards-facing to upwards-facing when the muscle is contracted (anatomical position)
What is a major muscle?
in a pair of muscles with the same name, the larger is designated major (even if it is lower than or behind the other).
What is a minor muscle?
in a pair of muscles with the same name, the smaller is designated minor (even if it is higher than or above the other).
What is depression?
is a muscle controlled movement that moves a body part down when the muscle is contracted.
What is levation?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a body part up when the muscle is contracted.
What is tension?
is a muscle-controlled movement that moves a body part to tense or become firm when the muscle is contracted.
What is rotation?
is a muscle-controlled movement that rotates a body part when the muscle is contracted.
What is the muscle on top of the buccinator?
risorius
What is the muscles on the front of the side of the neck?
platysma
What is the muscle that comes down from the head down the side of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
What are the 3 trunk muscle posterior and anterior?
Trapezius, deltoid, and latissimus dorsi
What is the muscle directly on your peck?
pectoralis major
What are the 3 layers on abdominal muscles and aponeuroses?
external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
What is the muscle directly below the pectoralis majors at looks kinda like ribs?
serratus anterior
What is the muscle that is lateral the pectoralis major and is like a little sliver near the arm pits?
lattissimus dorsi
What is the most outer layer on abdominal muscle that is lateral the body?
external oblique
What is the middle layer of the abdominal muscles that forms the “6 pack”?
rectus abdominus
What is the middle layer of abdominal muscles that forms the sides of the abdomen and are lateral the body?
internal obliques
What is the most innermost/deep layer of the abdominal muscles and is also lateral the body?
transversus abdominus
What is the muscle at the top of the shoulder that is shaped like a triangle?
deltoid
Where is the origin of the deltoid?
on clavicle and scapula
Where does the deltoid insert?
at the deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What can the deltoid do?
flex arm, extend arm, rotate arm, and adduct arm
What are the 4 muscles that forms a cuff around the top of the humerus bone and allow it to rotate within the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
subscapularis
Which muscle sits on the anterior side of the scapula?
supraspinatus
Which muscle sits on the posterior side of the scapula?
infraspinatus
What are the 3 muscles that make up the upper arm?
Biceps branchii, brachialis, and triceps brachii
What are the 4 forearm muscles?
flexor carpi radialis, branchioradialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor carpi ulnaris
Where does the flexor carpi radialis insert?
on posterior side of arm, radius (thumb) side on 1st and 2nd fingers
What is the largest buttocks muscle?
gluteus maximus
What is the smaller buttocks muscle above the gluteus maximus?
gluteus medius
What buttocks muscle is not visible and is deep the gluteus maximus?
gluteus minimus
What are the 4 major regions of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
The cerebrum is divided into what 2 paired hemispheres?
left and right hemispheres
The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the _____ ?
corpus callosum
The cerebrum is divided into what 6 major lobes ?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
The diencephalon is divided into what 3 parts?
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temperature, food intake, and thirst.
What hangs down from the hypothalamus?
pituitary gland
What is the pineal glands job?
produces melatonin, which helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle
What is the cerebellums job?
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
The tree like white matter inside the cerebellum is called what?
arbor vitae
What 3 sections makes up the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What is the job of the brainstem?
It has many basic vital functions, including regulation of heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
The brain is surrounded by 3 layers of connective tissue wrappers called what?
meninges
What are the 3 meninges that surrounds the brain?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What are the main parts of the spinal cord?
white mater, gray mater, central canal, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, and ventral root
The central darker nervous tissue in the spinal cord is called?
gray matter
The surrounding lighter nervous tissue in the spinal cord is called?
white matter
What is gray matter made up of?
neuroglia cells and neuron cell bodies
What is white matter made up of?
neuron axons
What is the central canal in the spinal cord?
a narrow hollow center to the spinal cord that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The branches coming off on the back/dorsal sides of the spinal cord are called the _____?
dorsal roots
The branches coming off on the front.ventral sides of the spinal cord are called the _____?
ventral roots
Like the brain the spinal cord is wrapped in three layers of connective tissue collectively called the _____?
meninges
