Lab Final Exam Flashcards
Steps of the scientific method
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and
conclusion
Independent Variable
variable that is manipulated
Dependent Variable
Variable that is measured
5 FACTORS TO ANALYZE 24 RECALL
- Weight
- Height
- Gender
- Activity
- Age
Macronutrients
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
micronutrients
Minerals and vitamins
Acceptable macronutrients distribution range
- Carbs: 45-65%
- Protein: 10-35%
- Fats: 20%-35%
Magnification
Is the ratio of the apparent size of the object as seen
through the microscope (image size) to the real-life side of the
object.
Resolution
the ability of the microscope to distinguish as separate
and distinct objects that lie in close proximity.
Human cells hierarchy
cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ system
Prokaryotic cells
single-celled organism (lacks membrane-bound
nuclei & membrane organelles)
eukaryotic cells
single or multi-celled organism
Animal cells are
Surrounded by cell membrane
Plasma membrane
double-layer structure and has 2 main components: phospholipids and protein
Cytoplasm
inside the cell membrane & contains cell organelles that are vital to functionality.
Nucleus
largest organelle & contains cells genetic material & controls cells activity.
Mitochondria
catabolic organelle where carbs, lipids, & proteins are broken down by cellular respiration to produce energy aka ATP.
Plant cells differ from…
animals b/c of their rigid cell walls that
surround plasma membrane & has chloroplast and water-filled vacuoles
G.I TRACT
- The body prepares foods for ABSORBTION through DIGESTION
- Food enters the GI tract through the LUMEN (inside of the hollow
tube) - Food gets broken down into the smallest units: amino acids,
simple sugars, fatty acids to get absorbed by INTESTINAL
EPITHELIAL CELLS.
UPPER GI TRACT
mouth, esophagus, and stomach
LOWER GI TRACT
small intestine, large intestine, and anus(butthole)
IMPORTANT ORGANS FOR DIGESTION
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Small intestine
The main site for digestion, includes the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum. The inner wall is covered in villi for absorption.
Amylose
The scientific name for starch.
Amylase
An enzyme that breaks down starch into disaccharides called maltose. If the enzyme is
exposed to extreme heat and acid it will be denatured.
Buffers
Used to help stabilize PH
Mouth pH
Neutral.
Stomach pH
Very acidic, pH of 2.
Small intestine pH
Alkaline.
Lipids are broken down into..
glycerol and fatty acids.
Chyme
an acidic fluid leaves the stomach to go into the small intestine.
Pancreas then releases pancreatic juices.
Lipase
the enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) fats.
Lingual lipase
in salivary glands and can initiate digestion.
Bile
used to emulsify fats and is released by the gallbladder.
Litmus
alkaline solution that turns from blue to pink if acid is
detected.
Protein composition
A polypeptide chain of 1 or more strands of amino acids.
Gene
a stretch of DNA that provides a blueprint for the og structure
of a polypeptide.
Codon (3 letters)
inside mRNA nucleotide sequence which corresponds
to an amino acid.
Peptide bond
Helps form proteins by linking amino acids together
Stomach acid
denatures proteins and opens their structure to allow
enzymes to attack.
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases
pancreatic
protein-digesting enzymes.
Pepsin
works in the stomach, the inactive form is pepsinogen,
activated by stomach acid and helps break down protein into
polypeptide bonds & amino acids.
Proteases
enzymes found in the small intestine
Antioxidants
get rid of ROS and capture Radicals. Used to protect LDL
from oxidation
Free radicals
a molecule with one or more unpaired electron
How antioxidants work to fight free radicals
donating one or more
electrons to stop the chain reaction
Food sources of antioxidants
color pigments in fruits and veggies
Carotenoids
Antioxidant pigments that are yellow, orange, and red.
Chlorophylls
Antioxidant that is green.
Beta-carotene
AKA Vitamin A, is found in carrots.
Body mass
2 types, essential & non-essential, adipose or fat that
lines our organs
Fat-free mass
everything else.
Intestinal Microflora
bacteria produce nutrients like short-chain
fatty acids, some B- vitamins, and vitamin K.
