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Biology 1406: Lab Final > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

__________ catalyze (accelerate) reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

Enzymes bind to reacting molecules called ___________ and its site of attachment is the __________ site

A
  1. Substrates

2. Active

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3
Q

When an enzyme _________, it destroys its effectiveness by altering the active site and slowing the reaction

A

Denatures

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4
Q

Know what enzyme we used during the lab

A

Peroxidase (Turnip)

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5
Q

Know what substrate we used during the lab

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

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6
Q

Know what optimum conditions mean for an enzyme

A

The range of values for environmental factors (such as temperature & PH within) which an enzyme functions best

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7
Q

Concentration Activity

A

Increase concentration-> Increase activity

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8
Q

Temperature Activity

A

Increase temperature -> Increase activity (until denurtaration)

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9
Q

PH Activity

A

depends on its environment

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10
Q

Know what a water bath is and what we use it for

A

warming up substances

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11
Q

Know the equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) -> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP + heat

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12
Q

Energy is stored in bonds of _______, which is later used as a direct source of energy for cellular metabolism

A

ATP

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13
Q

The 3 main stages of respiration include:

A

1.Glycolysis, 2.Krebs Cycle, 3.ETC

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14
Q

Know what organism we used to determine CO2 production during fermentation

A

yeast

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15
Q

What a fermentation tube is

A

P.S the one that looks like a weed bong

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16
Q

Know how magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) an activator and Sodium Flouride (NaF) an inhibitor affect glycolysis

A

activator: helps glycolysis
inhibitor: stops glycolysis

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17
Q

The experiment with pinto beans involved the use of phenol red. Using this chemical, how could we tell if respiration occurs?

A

It turned orange/yellow because of CO2

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18
Q

______ is a complex process that converts radian energy (light) to chemical energy (sugar)

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

Know the equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 12H2O (water) ->(light) C6H12O6 (glucose/sugar) + 6H2O (water) + 6O2 (oxygen)

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20
Q

Photosynthesis is divided into what 2 sets of reactions?

A
  1. Light dependent 2. Light independent
21
Q

A substance that absorbs light is called ________

A

Pigment

22
Q

What 4 pigments did we see using paper chromatography? Know the color of each and which moved the farthest

A
  1. Chlorophyll B - green yellow
  2. Chlorophyll A - green blue
  3. Xanthophylls- yellow
  4. Carotenoids - orange
23
Q

When we put the spinach in phenol red, after we turned it orange-yellow by blowing air into it, why did it return to its original red color?

A

The leaf was using CO2 to do photosynthesis/ leaves do not use greenlight

24
Q

Know the stages of the cell cycle, the stages of interphase, and the stages of mitosis

A

G1,S,G2, Mitosis (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) Cytokenisis

25
Q

G1

A

Growth and preparation for DNA synthesis

26
Q

S

A

A copy of the genome is synthesiszed

27
Q

G2

A

Prepares the cell for mitosis

28
Q

Prophase

A

Condensed chromosomes, spindle apparatus assembles, 2 centrioles move to oppositepoles, nuclear membrane breaks down

29
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules attach to kinetochores, chromosomes begin to move to the center of the cell

30
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along metaphase plate

31
Q

Anaphase

A

Centriomeres split, cohesin is removed, sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles

32
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle apparatus disassembles, nuclear envelope forms, chromosomes uncoil and nucleolus reappears in each new cell

33
Q

Cytokenisis

A

Divides the cell into 2 cells

34
Q

What are the 2 rounds of Meiosis and the stages in each?

A

Meiosis I & Meiosis II / each one has prophase, prometaphase, metapahse, anaphase, telophase

35
Q

A gene has alternate states called________, contributed to an organism by its parents

A

allleles

36
Q

Know the difference between dominant (P) and recessive (p)

A

dominant (P)- alleles that mask the expression but are expressed themselves
recessive (p)- alleles whose expression is masked

37
Q

Know the difference between genotype (Pp) and phenotype (purple flowers)

A

phenotypes- physical appearance

genotype- includes all the alleles present in the cell

38
Q

______ results in an intermidiate characteristic

A

incomplete dominance

39
Q

In _______ both alleles contribute to the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

Codominance- AB blood

40
Q

Know the universal blood donor

A

O

41
Q

Know the universal blood receiver

A

AB

42
Q

Be able to read a pedigree and tell if a trait is dominant or recessive

A

dominant- occurs every generation

recessive- less common

43
Q

circle

A

female

44
Q

square

A

male

45
Q

Know how Gel Electrophoresis works

A

process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to their size, causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field

46
Q

Know the charge of DNA and how it moves in the gel

A

DNA is negatively charge and it moves to the positive pole/ moves based on size/ larger/slower /smaller/faster

47
Q

Know how the DNA gathered from the bananas looked

A

cloudy precipitate

48
Q

Know what the soap mixture was for

A

to break down cell and organelle membranes

Biology 1406: Lab Final (2 decks)

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