Lab Final Flashcards
Radius: inner bone of the lower arm.
The fibula: the smaller of the two bones of the calf.
This is a very narrow bone which is located next to the tibia.
Tibia: Larger of the two bones of the calf.
Where is the diencephalon and what are it’s components?
The diencephalon is the prosterior (and ventral) region of the forebrain, that is composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus epithalamus, pineal organ and hypophysis (pituitary).
These aren’t really visible in this picture (as they are underneath)… but its all I have.
Where is the mesencephalon and what is it composed of?
The mesencephalon is the midbrain. It is composed of the optic lobes.
Where is the metancephalon and what are it’s components?
The metancephalon is located in the anterior region of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). It is composed of the cerebellum.
Where is the myelencephalon and what are it’s components?
The myelencephalon is the most caudal portion of the hindbrain. It is composed of the medulla oblongata.
Identify the medulla oblongata. What is it’s function?
The medulla oblongata regulates reflexes such as respiration, heart rate and blood pressure.
Identify the optic lobes. What is their function?
The optic lobes recieve information from the eyes, the lateral line system, the cerebellum, the olfactory epithelium and the skin.
Identify the cerebellum. What is it’s function?
The cerebellum controls body equilibrium and coordinates fine motor activity.
Where is the prosencephalon and what are it’s subregions (if any)?
The prosencephalon (forebrain) includes both the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
Identify the olfactory bulbs, tracts and lobes.
Identify the cerebrum. What is it’s function?
The cerebrum is responsible for integrating sensory information, initiating motor impulses and storing memories.
Where is the rhombencephalon and what are it’s subregions (if any)?
The rhombencephalon (hindbrain) includes both the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
Where is the telencephalon and what are it’s components?
The telencephalon is the most anterior portion of the forebrain. It is composed of the olfactory bulbs and lobes and the cerebral hemispheres.
Where is the mesencephalon and what are it’s subregions (if any)?
The mesencephalon (midbrain) has no sub regions.
What are the aortic arches?
The aortic arches are arteries that leave the ventral aorta to take blood to the gills.
Describe the structure of the cranial nerves of squalus.
Squalas has 10 cranial nerves labelled in roman numerals starting at the rostral end.
Most anamniotes have up to 6 additional pairs of lateral line cranial nerves.
Additionally, there is the nervus terminalus.
See image for the placement of some of the cranial nerves.
Describe the digestive system of a lamprey.
Food enters the mouth –> esophagus –> intestine –> anus/cloaca
Lamprey have a simple unspecialized digestive system as they are able to continuously feed on blood.
Describe the digestive system of a shark.
Food enters mouth –> esophagus –> j-shaped stomach –> enters the intestine (duodenum) –> intestine (ileum) –> colon –> rectum –> anus/cloaca
Describe the intestines of a mammal.
Small intestine: duodenum, jujenum, ileum
Large intestine: colon, rectum.
How many aortic arches do Lampreys have?
6 aortic arches
How many aortic arches do sharks have?
5.
They lost aortic arch I, which originally went to the mandibular arch (visceral arch 1).
How many aortic arches do amphibians have?
They have 3.
When tetrapods evolved lungs, the aortic arches were modified. Arches I, II and V were lost.
Arch III became the carotid system.
Arch IV becamre the systemic arteries.
Arch VI became the pulmonary arteries.
How many cranial nerves do sharks have?
17
In regards to the eye, what is the tapetum lucidum and what does it do?
An iridescent layer at the back of the eye that reflects light back onto the retina.
Found in nocturnal mammals.
In sharks, what is the spiral valve?
The spiral valve refers to the spiral structure of the ileum (intestine) which increases the surface area and improves digestive efficiency.
In terms of the brain, what are ventricles?
Interconnected hollow spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Left over from when the brain was the hollow nerve cord.
This fluid cushions the brain and exchanges metabolites with surrounding tissues.
In the brain, what is the pons and what is it’s function?
The Pons is a structure of the mammalian brain that allows for communication between the cerebellum and the cerebrum.
What are three functions of integument in vertebrates?
- Protecting the organism from mechanical (frictional) stress.
- Maintaining the osmatic balance between the organism and it’s environment.
- Providing coloration (sexual selection, camaflage)
What type of kidneys do amphibians have?
opisthonephric
List the components of the middle ear.
- The malleus
- The incus
- The stapes
List the components of the outer ear.
- The pinna
- the external auditory meatus
- the tympanic membrane
Identify the Incus. What part of the ear is this located in?
The middle ear.
Identify the stapes. What part of the ear is this located in?
The middle ear.
Identify the tympanic membrane. What part of the ear is this located in?
The outer ear ear.
Identify the Cochlea. What is it’s function?
The cochlea is unique to mammals and detects air-borne vibrations over a wide frequency of range.
Part of the inner ear.
Identify the Organ of Corti. What is it’s function?
The organ of corti is a specialized mechanoreceptor located within the cochlear duct.
Hair cells on the organ of corti change physical movements by vibrations into neural impulses.
Identify the Malleus. What part of the ear is this located in?
The middle ear.
What is a protostomes?
animals where the embryonic blastophore becomes the mouth.
Identify the medulla oblongata.
Identify the superior colliculi. What is it’s function?
This pair of colliculi coordinate visual reflexes.
Identify the inferior colliculi. What are their function?
The inferior colliculi coordinate auditory reflexes.
Identify the Cerebellum.
Note the arbor vitae. These are myelinated nerve fibers.
The cerebellum controls body equilibrium and coordinates fine motor activity..
Identify the Cerebrum.
The two hemispheres are seperated from each other by the longitudial cerebral fissure.
Identify the optic chasm. What is it’s function?
Marks the point where some nerve impulses from each eye cross over to the other hemisphere.
Identify the pituitary gland.
Identify the corpus collosum. What is this?
The corpus callosum is a transverse band of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Identify the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus is the region just below the thalamus.
Name the 8 bones of the skull and place them.
Where is the maxilla?
Where is the nasal?
Where is the frontal?
Where is the parietal?
Where is the squamosal?
Where is the premaxilla?
Where is the Jugal?
Where is the Palentine?
What type of amniote skull is this?
Synapsid Skull
Have a single large fenestrae in the temporal region.
Found in mammals.
What type of amniote skull is this?
Diapsid Skull
Two fenestrae.
Found in many reptiles including dinosaurs.
What type of amniote skull is this?
Euryapsid Skull
Single, upper fenestrae.
Found in several groups of extinct marine reptiles. ex. plesiosaurs.
What type of amniote skull is this?
Anapsid Skull
No fenestrae.
Presently found in turtles– but thought to be derived.
What type of kidneys do amniotes have?
Metanephric kidney.
Drained by a unique duct called the ureter.
What type of kidneys do anamniotes including sharks have?
Opisthonephric kidney
Use your knowledge of vertebrate features to identify the banchiostoma and the larval lamprey.
Left: Branchiostoma
This is indicated by the large number of pharangeal slits and the absence of the subpharangeal gland. There are also eggs, indicating that this is an adult (not a larvae).
Right: Larval Lamprey
This is indicated by the presence of 7 pharangeal slits and a subpharangeal gland (–> thyroid).
Use your knowledge of vertebrate features to identify the banchiostoma and the larval lamprey.
Left: Larval Lamprey
This is indicated by the presence of only 7 pharangeal slits, an eye, and the enlargement of the anterior nerve cord to form the cranium and the brain.
Right: Branchiostoma
This is indicated by the presence of many pharangeal slits and the absence of an eye.
What 2 structures are essential for drawing air into the lungs of mammals?
- Diaphram
- The external and internal intercostal muscles.
What are the differences in structure between the mammalian eye and that of Squalus? There are 3.
- The mammalian eye is protected by a moveable upper and lower eyelid (and sometimes a nictitating membrane– i.e. a translucent third eyelid)
- lacrimal glands which moisten the eye (as it is constantly exposed to air).
- A flexible lens that can focus an image.
What are the five characteristics of the phylum Chordata?
- a notochord
- A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits
- a subpharyngeal gland
- A post natal tail
What are the two components of the nervous system?
- The central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
- The peripheral nervous system (the cranial and spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system).
What are the three regions of the vertebrate brain?
- Prosencephalon (forebrain)
- Mesencephalon (midbrain
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What are the three subphylum of Chordata?
- Cephalochordata (the lancelets i.e. branchiostoma)
- Urochordata (the tunicates or sea squirts)
- Craniata (hagfish and vertebrates
What are these bones and how do you know?
Seven Lumbar vertebrae
Characterized by long, anteriorly directed transverse processes.
What are these two bones, and how do you know?
The top bone is a caudal vertebrae. I know because it has hemal arches which form a star.
The bottom bone is a sternumbrae (i.e. part of the sternum). I know because it is small, but does not have the hemal arches characteristic of a caudal vertebrae.
What are visceral arches?
Visceral arches are pieces of cartilages or bones that support the pharyngeal region of vertebrates and also help attach the jaws with the skull.
What bone is this and how do you know?
Atlas: First cervical vertebrae (specialized).
Characterized by a pair of broad flat transverse processes.
What bone is this and how do you know?
Thoractic Vertebrae: 13 vertebrae
All have facets for the attachment of the ribs.
What bones are these and how do you know?
Cervical vertebrae: 7 cervical vertebrae including the axis and the atlas.
All but the 7th have transverse foramina (i.e. holes) for the passage of the veertebral artery. The 7th looks like a thoractic vertebrae without the rib attachments.
Deuterostome
the blasophore becomes the anus. i.e. chordates
What is the amniotic egg?
Amnions have the amniotic egg which have an extra-embryonic membrane (the amnion) which helps to protect from dessication.
What is the Ampullae of Lorenzini in sharks?
A modification of the lateral line system, found only in sharks. Their primary role is the detection of bioelectrical voltage changes generated by prey species.
These pores are on the nose of the shark.
What is the difference betwee somatic and visceral nerve fibres?
Somatic fibres innervate the skin and voluntary muscles.
Visceral fibers innervate involuntary muscles and glands. i.e. the autonomic nervous system.
What is the difference between horns, antlers and pronghorns?
Horns are permanent structures. ex. goats.
Antlers are shed every year. ex. deer
Pronghorns are when only the stratum corneum are shed. see ex.
What is the difference between sensory and motor nerve fibers?
Sensory nerve fibers: carry impulses from receptor organs to the central nervous system.
Motor nere fibers: carry response information from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands.
What is the epiglottis? What is it’s function?
The epiglottis is a cartilage reinforced tissue in mammals. It prevents food from entering the glottis.
What is the function of the skeleton?
- To provide body segments to which muscles attach to affect locomotion
- Protect delicate internal structures and organs
What is the function of the spleen?
The spleen is part of the circulatory system. It manufactures and stores red blood cells.
What is the lateral line system?
Includes a network of canals under the skin of the head and the lateral line canal which runs along the side of the body. Allows the fish to localize distant objects and to orient it’s body in water currents.
A sense of “distant touch”.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Ulna: one of the lower arm bones
Characterized by the trochlear notch which articulates with the humerus.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Scapula
The largest element of the pectoral girdle. At the ventral end, there is a pit called the glenoid fossa which recieves the head of the humerus.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Pelvic Girdle
Composed of two bones which consist of a fused ilium, ischium and pubis. Articulates with the sacrum and recieves the head of the femur.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Humerus: upper arm bone
At one end there is a large head and at the other end the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna. Characterized by a hole through which nerve and blood vessels pass.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Axis
Specialized 2nd cervical vertebrae; carries the head and rotates.
Characterized by long dens that project into the atlas.
What is this bone and how do you know?
Femur
Characterized by two large condyles which articulate with the patella (knee cap).
What is this bone and what is its function?
The Sacrum: including the three fused sacral vertebrae
Serves as a point of attachment for the pelvic girdle.
What is this dinosaur hip type called?
“Bird” hipped.
Did not evolve into birds.
What type of dermal scale is this and how do you know?
Ctenoid Scale
Because it has toothy projections.
What type of dermal scale is this and how do you know?
Cycloid Scale
It is round and lacking toothy projections.
What type of dinosaur hip is this?
Saurischian
Evolved into birds.
What type of gills does a lamprey have?
Pouched gills
What type of gills does a perch have?
Opercular gills
What type of gills does a shark have?
Septal gills
What type of integuement is this and how do you know?
Bony Fish skin.
Single celled mucous glands indicate a fish.
Bony scales in dermis indicate bony fish.
What type of integuement is this and how do you know?
Shark integuement.
Single cell mucus glands indicate a fish.
Placoid scales indicate a shark.
What type of integument is this and how do you know?
Lamprey skin.
Single cell mucous glands indicate that it is a fish.
Smooth skin indicates a lamprey.
What type of integument is this and how do you know?
Amphibian
Presence of multicellular mucous glands.
Possible presence of granular (i.e. poison) glands
What type of integument is this and how do you know?
Mammal skin
Indicated by the presence of hair follicles, sweat glands and sebacious glands.
Sebacious glands are associated with hair follicles.
Sweat glands are deep in the dermis with canals up to the surface.
What type of integument is this and how do you know?
Bird Skin
Indicated by the presence of immature feathers and feather follicles.
What type of integument is this and how do you know?
Reptile Skin
Indicated by the absence of glands. Be careful not to confuse with bony fish skin.
