Lab Final Flashcards
What compartment of the ruminant stomach is the largest?
Rumen
What does a BCS score of 1 mean? What does a BCS score of 5 mean? What is the ideal BCS?
1 = emaciated, 5=obese, 3=ideal
How many cows can the parlor at Waterman serve at a time?
16
What test can be done to determine if a cow has mastitis? What is the indicator of mastitis in this test?
California mastitis test, if the milk doesn’t mix with the purple solution the cow has mastitis
What is the average weight/age of a harvested pig?
275 lbs and 6 months
___________ is a good source of energy, protein, and fiber.
Cotton seed
What is the toal time from ovulation to laying of chicken eggs?
25.5 hours
How many eggs will a pig ovulate, and what percentage of those will be fertilized?
20+ eggs, 80-90%
Why are the tails docked in lambs?
Sanitation becomes an issue due to accumultion of feces. The tail is not usd to swat flies as in cows and horses
What four things is wool evaluated on?
- Yield
- Diameter
- length
- Strength
What does the USDA inspection allow OSU’s meat lab to do?
Allows the meat to be transported across state lines
An elastrator can be used for what two things?
Tail docking and Castration
What color egg doest he Golden Comet lay?
Brown
What characteristics of the cecum allow it to stow the rate of passage for fermentation?
Sacculations
What are the three reasons to shoe horses?
Traction, Protection, and Correction
What is the goal of the beef industry?
To satisfy consumer demand for palatable, tender, consisten, edible meat
What three things is the bulk tank used for?
- Milk storage
- Agitation
- Temperature Control
What are the gestation crate restrictions?
- The nose and tail cannot touch the crate at the same time
- Both sides of the pig cannot touch the crate at the same time
What is the most common commercial laying breed of chicken?
White leghorn
What is the gestation time for sheep?
155 days
What are the two most popular cuts of chicken meat?
Breast and chicken wings
____________ is inflammation of the lamina of the inner hoof wall.
Laminitis
_______ is the main fluid from wich milk is derived.
Blood
What percentage of the colostrum produced by cows is high enough quality to use by modern standards?
less than 30%
How many pairs of ribs does a pig have?
14-17
What percentage of the milk supply is processed into cheese?
40%
What are the three reasons why calves are placed in hutches?
- Time to establish immune system
- Ensures each calf is fiven the proper amount of food and water
- Prevents calves from suckling one another
How are the wholes in swiss cheese made?
Bacteria that is used to inoculate milk creates CO2 during the aging process. After the curds are pressed, the CO2 creates air pockets.
What are the four ways to evaluate a layer hen?
- Fell the width of the pubic bones
- Measure the depth of body
- Push/pinch the abdomen
- Evaluate pigment in the shanks/scales of legs
The _______ is the “true stomach” of the ruminant and is most similar to the nonruminant stomach.
Abomasum
How often is milk collected at Waterman Dairy?
Every other day
Why is an insulated cup used in semen collection?
To maintian the temperature of semen and block light from damaging sperm cells
To legally sell milk, ________ is required, while ________ is not.
Pasteurization, homogenization
What tool can be used to test the quality of colostrum?
Colostromete/densimeter
Only the ________ ovary is functional in poultry
Left
What are the three most common microorganisms in the rumen?
Protozoa, Bacteria, fungi
How are carcasses hung on the hooks?
By the achilles tendon in the hock
What is the site of fertilization?
The oviduct
What is a disadvantage to group housing in pigs?
Increases violence until a heiarchy is established
OSU’s harvest facility is both _____ and ______ inspected.
USDA, state
What are the five major whole cuts of pork?
- Loin
- Belly
- Ham
- Picnic shoulder
- Boston Butt
What are the three structures of the horse hoof called?
Heel, quarter, toe
What is used to render swine senseless?
Electric Wand
Why is corn silage stored in ag bags?
- Exposure to air is minimized
- Hazards associated with silos are reduced
How soon should colostrum be given?
Most efficient in the first 12 hours after birth
Why is knowing the weight of a horse important?
For medication, deworming, and feeding
What is used to disinfect the teat before and after milking and what is the most commonly used disinfectant?
Germicidal Teat Dip, iodine
What is rumination?
The process of regurgitation, remastication, and re-swalling of food that was previously consumed
What is mastitis?
Inflammation and infection of the mammary gland
What are the four signs of estrus in pigs?
- Lordosis
- Swollen Vulva
- Mucosal Discharge
- Perked Ears
What is the ideal temperature for calves?
101.5
Why is unfrozen/fresh semen used in artificial insemination in pigs?
Boar sperm does not survive the freeze/thaw process well
What are the three benefits of Jersey cows?
- Higher milk fat so milk is sold for a higher price
- Require less space
- Easy calving
What must a gallon of ice cream weigh?
At least 4.5 lbs.
When separating milk into its components, what is used to coagulate the milk?
Acetic Acid
What is a cutting wire used to do?
Cut Horns
_______ contains 45% nitrogen. This can be used by bacteria in the rumen to make microbial protein.
Urea
What is the oily substance separated from wool that can be used in skin care products?
Lanolin
What machine can be used to measure back fat thickness and loin muscle area?
Ultrasound Machine
_______ are the most closely related classification of poultry.
Strains
What is the wool from one sheep called?
Fleece
What are the two causes of mastitis?
Environmental (inorganic environment/bedding is the best prevetion) and Contagious (spreads from cow to cow)
How soon after birth must a calf be given colostrum?
Within the first 12 hours
How often are horses’ hooves typically trimmed?
6-8 weeks
By _______, group housing will be required for sows that are confirmed pregnant.
2025
What is the hot water bath used for in harvesting meat? What is the temperature and how long is the carcass left in it?
To remove hair from swine, 138-143 degrees, 3-5 minutes
Why is the white leghorn the most common laying breed?
- Comes into production early
- Stays in production the longest
- Lays the most eggs in the first year
How do round worms spread throughout a sheep flock?
Adult parasites lay eggs in the gastrointestinal tract, the eggs are shed through the feces and hatch, grazing sheep ingest the larvae, and they spread
Why are brown eggs typically more expensive than white?
Birds that lay brown eggs are bigger and lay fewer eggs. The higher cost is due to lower productivity.
What is TMR?
Total Mixed Ration
In domestic animals, _________ is considered the most economically important trait.
reproduction
What position is ideal for calves to be born?
Front legs and head first
Sheep are ______ day breeders.
Short
The Omasum is known as the _________ _________ and is the site of ________ absorption
Butchers Bible, Water
What two pieces of equipment are used for ear identification in cattle?
Tattoo clamp and ear tag clamp
Forelimbs are responsible for distributing ___% of the weight of the horse.
60
What actually kills the animal?
Exsanguination
What is the purpose of stabilizers in ice cream?
To help hold the air bubbles together to improve texture.
Golden Comet birds are more ______ than the white leghorn. As a result, they are better to use for _______ production.
Docile, cage-free
What is the milk producing unit?
Alveoli
What is the purpose of emulsifiers in ice cream?
to keem the ice cream smooth by aiding in the distribution of fat molecules
What lines the Rumen?
Papillae
What is used to measure the average weight of a horse and where is it placed?
Weight tape, placed across the withers and around the heart girth
What is the ideal position for lambs to be born?
Front feet and head first
The sheep industry accounts for what percentae of cash receipts received from livestock enterprises?
Less than 1%
What is the gestation length in cattle?
285 days
Ohio ranks _____ in terms of egg production.
2nd
What are carcasses washed with to prevent E. Coli. contamination in meat?
Lactic Acid
Where is the electric wand placed in pigs?
Behind the ears followed by the chest region
Carcass weight is ____% of total body weight.
75
Why is the cow’s feed mixed together?
Ensures consisten nutrition and prevents sorting of the feed by the cows
What sheep breed is known for being small and efficient?
Southdown
Why is the pigment of the legs evaluated in layers?
Pigment is fat soluble. When hens are in production the pigment goes to the yolk and the hen starts to bleach.
By definition, what percentage of milk fat must ice cream contain?
10%
Why is a sample of milk taken each time the milk is picked up from the bulk tank?
To test for antibiotics and somatic cell count
_____________ is a procedure in which semen is collected from the male and placed into the female’s uterus or cervix, using artificial means rather than copulation.
Artificial Insemination
Average dose of semen for artificial insemination in pigs is how many sperm cells?
3-5 billion
What does the RFID enable the managers at the OSU swine center to do?
It allows programmed amounts of feed to be given to each individual pig to monitor feed intake by reading the ID as each pig enters the feeder.
Why and when is iodine used in dairy cattle?
Used before and after milking to prevent infection of the mammory gland
What unit is wool measured in?
Microns
What 5 things can be found on a cow’s ear tag?
- ID Number
- Sire ID
- Dam ID
- Sexed Semen (if used)
- Date of birth
What does lactic acid in corn silage do?
Decreases pH for good preservation of feed
Cheese consists primarily of the ____ and ________ ________ from the milk?
Fat, casein protein
What kind of horses are found at the OSU equine facility?
Quarter Horses
What are the two common methods of pasteurization?
- High temperature/Short time
- Ultra-high temperature
Are strains associated with purebred poultry lines?
No
What does the letter “P” indicate on a cow’s ear tag?
Polled
What does the milking machine measure and why?
Measures conductivity which is an indicator of somatic (white blood cell) count
What sheep breed has coarse wool?
Lincoln
What is a CIDR used to do?
Synchronize estus and release progesterone
What is BCS and what scale is it measured on?
Body Condition Score, 1-5
What does PQA stand for?
Pork Quality Assurance
What is an advantage of the double 8 herringbone parlor?
Easy to visually inspect udders
What is the pork industry average loin back fat thickness?
.75 in
How many times a year are a sheep’s hooves trimmed?
2-3
What makes wool itchy?
Vegetable matter (Hay, dirt)
What sheep breed is known for wool on the head?
Hampshire
Poultry are ________, meaning the development of young occurs outside the body and fertilized inside the body.
Oviparous
Candling can indicate _________.
Freshness
What is corn silage stored in?
Ag bags
What is the main indicator of a sheep’s age?
The number, condition, and order of eruption of the theeth
What is founder?
Displacement of the coffin bone of the foot in horses
What structure surrounds the alveoli and contract in response to oxytocin release?
Myoepithelial cells
When is it acceptable to use raw milk to make cheese?
When the cheese is aged 60 days.
Why must embryos signal their presence?
To maintain the corpus luteum, which is essential for maintenance of pregnancy
What sheep breed is known for being prolific?
Finn
This piece of equipment cuts and cauterizes a lamb’s tail
Electric tail docker
What is the feed conversion rate for chickens?
2: 1
What breed was the brown bird in lab?
Golden Comet
Consumption of fluid milk has been _______ since the 1960’s.
Declining
What is the average growth per month of a horse’s hoof?
3/8”
What sheep breed is known for breeding out of season?
Dorset
What are the four purposes for flipping a sheep?
- Trim Hooves
- Shear
- Check teeth, eyes, ears
- Medicate with drench gun
What is salt used to do in sausage?
It is used to draw out proteins to keep the ground meat together
Why are farrowing crates important?
They prevent the sow from laying on the piglets and provide the piglets an area away from the mother.
What two structures make up the large intestine?
Cecum and colon
What are the four components of the PQA Plus Site Assessment?
- Record Keeping Criteria
- Facility Criteria
- Animal Observation
- Final Summary and Action Plan
What are the three most common volatile fatty acids found in the rumen?
Proprionate, butyrate, and acetate
What type of milking parlor does Waterman have?
Double 8 Herringbone
Average boar ejaculate contains how many sperm cells?
40-80 billion
What are the three stages in parturition?
- The uterus begins to contract and the cervix dialates
- Labor and delivery
- Expulsion of the placenta
_________ is the greatest hormone prior to ovulation when a mature ovulatory follicle is present, __________ is greatest when a mature corpus luteum is present, and _________ is responsible for the regression of the corpus luteum.
Estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin
Sows and piglets are placed in a _____ _______.
Farrowing Crate
Wool is flame _______ and Moisture __________.
Flame retardant and moisture wicking
By definition, ice cream must contain _____% non-fat milk solids.
6%
What is a craftsman who trims and shoes horse’s hooves called?
Farrier
What is the primary acid in corn silage?
Lactic acid
What is Lordosis?
Mating posture in pigs; the pig stands rigidly for male or for a human leaning on her back
What is the Golden Comet chicken a cross between?
Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn
_________ is done with all commercial egg production and is using a strong light source to shine into the eggs.
Candleing
What is used to render cattle and sheep senseless?
Captive Bolt Gun
How many times a day are cows milked at Waterman?
Twice
What is the most common internal parasite affecting the sheep industry?
Round worms
When evaluating the freshness of an egg by candleing, what is beeing looked at?
The air cell
What does pasteurization do?
Kills the bacteria that promotes disease.
What is thrush?
An infection caused by anaerobic bacteria
How many compartments does the stomach of the pseudoruminant have?
three
What is the pork industry average loin muscle area?
4.7 in2
What is a drench gun used to control?
Parasites
What are the two major causes of death in sheep?
Parasites and Predators (dogs and cyotes)
__________ has a higher digestibility than whole, unprocessed corn due to increased surface are for enzyme action on starch molecules.
Cracked corn
How many Jersey cows does Waterman have?
100
What does colostrum provide calves with?
Antibodies and immunoglobulins
What is forestrip?
This is done right before milking a cow to clean out the teat and stimulate oxytocin for milk let down.
There are ____ inches in a hand.
- Anything less than a hand is given in inches followin a colon (17:2 means 17 hands and 2 inches)
What machine can be used to confirm pregnancies?
Ultrasound Machine
Why are the monitors on the cows at Waterman Dairy important?
- Track Movement
- Incresed movement may indicate estrous
- Decreased movement may indicate sickness or injury
- Milking Parlor
- Sync milk production record
- Allows computer to alert workers of special needs/status
What should the body ratio of width:depth:length be for a broiler?
1:1:1.5
What does the rumen allow for in ruminants?
Extensive fermentation and high fiber diets
What is the average temperature of a horse and what instrument is used to measure this?
99-101.5, rectal thermometer
How much chicken does each person consume per year?
90 lbs.
What is a clutch?
THe specific time pattern in which hens consecutively lay their eggs
What breed of cow does Waterman Dairy have?
Jersey
What compartment of the ruminant stomach captures foreign objects that may puncture the rumen?
Reticulum
___________ is a mechanical dispersion of the lipid droplets under high pressure to reduce surface area.
Homogenization
________ is a distrubance in the horse’s natural gait and may be indicative of injury or disease.
Lameness
The label “organic” refers to ____________ and not the ________ of the milk.
Management practices, quality
What hormone regulates the breeding season in sheep? Where is it secreted from?
Melatonin from the pineal gland
What is the most common breed of broiler?
Cornish X White Rock
What is the purpose of PQA?
- Evaluate what is happening on the farm
- Provide third-party eyes
- Assure producers and employees are carrying out appropriate measures to assure food safety and animal well being
Where is loin muscle area checked at in pigs?
10th rib
What percentage of the swine industry uses artificial insemination?
98-99%
What test allows sheep producers to identify animals infected with the barber pole worm and treat only infected animals?
FAMACHA eye color chart
________ is a source of protein which has a high concentration of lysine.
Blood Meal
What hormone stimulates milk let down?
Oxytocin
What percentage of the milk supply is butter, frozen dairy products, and powdered milk?
30%
If the cow is having difficulty calving _____ ________ can be used to pull the calf
Obstetrical Chains
What are the two major divisions of chickens and what are each used for?
Broilers: Meat production
Layers: Egg production
What is the function of the papillae that line the rumen?
Papillae increase surface area for absorption
What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
What does CIDR stand for?
Controlled Internal Drug Release
What percentage of the milk supply is procesed into fluid milk and cream?
30%
What percentage of milk fat does ice cream range from?
10-16%
The whey consists primarily of ______ and ______ ________.
Lactose, whey protein
What are the three layers found in milk after centrifuging?
Top: Fat
Middle: Aqueous layer/ water and lactose
Bottom: Protein
What are windows in eggs?
Uneven shell densities
What are the four requirements that must be met to earn USDA organic label?
- Cows must not be treated with bovine growth hormone (rBST)
- Cows are not treated with antibiotics, and if they are they cannot return to the herd for 12 months
- Feed must be grown without herbicides and pesticides
- Cows must have access to pasture
What are the three Q’s of colostrum?
Quality, Quantity, Quickness
What is grease wool?
Shorn wool that has not been washed.
What compartment of the ruminant stomach is known as the “honeycomb” or “hardware stomach?”
Reticulum
Anything that compromises shell structure is downgraded to a ____.
B
Why is artificial insemination used in 100% of the turkey industry?
Selection for large breasted turkeys has resulted in large breasted males that have trouble mounting females
Why do multiple follicles develop on both ovaries in swine?
They are litter bearing species
Lactose-free milk is developed by the enzymatic digestion of _______ with the enzyme _______.
Lactose, lactase
How long is the estrous cycle in sheep?
17 days
What is a drawback of the double 8 Herring bone parlor?
Cows must exit one at a time, slowing down the milking process.
What is the order for the eruption of permanent incisors in sheep?
one pair at one year of age, two pairs at two years of age, three pairs at three years of age, and four pairs by four years of age
How many different varieties of cheese are produced?
400
What does homogenization do?
Reduces the tendancy for fat to separate and rise to the top of the milk.
What are five exapmles of dairy alternatives?
- Soy milk
- Nut milks
- Rice milk
- Hemp milk
- Oat milk
What country is the largest producer of cow’s milk in the world?
U.S.
How many broilers are produced each year in the U.S.
9 billion
What are the three tools used for hoof trimming and what are their function?
- Nippers
- Trim the toe of the hoof
- Hoof Knife
- Glesh out the sole to expose to oxygen and prevent thrush
- Rasp
- Takes of the toe flare
What is the largest money generating commodity in the agriculture industry?
The beef industry
___________ or _______ seen by candleing will cause an egg to be discarded.
Blood spots or meat spots
What is the main support ligament for the cow’s udder? What ligament provides additional support?
Median suspesory ligament, lateral suspensory ligament
What are three advantages to artificial insemination?
- An increased rate of genetic improvement by superior species
- The reduction or elimination of the cost and risk in owning and maintaining sires
- The reduced risk of reproductive disease
What do the sows at OSU have in their ear?
RFID (Radiofrequency ID)
What are gestation crates used for?
To prevent tail biting and for easy management
What are body checks in eggs?
When the hen cracks the egg internally and reshells over the crack.
Why are heads removed from the carcass?
To inspect the lymph nodes for disease or infection
What can be used to measure the height of a horse?
Height tape
What are the four steps of cheese production?
- Milk is inoculated with specific bacteria
- Fermentation is allowed to take place
- Rennin is added to coagulate the milk
- The curds are separated from the why
What unit are horses measured in?
Hands
What is a balling gun used for?
To provide necessary pills/tablets to animals
How many gallons of blood must flow through the mammary gland to produce one gallon of milk?
500 gallons
How long should antibiotic records be kept?
at least 12 months
What percentage of milk fat must “premium” labled ice cream contain?
greater than 14%
What whole pork cut is generally used in ground products?
Picnic shoulder
What is the leading cause of death in young lambs?
Mismothering, leading to starvation
What is overrun?
Air that is incorporated in ice cream to reduce the density.
What is Capillary Refill Time (CRT) used for and how is it done?
To determine if a horse is properly hydrated, done by pressing the thumb into the gums
Cheese consumption has increased nearly _________ in the last four decades.
four-fold
Why is the majority of milk intended for human consumption pasteurized?
Raw milk has the potential to transmit pathogens to humans.
What are the two fine wool sheep breeds?
Rambouillet and Merino
What four categories can carcasses be divided into?
- Muscle
- Bone
- Fat
- Skin
What is a sow’s average litter size?
9-13
When does ovulation occur in a sow?
50-60 hours after the onset of estrus
What is the average pulse of a horse and what instrument is used to measure this?
28-40 bpm, stethoscope
What sheep breed is known for being a high strung, hardy breed?
Cheviot
Why do we push/pinch the abdomen when evaluating layers?
Fat is stored in the abdomen. Excess fat may suggest that the hen is not producing as efficiently
What are the three layers in the rumen?
Air (top), Fiber mat (middle), Liquid (bottom)
What is the average respiration rate of a horse and how is it measured?
8-16 breaths per minute, measured by watching the movement of the flank
What hormone is resonponsible for estrus behavior?
Estrogen
