Lab Final Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
What compartment of the ruminant stomach is the largest?
A
Rumen
2
Q
What does a BCS score of 1 mean? What does a BCS score of 5 mean? What is the ideal BCS?
A
1 = emaciated, 5=obese, 3=ideal
3
Q
How many cows can the parlor at Waterman serve at a time?
A
16
4
Q
What test can be done to determine if a cow has mastitis? What is the indicator of mastitis in this test?
A
California mastitis test, if the milk doesn’t mix with the purple solution the cow has mastitis
5
Q
What is the average weight/age of a harvested pig?
A
275 lbs and 6 months
6
Q
___________ is a good source of energy, protein, and fiber.
A
Cotton seed
7
Q
What is the toal time from ovulation to laying of chicken eggs?
A
25.5 hours
8
Q
How many eggs will a pig ovulate, and what percentage of those will be fertilized?
A
20+ eggs, 80-90%
9
Q
Why are the tails docked in lambs?
A
Sanitation becomes an issue due to accumultion of feces. The tail is not usd to swat flies as in cows and horses
10
Q
What four things is wool evaluated on?
A
- Yield
- Diameter
- length
- Strength
11
Q
What does the USDA inspection allow OSU’s meat lab to do?
A
Allows the meat to be transported across state lines
12
Q
An elastrator can be used for what two things?
A
Tail docking and Castration
13
Q
What color egg doest he Golden Comet lay?
A
Brown
14
Q
What characteristics of the cecum allow it to stow the rate of passage for fermentation?
A
Sacculations
15
Q
What are the three reasons to shoe horses?
A
Traction, Protection, and Correction
16
Q
What is the goal of the beef industry?
A
To satisfy consumer demand for palatable, tender, consisten, edible meat
17
Q
What three things is the bulk tank used for?
A
- Milk storage
- Agitation
- Temperature Control
18
Q
What are the gestation crate restrictions?
A
- The nose and tail cannot touch the crate at the same time
- Both sides of the pig cannot touch the crate at the same time
19
Q
What is the most common commercial laying breed of chicken?
A
White leghorn
20
Q
What is the gestation time for sheep?
A
155 days
21
Q
What are the two most popular cuts of chicken meat?
A
Breast and chicken wings
22
Q
____________ is inflammation of the lamina of the inner hoof wall.
A
Laminitis
23
Q
_______ is the main fluid from wich milk is derived.
A
Blood
24
Q
What percentage of the colostrum produced by cows is high enough quality to use by modern standards?
A
less than 30%
25
How many pairs of ribs does a pig have?
14-17
26
What percentage of the milk supply is processed into cheese?
40%
27
What are the three reasons why calves are placed in hutches?
1. Time to establish immune system
2. Ensures each calf is fiven the proper amount of food and water
3. Prevents calves from suckling one another
28
How are the wholes in swiss cheese made?
Bacteria that is used to inoculate milk creates CO2 during the aging process. After the curds are pressed, the CO2 creates air pockets.
29
What are the four ways to evaluate a layer hen?
1. Fell the width of the pubic bones
2. Measure the depth of body
3. Push/pinch the abdomen
4. Evaluate pigment in the shanks/scales of legs
30
The _______ is the "true stomach" of the ruminant and is most similar to the nonruminant stomach.
Abomasum
31
How often is milk collected at Waterman Dairy?
Every other day
32
Why is an insulated cup used in semen collection?
To maintian the temperature of semen and block light from damaging sperm cells
33
To legally sell milk, ________ is required, while ________ is not.
Pasteurization, homogenization
34
What tool can be used to test the quality of colostrum?
Colostromete/densimeter
35
Only the ________ ovary is functional in poultry
Left
36
What are the three most common microorganisms in the rumen?
Protozoa, Bacteria, fungi
37
How are carcasses hung on the hooks?
By the achilles tendon in the hock
38
What is the site of fertilization?
The oviduct
39
What is a disadvantage to group housing in pigs?
Increases violence until a heiarchy is established
40
OSU's harvest facility is both _____ and ______ inspected.
USDA, state
41
What are the five major whole cuts of pork?
1. Loin
2. Belly
3. Ham
4. Picnic shoulder
5. Boston Butt
42
What are the three structures of the horse hoof called?
Heel, quarter, toe
43
What is used to render swine senseless?
Electric Wand
44
Why is corn silage stored in ag bags?
1. Exposure to air is minimized
2. Hazards associated with silos are reduced
45
How soon should colostrum be given?
Most efficient in the first 12 hours after birth
46
Why is knowing the weight of a horse important?
For medication, deworming, and feeding
47
What is used to disinfect the teat before and after milking and what is the most commonly used disinfectant?
Germicidal Teat Dip, iodine
48
What is rumination?
The process of regurgitation, remastication, and re-swalling of food that was previously consumed
49
What is mastitis?
Inflammation and infection of the mammary gland
50
What are the four signs of estrus in pigs?
1. Lordosis
2. Swollen Vulva
3. Mucosal Discharge
4. Perked Ears
51
What is the ideal temperature for calves?
101.5
52
Why is unfrozen/fresh semen used in artificial insemination in pigs?
Boar sperm does not survive the freeze/thaw process well
53
What are the three benefits of Jersey cows?
1. Higher milk fat so milk is sold for a higher price
2. Require less space
3. Easy calving
54
What must a gallon of ice cream weigh?
At least 4.5 lbs.
55
When separating milk into its components, what is used to coagulate the milk?
Acetic Acid
56
What is a cutting wire used to do?
Cut Horns
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains 45% nitrogen. This can be used by bacteria in the rumen to make microbial protein.
Urea
58
What is the oily substance separated from wool that can be used in skin care products?
Lanolin
59
What machine can be used to measure back fat thickness and loin muscle area?
Ultrasound Machine
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the most closely related classification of poultry.
Strains
61
What is the wool from one sheep called?
Fleece
62
What are the two causes of mastitis?
Environmental (inorganic environment/bedding is the best prevetion) and Contagious (spreads from cow to cow)
63
How soon after birth must a calf be given colostrum?
Within the first 12 hours
64
How often are horses' hooves typically trimmed?
6-8 weeks
65
By \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, group housing will be required for sows that are confirmed pregnant.
2025
66
What is the hot water bath used for in harvesting meat? What is the temperature and how long is the carcass left in it?
To remove hair from swine, 138-143 degrees, 3-5 minutes
67
Why is the white leghorn the most common laying breed?
1. Comes into production early
2. Stays in production the longest
3. Lays the most eggs in the first year
68
How do round worms spread throughout a sheep flock?
Adult parasites lay eggs in the gastrointestinal tract, the eggs are shed through the feces and hatch, grazing sheep ingest the larvae, and they spread
69
Why are brown eggs typically more expensive than white?
Birds that lay brown eggs are bigger and lay fewer eggs. The higher cost is due to lower productivity.
70
What is TMR?
Total Mixed Ration
71
In domestic animals, _________ is considered the most economically important trait.
reproduction
72
What position is ideal for calves to be born?
Front legs and head first
73
Sheep are ______ day breeders.
Short
74
The Omasum is known as the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is the site of ________ absorption
Butchers Bible, Water
75
What two pieces of equipment are used for ear identification in cattle?
Tattoo clamp and ear tag clamp
76
Forelimbs are responsible for distributing \_\_\_% of the weight of the horse.
60
77
What actually kills the animal?
Exsanguination
78
What is the purpose of stabilizers in ice cream?
To help hold the air bubbles together to improve texture.
79
Golden Comet birds are more ______ than the white leghorn. As a result, they are better to use for _______ production.
Docile, cage-free
80
What is the milk producing unit?
Alveoli
81
What is the purpose of emulsifiers in ice cream?
to keem the ice cream smooth by aiding in the distribution of fat molecules
82
What lines the Rumen?
Papillae
83
What is used to measure the average weight of a horse and where is it placed?
Weight tape, placed across the withers and around the heart girth
84
What is the ideal position for lambs to be born?
Front feet and head first
85
The sheep industry accounts for what percentae of cash receipts received from livestock enterprises?
Less than 1%
86
What is the gestation length in cattle?
285 days
87
Ohio ranks _____ in terms of egg production.
2nd
88
What are carcasses washed with to prevent E. Coli. contamination in meat?
Lactic Acid
89
Where is the electric wand placed in pigs?
Behind the ears followed by the chest region
90
Carcass weight is \_\_\_\_% of total body weight.
75
91
Why is the cow's feed mixed together?
Ensures consisten nutrition and prevents sorting of the feed by the cows
92
What sheep breed is known for being small and efficient?
Southdown
93
Why is the pigment of the legs evaluated in layers?
Pigment is fat soluble. When hens are in production the pigment goes to the yolk and the hen starts to bleach.
94
By definition, what percentage of milk fat must ice cream contain?
10%
95
Why is a sample of milk taken each time the milk is picked up from the bulk tank?
To test for antibiotics and somatic cell count
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a procedure in which semen is collected from the male and placed into the female's uterus or cervix, using artificial means rather than copulation.
Artificial Insemination
97
Average dose of semen for artificial insemination in pigs is how many sperm cells?
3-5 billion
98
What does the RFID enable the managers at the OSU swine center to do?
It allows programmed amounts of feed to be given to each individual pig to monitor feed intake by reading the ID as each pig enters the feeder.
99
Why and when is iodine used in dairy cattle?
Used before and after milking to prevent infection of the mammory gland
100
What unit is wool measured in?
Microns
101
What 5 things can be found on a cow's ear tag?
1. ID Number
2. Sire ID
3. Dam ID
4. Sexed Semen (if used)
5. Date of birth
102
What does lactic acid in corn silage do?
Decreases pH for good preservation of feed
103
Cheese consists primarily of the ____ and ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the milk?
Fat, casein protein
104
What kind of horses are found at the OSU equine facility?
Quarter Horses
105
What are the two common methods of pasteurization?
1. High temperature/Short time
2. Ultra-high temperature
106
Are strains associated with purebred poultry lines?
No
107
What does the letter "P" indicate on a cow's ear tag?
Polled
108
What does the milking machine measure and why?
Measures conductivity which is an indicator of somatic (white blood cell) count
109
What sheep breed has coarse wool?
Lincoln
110
What is a CIDR used to do?
Synchronize estus and release progesterone
111
What is BCS and what scale is it measured on?
Body Condition Score, 1-5
112
What does PQA stand for?
Pork Quality Assurance
113
What is an advantage of the double 8 herringbone parlor?
Easy to visually inspect udders
114
What is the pork industry average loin back fat thickness?
.75 in
115
How many times a year are a sheep's hooves trimmed?
2-3
116
What makes wool itchy?
Vegetable matter (Hay, dirt)
117
What sheep breed is known for wool on the head?
Hampshire
118
Poultry are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, meaning the development of young occurs outside the body and fertilized inside the body.
Oviparous
119
Candling can indicate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Freshness
120
What is corn silage stored in?
Ag bags
121
What is the main indicator of a sheep's age?
The number, condition, and order of eruption of the theeth
122
What is founder?
Displacement of the coffin bone of the foot in horses
123
What structure surrounds the alveoli and contract in response to oxytocin release?
Myoepithelial cells
124
When is it acceptable to use raw milk to make cheese?
When the cheese is aged 60 days.
125
Why must embryos signal their presence?
To maintain the corpus luteum, which is essential for maintenance of pregnancy
126
What sheep breed is known for being prolific?
Finn
127
This piece of equipment cuts and cauterizes a lamb's tail
Electric tail docker
128
What is the feed conversion rate for chickens?
2: 1
129
What breed was the brown bird in lab?
Golden Comet
130
Consumption of fluid milk has been _______ since the 1960's.
Declining
131
What is the average growth per month of a horse's hoof?
3/8"
132
What sheep breed is known for breeding out of season?
Dorset
133
What are the four purposes for flipping a sheep?
1. Trim Hooves
2. Shear
3. Check teeth, eyes, ears
4. Medicate with drench gun
134
What is salt used to do in sausage?
It is used to draw out proteins to keep the ground meat together
135
Why are farrowing crates important?
They prevent the sow from laying on the piglets and provide the piglets an area away from the mother.
136
What two structures make up the large intestine?
Cecum and colon
137
What are the four components of the PQA Plus Site Assessment?
1. Record Keeping Criteria
2. Facility Criteria
3. Animal Observation
4. Final Summary and Action Plan
138
What are the three most common volatile fatty acids found in the rumen?
Proprionate, butyrate, and acetate
139
What type of milking parlor does Waterman have?
Double 8 Herringbone
140
Average boar ejaculate contains how many sperm cells?
40-80 billion
141
What are the three stages in parturition?
1. The uterus begins to contract and the cervix dialates
2. Labor and delivery
3. Expulsion of the placenta
142
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the greatest hormone prior to ovulation when a mature ovulatory follicle is present, __________ is greatest when a mature corpus luteum is present, and _________ is responsible for the regression of the corpus luteum.
Estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin
143
Sows and piglets are placed in a _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Farrowing Crate
144
Wool is flame _______ and Moisture \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Flame retardant and moisture wicking
145
By definition, ice cream must contain \_\_\_\_\_% non-fat milk solids.
6%
146
What is a craftsman who trims and shoes horse's hooves called?
Farrier
147
What is the primary acid in corn silage?
Lactic acid
148
What is Lordosis?
Mating posture in pigs; the pig stands rigidly for male or for a human leaning on her back
149
What is the Golden Comet chicken a cross between?
Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn
150
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is done with all commercial egg production and is using a strong light source to shine into the eggs.
Candleing
151
What is used to render cattle and sheep senseless?
Captive Bolt Gun
152
How many times a day are cows milked at Waterman?
Twice
153
What is the most common internal parasite affecting the sheep industry?
Round worms
154
When evaluating the freshness of an egg by candleing, what is beeing looked at?
The air cell
155
What does pasteurization do?
Kills the bacteria that promotes disease.
156
What is thrush?
An infection caused by anaerobic bacteria
157
How many compartments does the stomach of the pseudoruminant have?
three
158
What is the pork industry average loin muscle area?
4.7 in2
159
What is a drench gun used to control?
Parasites
160
What are the two major causes of death in sheep?
Parasites and Predators (dogs and cyotes)
161
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has a higher digestibility than whole, unprocessed corn due to increased surface are for enzyme action on starch molecules.
Cracked corn
162
How many Jersey cows does Waterman have?
100
163
What does colostrum provide calves with?
Antibodies and immunoglobulins
164
What is forestrip?
This is done right before milking a cow to clean out the teat and stimulate oxytocin for milk let down.
165
There are ____ inches in a hand.
4. Anything less than a hand is given in inches followin a colon (17:2 means 17 hands and 2 inches)
166
What machine can be used to confirm pregnancies?
Ultrasound Machine
167
Why are the monitors on the cows at Waterman Dairy important?
1. Track Movement
1. Incresed movement may indicate estrous
2. Decreased movement may indicate sickness or injury
2. Milking Parlor
1. Sync milk production record
2. Allows computer to alert workers of special needs/status
168
What should the body ratio of width:depth:length be for a broiler?
1:1:1.5
169
What does the rumen allow for in ruminants?
Extensive fermentation and high fiber diets
170
What is the average temperature of a horse and what instrument is used to measure this?
99-101.5, rectal thermometer
171
How much chicken does each person consume per year?
90 lbs.
172
What is a clutch?
THe specific time pattern in which hens consecutively lay their eggs
173
What breed of cow does Waterman Dairy have?
Jersey
174
What compartment of the ruminant stomach captures foreign objects that may puncture the rumen?
Reticulum
175
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a mechanical dispersion of the lipid droplets under high pressure to reduce surface area.
Homogenization
176
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a distrubance in the horse's natural gait and may be indicative of injury or disease.
Lameness
177
The label "organic" refers to ____________ and not the ________ of the milk.
Management practices, quality
178
What hormone regulates the breeding season in sheep? Where is it secreted from?
Melatonin from the pineal gland
179
What is the most common breed of broiler?
Cornish X White Rock
180
What is the purpose of PQA?
- Evaluate what is happening on the farm
- Provide third-party eyes
- Assure producers and employees are carrying out appropriate measures to assure food safety and animal well being
181
Where is loin muscle area checked at in pigs?
10th rib
182
What percentage of the swine industry uses artificial insemination?
98-99%
183
What test allows sheep producers to identify animals infected with the barber pole worm and treat only infected animals?
FAMACHA eye color chart
184
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a source of protein which has a high concentration of lysine.
Blood Meal
185
What hormone stimulates milk let down?
Oxytocin
186
What percentage of the milk supply is butter, frozen dairy products, and powdered milk?
30%
187
If the cow is having difficulty calving _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used to pull the calf
Obstetrical Chains
188
What are the two major divisions of chickens and what are each used for?
Broilers: Meat production
Layers: Egg production
189
What is the function of the papillae that line the rumen?
Papillae increase surface area for absorption
190
What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
191
What does CIDR stand for?
Controlled Internal Drug Release
192
What percentage of the milk supply is procesed into fluid milk and cream?
30%
193
What percentage of milk fat does ice cream range from?
10-16%
194
The whey consists primarily of ______ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lactose, whey protein
195
What are the three layers found in milk after centrifuging?
Top: Fat
Middle: Aqueous layer/ water and lactose
Bottom: Protein
196
What are windows in eggs?
Uneven shell densities
197
What are the four requirements that must be met to earn USDA organic label?
1. Cows must not be treated with bovine growth hormone (rBST)
2. Cows are not treated with antibiotics, and if they are they cannot return to the herd for 12 months
3. Feed must be grown without herbicides and pesticides
4. Cows must have access to pasture
198
What are the three Q's of colostrum?
Quality, Quantity, Quickness
199
What is grease wool?
Shorn wool that has not been washed.
200
What compartment of the ruminant stomach is known as the "honeycomb" or "hardware stomach?"
Reticulum
201
Anything that compromises shell structure is downgraded to a \_\_\_\_.
B
202
Why is artificial insemination used in 100% of the turkey industry?
Selection for large breasted turkeys has resulted in large breasted males that have trouble mounting females
203
Why do multiple follicles develop on both ovaries in swine?
They are litter bearing species
204
Lactose-free milk is developed by the enzymatic digestion of _______ with the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lactose, lactase
205
How long is the estrous cycle in sheep?
17 days
206
What is a drawback of the double 8 Herring bone parlor?
Cows must exit one at a time, slowing down the milking process.
207
What is the order for the eruption of permanent incisors in sheep?
one pair at one year of age, two pairs at two years of age, three pairs at three years of age, and four pairs by four years of age
208
How many different varieties of cheese are produced?
400
209
What does homogenization do?
Reduces the tendancy for fat to separate and rise to the top of the milk.
210
What are five exapmles of dairy alternatives?
1. Soy milk
2. Nut milks
3. Rice milk
4. Hemp milk
5. Oat milk
211
What country is the largest producer of cow's milk in the world?
U.S.
212
How many broilers are produced each year in the U.S.
9 billion
213
What are the three tools used for hoof trimming and what are their function?
1. Nippers
1. Trim the toe of the hoof
2. Hoof Knife
1. Glesh out the sole to expose to oxygen and prevent thrush
3. Rasp
1. Takes of the toe flare
214
What is the largest money generating commodity in the agriculture industry?
The beef industry
215
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or _______ seen by candleing will cause an egg to be discarded.
Blood spots or meat spots
216
What is the main support ligament for the cow's udder? What ligament provides additional support?
Median suspesory ligament, lateral suspensory ligament
217
What are three advantages to artificial insemination?
1. An increased rate of genetic improvement by superior species
2. The reduction or elimination of the cost and risk in owning and maintaining sires
3. The reduced risk of reproductive disease
218
What do the sows at OSU have in their ear?
RFID (Radiofrequency ID)
219
What are gestation crates used for?
To prevent tail biting and for easy management
220
What are body checks in eggs?
When the hen cracks the egg internally and reshells over the crack.
221
Why are heads removed from the carcass?
To inspect the lymph nodes for disease or infection
222
What can be used to measure the height of a horse?
Height tape
223
What are the four steps of cheese production?
1. Milk is inoculated with specific bacteria
2. Fermentation is allowed to take place
3. Rennin is added to coagulate the milk
4. The curds are separated from the why
224
What unit are horses measured in?
Hands
225
What is a balling gun used for?
To provide necessary pills/tablets to animals
226
How many gallons of blood must flow through the mammary gland to produce one gallon of milk?
500 gallons
227
How long should antibiotic records be kept?
at least 12 months
228
What percentage of milk fat must "premium" labled ice cream contain?
greater than 14%
229
What whole pork cut is generally used in ground products?
Picnic shoulder
230
What is the leading cause of death in young lambs?
Mismothering, leading to starvation
231
What is overrun?
Air that is incorporated in ice cream to reduce the density.
232
What is Capillary Refill Time (CRT) used for and how is it done?
To determine if a horse is properly hydrated, done by pressing the thumb into the gums
233
Cheese consumption has increased nearly _________ in the last four decades.
four-fold
234
Why is the majority of milk intended for human consumption pasteurized?
Raw milk has the potential to transmit pathogens to humans.
235
What are the two fine wool sheep breeds?
Rambouillet and Merino
236
What four categories can carcasses be divided into?
1. Muscle
2. Bone
3. Fat
4. Skin
237
What is a sow's average litter size?
9-13
238
When does ovulation occur in a sow?
50-60 hours after the onset of estrus
239
What is the average pulse of a horse and what instrument is used to measure this?
28-40 bpm, stethoscope
240
What sheep breed is known for being a high strung, hardy breed?
Cheviot
241
Why do we push/pinch the abdomen when evaluating layers?
Fat is stored in the abdomen. Excess fat may suggest that the hen is not producing as efficiently
242
What are the three layers in the rumen?
Air (top), Fiber mat (middle), Liquid (bottom)
243
What is the average respiration rate of a horse and how is it measured?
8-16 breaths per minute, measured by watching the movement of the flank
244
What hormone is resonponsible for estrus behavior?
Estrogen
