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Human A & P II > LAB FINAL > Flashcards

LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

serves as the main control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system being in charge of regulating vital bodily functions such as body temperature, fluid balance, food intake, sleep awareness, sexual arousal, memory, emotional expression, and control of stress levels

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2
Q

GnHR (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

A

TARGET - anterior pituitary gland
FUNCTION - stimulates secretion of FSH and LH

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3
Q

PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

A

TARGET - anterior pituitary gland
FUNCTION - stimulates release of prolactin

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)

A

regulates metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure, breastfeeding, and the immune response

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5
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

TARGET - ovaries and testes
FUNCTION - females: promotes development of ovarian follicle and estrogen secretion - males: promotes spermatogenesis

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6
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

TARGET - ovaries and testes
FUNCTION - females: promotes maturation of the ovarian follicle and progesterone secretion - males: promotes secretion of testosterone

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7
Q

PRL (prolactin)

A

TARGET - mammary glands
FUNCTION - stimulates milk production and secretion

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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

A

stores two neurohormones coming from the hypothalamus - NOT an endocrine gland

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9
Q

Oxytocin

A

TARGET - uterus and mammary glands
FUNCTION - stimulus powerful uterine contractions during birth and milk ejection in lactating mothers

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10
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

TARGET - kidneys
FUNCTION - water conservation and electrolyte balance by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output

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11
Q

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland - Cortex

A

outermost region of the gland - responsible for producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, glucose blood levels, and sexual characteristics

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12
Q

Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone

A

TARGET - kidneys
FUNCTION - regulates the reabsorption of water altering blood pressure in the body

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13
Q

Gonadocorticoids - Androgens and Estrogen

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland - Medulla

A

inner region of the gland, responsible for secreting two hormones that initiate and regulate the fight or flight response

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15
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - fight or flight in response to stress

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16
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - fight or flight in response to stress

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17
Q

Female Gonads: Ovaries

A

paired female gonads located in the true pelvic cavity

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18
Q

Estrogens

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - growth and development of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics

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19
Q

Progesterone

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - prepares the endometrium for implantation (potential pregnancy)

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20
Q

Male Gonades: Testes

A

paired male gonads located in the perineal region

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21
Q

Testosterone

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - growth and development of male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics

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22
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - regulates sleep-wake cycle, inhibits reproductive functions, and protects against damage by free radicals

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24
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

regulates metabolism and blood calcium levels

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25
Q

TH - T4 and T3

A

TARGET - all cells
FUNCTION - regulates metabolism and cellular oxidation

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26
Q

Calcitonin

A

TARGET - bones
FUNCTION - regulates calcium deposition in bones

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27
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

regulation of calcium levels in the bones and blood

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28
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

TARGET - kidneys and bones
FUNCTION - regulates blood calcium levels

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29
Q

Thymus

A

maturation of T cells - immune response (stimulates production of antibodies)

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30
Q

Thymulin, Thymosins, Thymopoietin

A

TARGET - thymus
FUNCTION - development of T cells and immune response

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31
Q

Pancreas

A

regulates metabolism of glucose, proteins, and lipids

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32
Q

Insulin (Beta Cells)

A

TARGET - many
FUNCTION - transport glucose into cells

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33
Q

Glucagon (Alpha Cells)

A

TARGET - liver
FUNCTION - release glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen stores

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34
Q

Lymph

A

composed mainly of water
carries immune response factors and clears out pathogens

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35
Q

Lymphatic Vasculature

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymphatic trunks
  4. right lymphatic duct
  5. thoracic duct
  6. cisterna chyli
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36
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

collect interstitial fluid from tissues, forming lymph

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37
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

divided into superficial and deep
receive lymphatic fluid from lymphatic capillaries and drain it into the lymphatic trunks

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38
Q

Lymphatic Trunks

A

receive lymphatic fluid from the lymphatic vessels in their respective body regions and drain it into lymphatic ducts

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39
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A

not present in everyone
drains lymphatic fluid from the right superior limb and right side of the head and chest into the venous circulation via the right brachiocephalic vein

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40
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

drains lymphatic fluid from the rest of the body into the venous circulation via the left brachiocephalic vein

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41
Q

Cisterna Chyli

A

receives lymphatic drainage from the abdominopelvic regions and lower limbs

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42
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A

formation and development of lymphocytes
1. bone marrow
2. thymus

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43
Q

Bone Marrow

A

in the epiphysis of long bones, contains stem cells
production of blood cells and storage of fats

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44
Q

Thymus

A

site of maturation and selection of T-lymphocytes

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45
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A

associated with antibody formation, lymphatic proliferation, and antigen presentation
1. spleen
2. lymph nodes
3. pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
4. palatine tonsils (tonsils)
5. lingual tonsils
6. vermiform appendix

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46
Q

Spleen

A

largest of lymphatic connected to bloodstream
site for T-lymphocyte proliferation and maturation, filtering and recycling of damaged red blood cells, and immune surveillance

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47
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

monitor the lymph coming from lymphatic vessels and phagocytose foreign matter/cell debris and mount the immune response when necessary

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48
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsils (adenoids)

A

first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body through the nose and mouth

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49
Q

Palatine Tonsils (tonsils)

A

first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body through the nose and mouth

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50
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body through the nose and mouth

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51
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

clonal selection, composed of lymphoid tissue, houses commensal bacteria

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52
Q

External Nose

A

entrance and exit for air for the respiratory system

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53
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

filters, warms, and moistens incoming air - acts as a resonance chamber for voice production
1. nasal vestibule
2. nasal septum
3. superior, middle, and inferior nasal concha
4. nasal meatus - superior, middle, and inferior
5. posterior nasal apertures
6. hard palate
7. soft palate
8. paranasal sinuses - frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal air cells

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54
Q

Nasal Vestibule

A

filters coarse particles from the air

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55
Q

Nasal Septum

A

decides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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56
Q

Superior and Middle Nasal Concha

A

increase the surface area of the mucosa in the cavity, increase air turbulence to help trap particles in the mucus, and warm the incoming air

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57
Q

Inferior Nasal Meatus

A

helps from the middle and inferior nasal meatuses

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58
Q

Nasal Meatus - Superior, Middle, and Inferior

A

control airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering or the air inhaled through the nose

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59
Q

Posterior Nasal Apertures

A

provide exit for the air into the nasopharynx

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60
Q

Hard Palate

A

form the floor of the nasal cavity and roof of the oral cavity

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61
Q

Soft Palate

A

aids in swallowing and breathing and enables the pronunciation of some consonants

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62
Q

Paranasal Sinuses – Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal Air Cells

A

resonance chambers for speech and warming of incoming air

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63
Q

Pharynx

A

serves as a muscular passage for air, food, and fluids from the nose and mouth to the lungs and stomach
1. nasopharynx
a. pharyngotympanic tube
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

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64
Q

Nasopharynx

A

passage for air from the nasal cavity into the rest of the oropharynx
tonsils provide protection against pathogens

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65
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube

A

connects nasopharynx to the middle ear

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66
Q

Oropharynx

A

passage for air and swallowed foods
tonsils provide protection against pathogens

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67
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

passage for air and swallowed foods

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68
Q

Larynx

A

serves as a passage for air, voice production box, and prevents food from passing into the other regions of the lower respiratory tract
1. thyroid cartilage
2. cricoid cartilage
3. arytenoid cartilage
4. corniculate cartilage
5. epiglottis
6. vestibular ligament and fold
7. vocal ligament and fold
8. glottis
9. rima glottidis
10. thyrohyoid ligament
11. cricothyroid ligament

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69
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

forms the framework of the larynx

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70
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

attaches the larynx to the trachea

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71
Q

Arytenoid Cartilage

A

anchor the vocal folds

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72
Q

Corniculate Cartilage

A

form part of the posterior wall of the pharynx

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73
Q

Epiglottis

A

forms lid over the larynx during swallowing and prevents food from entering the trachea

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74
Q

Vestibular Ligament and Fold

A

protect the vital folds and help close the glottis when swallowing

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75
Q

Vocal Ligament and Fold

A

vibrate with expired air for sound production
true structures that produce sound as air passes over them

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76
Q

Glottis

A

vocal apparatus of the larynx

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77
Q

Rima Glottidis

A

vocal apparatus of the larynx

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78
Q

Thyrohyoid Ligament

A

facilitates the superior movement of the larynx during swallowing

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79
Q

Cricothyroid Ligament

A

connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilages preventing them from moving apart from each other

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80
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A
  1. trachea
    a. cartilaginous tracheal rings
  2. right and left primary bronchi
  3. secondary bronchi
  4. tertiary bronchi
  5. bronchioles
  6. respiratory bronchioles
  7. alveolar duct
  8. alveolar sac
  9. alveoli
  10. respiratory membrane
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81
Q

Trachea

A

transports air in and out of the lungs during breathing and protects the lower respiratory tract by warming and moistening the air

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82
Q

Cartilaginous Tracheal Rings

A

reinforce the trachea to keep it open and maintain its posterior open surface, allowing the esophagus to expand when swelling a large bolus of food

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83
Q

Right and Left Primary Bronchi

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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84
Q

Secondary Bronchi

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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85
Q

Tertiary Bronchi

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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86
Q

Bronchioles

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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87
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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88
Q

Alveolar Duct

A

transport air to and from the lungs

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89
Q

Alveolar Sac

A

contains pulmonary alveoli

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90
Q

Alveoli

A

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by rapid diffusion and secrete surfactant to prevent alveoli from collapsing during exhalation

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91
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by rapid diffusion and secrete surfactant to prevent alveoli from collapsing during exhalation

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92
Q

Lungs - Right and Left

A

aids in inhalation and exhalation processes and drives the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen to drive all bodily functions

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93
Q

General Structures and Regions of the Lung

A
  1. Hilum
  2. Apex
  3. Base
  4. Costal Surface
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94
Q

Hilum

A

site through which neurovasculature, lymphatic vessels, and airway passages enter and exit the lung

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95
Q

Apex

A

region of the lung

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96
Q

Base

A

region of the lung

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97
Q

Costal Surface

A

region of the lung

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98
Q

Right Lung

A
  1. lobes
    a. superior
    b. middle
    c. inferior
  2. horizontal fissure
  3. oblique fissure
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99
Q

Horizontal Fissure

A

deep groove separating the superior and middle lobes

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100
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

deep grove separating the middle and inferior lobes

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101
Q

Left Lung

A
  1. Lobes
    a. superior
    b. inferior
  2. oblique fissure
  3. cardiac notch
  4. linguala
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102
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

deep groove separating the superior and inferior lobes

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103
Q

Cardiac Notch

A

concave region on the medial surface to accommodate the heart

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104
Q

Lingula

A

tone like projection on medial surface of the superior lobe

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105
Q

Pleura

A

double layered serous membrane that envelops each lung for protection and lubrication
1. parietal pleura
2. visceral pleura
3. pleural cavity

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106
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

protects the lungs, anchors them to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm to reduce friction during lung movements

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107
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

protects the lungs, anchors them to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm to reduce friction during lung movements

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108
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

protects the lungs, anchors them to the thoracic cavity and diaphragm to reduce friction during lung movements

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109
Q

Muscles of Respiration

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
  3. internal intercostals
  4. sternocleidomastoid
  5. scalenes
  6. pectoralis minor
  7. serratus anterior
  8. external oblique
  9. internal oblique
  10. rectus abdominis
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110
Q

Diaphragm

A

NERVE - phrenic nerve
CONTRACTION - inhalation
RELAXATION - passive exhalation

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111
Q

External Intercostals

A

NERVE - intercostal nerves
CONTRACTION - inhalation
RELAXATION - passive exhalation

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112
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

NERVE - intercostal nerves
CONTRACTION - assists relaxed diaphragm and external intercostals during forced exhalation

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113
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

NERVE - spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
CONTRACTION - assists contracted diaphragm and external intercostals during forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and increasing thoracic cage size

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114
Q

Scalenes

A

NERVE - anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
CONTRACTION - assists contracted diaphragm and external intercostals during forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and increasing thoracic cage size

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115
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

NERVE - medial and lateral pectoral nerves
CONTRACTION - assists contracted diaphragm and external intercostals during forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and increasing thoracic cage size

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116
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

NERVE - long thoracic nerve
CONTRACTION - assists contracted diaphragm and external intercostals during forced inhalation by elevating the ribs and increasing thoracic cage size

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117
Q

External Oblique

A

NERVE - anterior rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
CONTRACTION - assist relaxed diaphragm and external intercostals during forced exhalation

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118
Q

Internal Oblique

A

NERVE - anterior rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
CONTRACTION - assist relaxed diaphragm and external intercostals during forced exhalation

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119
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

NERVE - anterior rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
CONTRACTION - assist relaxed diaphragm and external intercostals during forced exhalation

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120
Q

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A

a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe

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121
Q

PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)

A

hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges

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122
Q

Oral Cavity

A
  1. labia (lips)
  2. labial frenulum
  3. oral vestibule
  4. cheeks
  5. oral cavity
  6. hard palate
  7. soft palate
    a. uvula
  8. palatoglossal arch
  9. tongue
  10. lingual frenulum
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123
Q

Labia (Lips)

A

open and close the anterior opening of the oral cavity
formed by orbicularis oris muscle covered by skin externally and mucosa internally

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124
Q

Labial Frenulum

A

connects the inner lip to the gums

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125
Q

Oral Vestibule

A

receives salivary secretions from the parotid glands and distributes it to the oral cavity proper

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126
Q

Cheeks

A

form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
muscles of facial expression and mastication

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127
Q

Oral Cavity

A

entrance to the digestive tract and initiation of digestion by forming the alimentary bolus and moving into the oropharynx

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128
Q

Hard Palate

A

forms the roof of the oral cavity

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129
Q

Soft Palate

A

aids in taste, swallowing, breathing, and speech

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130
Q

Uvula

A

helps close the nasal and pharyngeal passages

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131
Q

Palatoglossal Arch

A

connects the tongue to the soft palate

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132
Q

Palatopharyngeal Arch

A

connects the soft palate to the oropharynx

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133
Q

Tongue

A

forms the floor of the oral cavity
aids in different important processes such as mastication, speech, and taste

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134
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

secures the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth, stabilizing it during swallowing and speech

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135
Q

Pharynx

A

two layers of skeletal muscle lined with mucosa that propel food inferiorly into the esophagus
1. oropharynx
2. laryngopharynx

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136
Q

Esophagus

A

serves as a food and fluid passageway into the stomach without any digestive or absorptive functions
1. lower esophageal sphincter

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137
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

protects the esophagus from highly acidic reflux of gastric contents

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138
Q

Stomach

A

site for temporary storage and mechanical/chemical digestion of food, transforming the food bolus into chyme
1. cardia
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus
a. pyloric orifice
b. pyloric sphincter
5. lesser curvature of the stomach
6. greater curvature of the stomach
7. gastric rugae (folds)

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139
Q

Cardia

A

inflow region of the stomach

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140
Q

Fundus

A

dome-shaped dilation of the stomach

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141
Q

Body

A

largest region of the stomach

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142
Q

Pylorus

A

funnel-shaped outflow region of the stomach connection to the duodenum

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143
Q

Pyloric Orifice

A

regulates the passage of gastric contents into the duodenum
thickening of smooth muscle

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144
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

regulates the rate of gastric emptying into the duodenum
ring of smooth muscle

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145
Q

Lesser Curvature of the Stomach

A

point of attachment for the lesser momentum connecting the stomach to the liver

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146
Q

Greater Curvature of the Stomach

A

point of attachment for the greater omentum

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147
Q

Gastric Rugae (Folds)

A

increases the surface area of mucosa in the stomach and secretes acids and enzymes

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148
Q

Small Intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
  4. circular folds (plicae circulares)
  5. ileocecal valve
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149
Q

Duodenum

A

initial portion of SI - extends from pyloric sphincter for about 10 inches, curving around the head of the pancreas
site where most of the digestive absorption of nutrients and water occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

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150
Q

Jejunum

A

middle portion of SI – continuous with the duodenum and ileum
site where most of the digestive absorption of nutrients and water occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

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151
Q

Ileum

A

terminal portion of the SI
site where most of the digestive absorption of nutrients and water occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

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152
Q

Circular Folds (Plicae Circulares)

A

deep transverse folds in SI
force chyme to spiral and slow down as it passes through the small intestine, increasing absorption of nutrients

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153
Q

Ileocecal Valve

A

sphincter created by the protrusion of smooth muscle of the ileum into the lumen of the cecum
controls the passage of contents from the ileum to the cecum

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154
Q

Large Intestine

A

responsible for absorption of electrolytes and water, formation, temporary storage, and elimination of feces, and housing the gut microflora
1. cecum
a. vermiform appendix
2. ascending colon
3. right colic (hepatic) flexure
4. transverse colon
5. left colic (splenic) flexure
6. descending colon
7. sigmoid colon
8. rectum
9. anal canal
10. internal anal sphincter
11. external anal sphincter
12. anus
13. teniae coli
14. haustra
15. epiploic (omental) appendages

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155
Q

Cecum

A

first portion of LI
site for temporary storage of intestinal contents and fluid and electrolyte reabsorption

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156
Q

Ascending Colon

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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157
Q

Right Colic (Hepatic) Flexure

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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158
Q

Transverse Colon

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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159
Q

Left Colic (Splenic) Flexure

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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160
Q

Descending Colon

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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161
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

fluid and electrolyte reabsorption, formation of fecal matter

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162
Q

Rectum

A

temporary storage of fecal matter and defecation

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163
Q

Anal Canal

A

temporary storage of fecal matter and defecation

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164
Q

Internal Anal Sphincter

A

thickening of smooth muscle
temporary storage of fecal matter and defecation

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165
Q

External Anal Sphincter

A

skeletal muscle
temporary storage of fecal matter and defecation

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166
Q

Anus

A

temporary storage of fecal matter and defecation

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167
Q

Teniae Coli

A

3 longitudinal muscle bands of the muscular external layer of the large intestine

168
Q

Haustra

A

small pocket-like sacs created by the tensions caused by the teniae coli bands

169
Q

Epiploic (Omental) Appendages

A

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum hanging from the surface of the large intestine sometimes absent from the cecum and rectum

170
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the organs within
1. visceral peritoneum
2. parietal peritoneum
3. peritoneal cavity

171
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

direct contact with abdominopelvic organs
protects abdominopelvic organs and reduces friction while organs move

172
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

lining the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
protects abdominopelvic organs and reduces friction while organs move

173
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

space between layers filled with serous peritoneal fluid
protects abdominopelvic organs and reduces friction while organs move

174
Q

Peritoneal Membrans

A

formed by multiple layers/folds of parietal peritoneum
1. greater omentum
2. lesser omentum
3. mesentery
a. mesentery proper
b. mesoappendix
c. transverse mesocolon
d. sigmoid mesocolon

175
Q

Greater Omentum

A

from greater curvature of the stomach and first portion of the peritoneum hanging over the transverse colon, jejunum, and ileum
prevents parietal and visceral peritoneal layers from adhering to each other

176
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

from the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of the duodenum to the liver - divided into the hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments
separates the greater sac from the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity

177
Q

Mesentery

A

anchors organs from the posterior abdominal wall and carries neurovasculature to them

178
Q

Mesentery Proper

A

anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

179
Q

Mesoappendix

A

anchors the vermiform appendix to the posterior abdominal wall

180
Q

Transverse Mesocolon

A

anchors the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

181
Q

Sigmoid Mesocolon

A

anchors the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall

182
Q

Divisions of the Peritoneal Cavity

A
  1. lesser sac (omental bursa)
  2. greater sac
  3. epiploic (omental) forament (forament of Winslow)
183
Q

Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)

A

provides space for movement of the stomach

184
Q

Greater Sac

A

space from diaphragm to the pelvic cavity

185
Q

Epiploic (Omental) Foramen

A

communicates the lesser and greater sacs

186
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A
  1. pancreas
  2. kindeys
  3. adrenal glands
  4. spleen
  5. descending abdominal aorta
  6. descending and ascending colon
  7. ureters
187
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A
  1. esophagus
  2. stomach
  3. liver
  4. duodenum
  5. jejunum
  6. ileum
  7. cecum
  8. vermiform appendix
  9. transverse colon
  10. sigmoid colon
  11. rectum
  12. inferior mesenteric vein
188
Q

Teeth Classification

A
  1. incisors
  2. canines
  3. premolars
  4. molars
189
Q

Incisors

A

shearing/biting

190
Q

Canines

191
Q

Premolars

192
Q

Molars

193
Q

Teeth Anatomy

A
  1. crown
  2. neck
  3. root
  4. periodontal ligament
  5. dentin
  6. pulp cavity
  7. root canal
194
Q

Crown

A

superior part of the tooth above the gingiva
covered by enamel

195
Q

Neck

A

region between the crown and root
covered by cement

196
Q

Root

A

inferior region of the tooth deep to the gingiva embedded in the bones
covered by cement

197
Q

Periodontal Ligament

A

small ligament surrounding the root of teeth
provides attachment to the tooth socket and cushioning

198
Q

Dentin

A

material composing the build of the tooth deep into the enamel and cement layers surrounding the pulp cavity

199
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

space deep in the crown and neck of the tooth filled with pulp and blood vessels and nerves
pulp forms and provides nutrients to the dentin

200
Q

Root Canal

A

distal extension of the pulp cavity inside the neck and root of the tooth
passage containing blood vessels and nerves entering and leaving a tooth

201
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  1. parotid glands
  2. submandibular glands
  3. sublingual glands
202
Q

Parotid Glands

A

secretes saliva to start the chemical digestions or food in the oral cavity, forming and lubricating the bolus

203
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

secretes saliva to start the chemical digestions or food in the oral cavity, forming and lubricating the bolus

204
Q

Sublingual Glands

A

secretes saliva to start the chemical digestions or food in the oral cavity, forming and lubricating the bolus

205
Q

Liver

A

produces bile that emulsifies fats, breaking them into small droplets to help their absorption - stores glycogen and fat-soluble vitamins, detoxifies the blood, and synthesizes proteins
1. lobes
2. falciform ligament
3. round ligament of the liver
4. porta hepatis
5. hepatocytes
6. portal triad

206
Q

Lobes

A

right, left, caudate, quadrate

207
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

peritoneal reflection
attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

208
Q

Round Ligament of the Liver

A

located on free edge of the falciform ligament, extending from the umbilicus to the liver
fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein

209
Q

Porta Hepatis

A

entry and exit point for lymphatics, blood vessels, and nerves of the liver

210
Q

Hepatocytes

A

secrete bile, gluconeogenesis (converting amino acids into glucose), breakdown of ingested toxins, and storage of lipids, glycogen, and iron

211
Q

Portal Triad

A

arrangement of the following three basic structures at the end of the liver lobules: a portal arteriole, portal venule, and bile duct

212
Q

Gallbladder and Biliary System

A
  1. bile canaliculi
  2. bile ducts
  3. right and left hepatic ducts
  4. common hepatic duct
  5. cystic duct
  6. gallbladder
  7. common bile duct
213
Q

Bile Canaliculi

A

carry bile from hepatocytes to bile ducts inside the liver

214
Q

Bile Ducts

A

receive bile from bile canaliculi and carry it into the right and left hepatic ducts

215
Q

Right and Left Hepatic Ducts

A

receive bile from bile ducts in the liver and carry them to the common bile duct

216
Q

Common Hepatic Duct

A

receives bile from right and left hepatic ducts and carries it into the common bile duct when we have ingested food or to the cystic duct when we are fasting

217
Q

Cystic Duct

A

transports bile to the gallbladder for storage or out of the gallbladder when needed

218
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile produced in the liver during periods of fasting

219
Q

Common Bile Duct

A

transports bile from the liver/gallbladder into the duodenum

220
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes enzymes that aid in digestion, hormones that regulate glucose plasma levels (Insulin and glucagon)
1. head
2. uncinate process
3. neck
4. body
5. tail
6. main pancreatic duct
7. hepatopancreatic duct
8. hepatopancreatic sphincter
9. major duodenal papilla
10. accessory pancreatic duct
11. minor duodenal papilla

221
Q

Head

A

broad medial aspect of the pancreas next to the duodenum

222
Q

Uncinate Process

A

projection of the head of the pancreas extending posteriorly to the superior mesenteric artery and vein

223
Q

Neck

A

short region connecting the head to the body anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein

224
Q

Body

A

region between the neck and the tail

225
Q

Tail

A

most lateral region of the pancreas

226
Q

Main Pancreatic Duct

A

transport and deliver digestion enzymes to the duodenum

227
Q

Hepatopancreatic Duct (Ampulla of Vater)

A

transport and deliver digestion enzymes to the duodenum in addition to bile

228
Q

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter (Sphincter of Odd)

A

controls the release of bile and enzymes at the Ampulla of Vater and prevents reflux of duodenal contents into it

229
Q

Major Duodenal Papilla

A

release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into the duodenum

230
Q

Accessory Pancreatic Duct

A

releases pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum

231
Q

Minor Duodenal Papilla

A

release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum

232
Q

Embryological Divisions of the Digestive System

A
  1. foregut
  2. midgut
  3. hindgut
233
Q

Foregut

A

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, biliary system, and the first segment of the duodenum

234
Q

Midgut

A

distal half of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

235
Q

Hindgut

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior 2/3 of the anal canal

236
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidney

A
  1. hilum
  2. parietal peritoneum
  3. renal fascia
  4. perirenal fat
  5. pararenal fat
  6. fibrous capsule
237
Q

Hilum

A

point of entry/exit for ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves

238
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

provide protection and anchoring to the kidney

239
Q

Renal Fascia

A

provide protection and anchoring to the kidney

240
Q

Perirenal Fat

A

provide protection and anchoring to the kidney

241
Q

Pararenal Fat

A

provide protection and anchoring to the kidney

242
Q

Fibrous Capsule

A

makes the kidneys adaptable to the constant pressure changes within it

243
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

A
  1. renal cortex
    a. renal columns
  2. renal medulla
  3. renal pyramid
  4. renal papilla
  5. renal lobe
244
Q

Renal Cortex

A

receives 95% of the blood supply of the kidney and contains renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, and peritublar capillaries

245
Q

Renal Columns

A

separate adjacent pyramids and transport blood vessels between the renal cortex and the renal medulla

246
Q

Renal Medulla

A

receive 5% of the kidney’s blood supply
contain the nephron loops, vasa recta, and collecting ducts. help maintain the salt/water balance and concentrate urine

247
Q

Renal Pyramid

A

receive 5% of the kidney’s blood supply
contain the nephron loops, vasa recta, and collecting ducts. help maintain the salt/water balance and concentrate urine

248
Q

Renal Papilla

A

contains terminal distal ends of collecting ducts that drain urine into the minor calyces

249
Q

Renal Lobe

A

region consisting of a renal pyramid plus the overlying renal cortex and its adjacent renal columns

250
Q

Chamber System of the Kidneys

A
  1. minor calyx
  2. major calyx
  3. renal pelvis
  4. renal sinus
251
Q

Minor Calyx

A

transports bring from the collecting acts of the renal papilla to a major calyx

252
Q

Major Calyx

A

transports urine from several minor calyces to the renal pelvis

253
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

transports bring from the major calyces to a ureter

254
Q

Renal Sinus

A

region containing the minor and major calyces and the renal pelvis

255
Q

Blood Supply to the Kidneys

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental arteries
  3. interlobar arteries
  4. arcuate arteries
  5. cortical radiate arteries
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. glomerulus
  8. efferent arteriole
  9. vasa recta
  10. peritubular capillaries
  11. cortical radiate, arcuate, interlobar, segmental, and renal veins
256
Q

Renal Artery

A

carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys for its own supply and to also be filtered and remove metabolic waste and excess water and absorb nutrients and minerals

257
Q

Segmental Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys for its own supply and to also be filtered and remove metabolic waste and excess water and absorb nutrients and minerals

258
Q

Interlobar Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys for its own supply and to also be filtered and remove metabolic waste and excess water and absorb nutrients and minerals

259
Q

Arcuate Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys for its own supply and to also be filtered and remove metabolic waste and excess water and absorb nutrients and minerals

260
Q

Cortical Radiate Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the kidneys for its own supply and to also be filtered and remove metabolic waste and excess water and absorb nutrients and minerals

261
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

supply blood to individual nephrons for filtration in the glomerulus

262
Q

Glomerulus

A

blood filtration

263
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

drains glomerulus into the cortical radiate veins and form the vasa recta or peritubular capillaries

264
Q

Vasa Recta

A

supply juxtaglomerular nephrons collecting and transporting water and solutes within the renal medulla

265
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A

supply cortical nephrons to collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion

266
Q

Cortical Radiate, Arcuate, Interlobar, Segmental, and Renal Veins

A

drain kidney, take deoxygenated blood into the inferior vena cava back to the heart

267
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys

A
  1. nephron
    a. cortical nephron
    b. juxtamedullary nephron
268
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of the kidneys that produce urine from filtrating blood

269
Q

Cortical Nephron

A

most numerous nephrons, located almost entirely within the renal cortex

270
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

small percentage of the total number of nephrons
have their renal corpuscle located close to the corticomedullary junctions and have long nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla

271
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A
  1. glomerular capsule
  2. glomerular capsule space
  3. glomerulus
272
Q

Glomerular Capsule

A

nephron’s filtration apparatus

273
Q

Glomerular Capsule Space

A

nephron’s filtration apparatus

274
Q

Glomerulus

A

nephron’s filtration apparatus

275
Q

Renal Tubular System

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. nephron loop - ascending and descending limbs
  3. distal convoluted tubule
276
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

reabsorbs ~65% of of the filtrate coming from the renal corpuscle and specializes in ion reabsorption, passing them into the peritubular capillaries

277
Q

Nephron Loop - Ascending and Descending Limbs

A

specializes in water reabsorption from the tubular fluid (descending limb) and NaCl (ascending limb)

278
Q

Dital Convoluted Tubule

A

further ion reabsorption and secretion from tubular fluid

279
Q

Collecting System

A
  1. collecting duct
  2. papillary duct
281
Q

Collecting Duct

A

reabsorbs excess water from tubular fluid in the renal medulla

282
Q

Papillary Duct

A

collect tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx

283
Q

Ureter

A

transports bring from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

284
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  1. detrusor muscle
  2. body
  3. fundus
  4. apex
  5. neck
  6. trigone
    a. ureteric orifice
285
Q

Detrusor Muscle

A

relaxation of this muscle allows for filling of the bladder with urine, contraction of this muscle helps with excretion of urine

286
Q

Trigone

A

“funnel” that channels using into the urethra when the urinary bladder contracts

287
Q

Ureteric Orifice

A

empties the ring from the ureters into the urinary bladder

288
Q

Urethra

A
  1. internal urethral sphincter
  2. internal urethral orifice
  3. external urethral sphincter
  4. external urethral orifice
289
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

provides involuntary control over the exertion of urine from the urinary bladder

290
Q

Internal Urethral Orifice

A

emptying of the urinary bladder into the urethra

291
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A

provides voluntary control of the excretion of urine

292
Q

External Urethral Orifice

A

excretion of urine

293
Q

External Female Genitalia - Vulva

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. labia majora
  3. labia minora
  4. vestibule
  5. clitoris
    a. prepuce of clitoris
    b. glans of clitoris
    c. body of clitoris
    d. crus of clitoris
  6. bulb of the vestibule
  7. greater vestibular gland
  8. hymen
294
Q

Mons Pubis

A

covers and protects the pubic symphysis

295
Q

Labia Majora

A

protect the vaginal and external urethral orifices

296
Q

Labia Minora

A

protect the vaginal and external urethra orifices and enclose the vestibule

297
Q

Vestibule

A

contains the clitoris, and the external urethral and the vaginal orifices

298
Q

Clitoris

A

mass of erectile tissue at the anterior convergence of the labia minora
sexual pleasure

299
Q

Prepuce of Clitoris

A

skin fold formed by the union of the labia minora surrounding the body of the clitoris
sexual pleasure

300
Q

Glans of Clitoris

A

“head of the clitoris”
small protrusion at the end of the body of the clitoris
sexual pleasure

301
Q

Body of Clitoris

A

region formed by the union of crura from both sides at the midline on the anterior end of the vestibule
sexual pleasure

302
Q

Crus of the Clitoris

A

attached to ischiopubic ramus, covered by the ischiocavermosus muscles, convergences forms the body
sexual pleasure

303
Q

Bulb of the Vestibule

A

deep to labia minora and lateral to the vestibule, covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle
sexual pleasure

304
Q

Greater Vestibular Gland

A

secretes mucus to lubricate the vagina

305
Q

Hymen

A

partially covers the vaginal orifice to potentially protect the vagina from bacteria and foreign objects entering the vagina

306
Q

Internal Female Genitalia

A

reproductive organs located inside the pelvic cavity
1. ovary
2. fallopian tube
a. infundibulum with fimbrae
b. ampulla
c. isthmus of the uterine tube
d. intramural part
3. uterus
4. vagina
a. vaginal orifice
b. vaginal fornix - anterior, posterior, and lateral

307
Q

Ovary

A

site for maturation and release of the ovum and serves as an endocrine gland that releases estrogen and progesterone

308
Q

Fallopian/Uterine Tube

A

transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, the usual site for ovum fertilization

309
Q

Infundibulum with Fimbriae

A

distal part of tube that opens in the peritoneal cavity
transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, the usual site for ovum fertilization

310
Q

Ampulla

A

longest and widest portion of the uterine tube, most common site of fertilization
transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, the usual site for ovum fertilization

311
Q

Isthmus of the Uterine Tube

A

narrowest portion of the tube, medial to the ampulla
transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, the usual site for ovum fertilization

312
Q

Intramural/Uterine Part

A

portion within the uterine wall, opens into the uterine cavity
transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus, the usual site for ovum fertilization

313
Q

Uterus

A

during the menstrual cycle, the inner lining (endometrium) proliferates, preparing for embryo implantation but if implantation doesn’t occur it sloughs off
when implantation of a fertilized egg occurs, it serves as a place for the growing embryo and placenta

314
Q

Vagina

A

facilitates menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth

315
Q

Vaginal Orifice

A

opening at the distal end of the vagina in the vestibule
facilitates menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth

316
Q

Vaginal Fornix - Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral

A

reservoir for semen after intravaginal ejaculation

317
Q

Uterine Wall

A
  1. endometrium
  2. myometrium
  3. perimetrium
318
Q

Endometrium

A

thick mucosal lining with a functional and basal layer
provides optimal conditions for the implantation of an embryo, helps maintain pregnancy if it occurs, and menstruation if pregnancy doesn’t occur

319
Q

Myometrium

A

thick smooth muscle layer, superficial to the endometrium
gives the structural integrity to the uterus, expands during pregnancy to sustain a growing fetus and it contracts during labor to help parturition

320
Q

Perimetrium

A

outer serosal layer, superficial to the myometrium
secretes fluid to reduce the friction of the uterus within the pelvic cavity

321
Q

Regions of the Uterus

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. uterine cavity
  4. cervix
    a. internal os
    b. external os
    c. cervical canal
322
Q

Fundus

A

base of the body located superiorly

323
Q

Body

A

main region uterus connected to the uterine tubes

324
Q

Uterine Cavity

A

internal chamber
allows the passage of sperm into the uterine tube where fertilization of the ovum may take place

325
Q

Cervix

A

distal neck
connects the body of the uterus to the vagina and facilitates the passage of sperm into the uterine cavity
prevents bacterial infection in the vagina from reaching the uterus

326
Q

Internal Os

A

communication between the uterine cavity and the vagina

327
Q

External Os

A

communication between the uterine cavity and the vagina

328
Q

Cervical Canal

A

passageway between the internal and eternal os
communication between the uterine cavity and the vagina

329
Q

Ligaments and Peritoneal Folds of the Uterus and Ovaries

A
  1. broad ligament of the uterus
    a. mesovarium
    b. mesoalpinx
    c. mesometrium
  2. suspensory ligament of the ovaries
  3. round ligament of the uterus
  4. ovarian ligament
330
Q

Broad Ligament of the Uterus

A

maintain the uterus and ovaries in position and carry blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from them

331
Q

Mesovarium

A

covers the ovarian ligaments
maintain the uterus and ovaries in position and carry blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from them

332
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

covers the uterine/fallopian tube
maintain the uterus and ovaries in position and carry blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from them

333
Q

Mesometrium

A

extends from the ovarian ligament to the pelvic floor and body of the uterus
maintain the uterus and ovaries in position and carry blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from them

334
Q

Suspensory Ligament of the Ovaries

A

attaches to the lateral abdominal wall extending from the abdominal aorta to the ovaries
maintain the uterus and ovaries in position and carry blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to and from them

335
Q

Round Ligament of the Uterus

A

extends from the proximal region of the uterus to the connective tissue of the labia majora after passing through the inguinal canal
contains lymphatic draining the uterine region into the femoral and into the superficial lymph nodes

336
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A

extension of round ligament extending from the ovaries to the uterus
anchors the ovaries to the uterus

337
Q

Spaces Created by the Peritoneum

A
  1. Rectouterine Pouch
  2. Vesicouterine Pouch
338
Q

Rectouterine Pouch

A

reduces the friction between the rectum and uterus as there are constant changes in their volume

339
Q

Vesicouterine Pouch

A

prevents the urinary bladder from attaching to the uterus

340
Q

Female Breast

A
  1. mammary glands
  2. lactiferous ducts
  3. areola
  4. nipple
341
Q

Mammary Glands

A

produce milk under the influence of prolactin and eject milk under the influence of oxytocin

342
Q

Lactiferous Ducts

A

transport milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

343
Q

Areola

A

secrete lubrication oil to protect the nipple

344
Q

Nipple

A

secretion of milk

345
Q

Male External and Internal Genitalia

A
  1. scrotum
    a. dartos muscle
    b. cremaster muscle
  2. testis
  3. tunica vaginalis testis - parietal and visceral layers
  4. tunica albuginea
  5. seminiferous tubules
  6. rete testis
  7. epididymis
  8. spermatic cord
    a. ductus deferens
    b. ampulla of the ductus deferens
    c. pampiniform plexus
    d. testicular artery
  9. seminal gland
  10. ejaculatory duct
  11. prostate gland
  12. bulbourethral gland
  13. penis
    a. bulb of the penis
    b. body of the penis
    c. glans of the penis
  14. corpus spongiosum
  15. corpus cavernosum
  16. spongy urethra
346
Q

Scotum

A

contains the testis and lower parts of the spermatic cord, allows the testes to be positioned outside of the body for optimal temperature needed for sperm development

347
Q

Dartos Muscle

A

contraction gives the scrotum its wrinkled appearance by regulating its surface area

348
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A

contraction pulls testes closer to the abdominopelvic cavity when outside temperature is low

349
Q

Testis

A

produces sperm and testosterone

350
Q

Tunica Vaginalis Tetis - Parietal and Visceral Layers

A

secretes serous fluid to allow for reduced friction of the testis inside the scrotum

351
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

covers and protects each testis

352
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

production site of sperm

353
Q

Rete Testis

A

transports immature sperm from seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

354
Q

Epididymis

A

storage and maturation of spermatozoa

355
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

encloses ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels and nerves

356
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

transports sperm from the epididymis to ampulla

357
Q

Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens

A

empties sperm into the ejaculatory duct

358
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A

drains venous blood from the testes and spermatic cord

359
Q

Testicular Artery

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the testes and spermatic cord

360
Q

Seminal Gland

A

secretes yellowish alkaline viscous fluid that constitutes about 70-85% of semen. It contains fructose and citric acid to nourish that sperm and prostaglandins to enhance sperm motility

361
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

receives seminal fluid from seminal vesicles and sperm from the ductus deferens
contraction of this duct propels sperm through the prostate gland

362
Q

Postate Gland

A

secretes an acidic, milky fluid into the urethra

363
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

clear alkaline mucus that lubricates the tip of the penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine remaining in the male urethra prior to ejaculation

364
Q

Penis

A

provides outlet for urine and seminal fluid

365
Q

Bulb of the Penis

A

attaches the penis to the perineum and contains the bulb of the penis and crura

366
Q

Body of the Penis

A

contains erectile tissues and spongy urethra

367
Q

Glans of the Penis

A

contains the external urethral orifice

368
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

helps the penis get into an erect state, keeping the spongy urethra open which is necessary for ejaculation

369
Q

Corpus Cavernosum

A

helps penis get into an erected state

370
Q

Spongy Urethra

A

delivers urine and seminal fluid outside of the male penis

371
Q

Male Urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy urethra
372
Q

Prostatic Urethra

A

transport semen from the ejaculatory duct to the outside

373
Q

Membranous Urethra

A

transport semen from the ejaculatory duct to the outside

374
Q

Urogenital Triangle - Superficial Layer

A
  1. ischiocavernosus
  2. bulbospongiosus
  3. superficial transverse perineal muscle
375
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A

O - ischial tuberosity
I - erectile tissue of penis or clitoris
A - erection of penis or clitoris
N - pudendal nerve

376
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

O - central tendon of perineum
I - erectile tissue of penis or clitoris
A - erection of penis or clitoris
N - pudendal nerve

377
Q

Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle

A

O - ischial tuberosity
I - perineal body
A - stablizes the perineal body
N - pudendal nerve

378
Q

Urogenital Triangle - Deep Layer

A
  1. deep transverse perineal muscle
  2. external urethral sphincter
379
Q

Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle

A

O - ischial ramus
I - perineal body
A - supports pelvic organs
N - pudendal nerve

380
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A

O - ischiopubic ramus
I - midline raphe
A - constricts urehtra to allow for the voluntary control of urination
N - pudendal nerve

381
Q

Anal Triangle

A

external anal sphincter

382
Q

External Anal Sphincter

A

O - skin and fascia surrounding the anus
I - perineal body
A - constricts the anus to allow for the voluntary control of defecation
N - pudendal nerve

383
Q

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor - Pelvic Diaphragm

A
  1. levator ani
  2. coccygeus
384
Q

Levator Ani

A

O - pubis and spine of the ischium
I - coccyx and levator ani from the opposite side
A - support the pelvic organs, preventing them from prolapsing
N - pudendal nerve

385
Q

Coccygeus

A

O - spine of ischium
I - sacrum and coccyx
A - supports the pelvic organs, preventing them from prolapsing
N - sacral spinal nerves

386
Q

Muscles of the Lateral Wall of the Pelvis

A
  1. obturator internus
  2. piriformis
387
Q

Obturator Internus

A

O - obturator membrane and obturator foramen bony boundaries
I - greater trochanter of the femur
A - form the lateral wall of the pelvis
N - nerve to obturator internus

388
Q

Piriformis

A

O - sacrum
I - greater trochanter of the femur
A - form the lateral wall of the pelvis
N - nerve to the piriformis

389
Q

Internal Iliac Artery

A

supplies the walls and viscera of the pelvis, perineum, and gluteal region
1. umbilical artery
2. superior vesical artery
3. inferior vesical artery
4. obturator artery
5. pudendal artery
6. inferior gluteal artery
7. superior gluteal artery

390
Q

Umbilical Artery

A

major blood vessel for fetal circulation
after birth, it supplies oxygenated blood to the urinary bladder

391
Q

Superior Vesical Artery

A

supply oxygenated blood to the superior surface of the urinary bladder

392
Q

Interior Vesical Artery

A

supply oxygenated blood to the posteroinferior surface of the urinary bladder

393
Q

Obturator Artery

A

supplies the adductor compartment of the thigh muscles

394
Q

Pudendal Artery

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the urogenital and anal triangles

395
Q

Inferior Gluteal Artery

A

supplies the sciatic nerve, gluteus maximus, rotator hip muscles, and levator ani muscles plus the skin of the gluteal and thigh regions

396
Q

Superior Gluteal Artery

A

supply gluteal muscles and rotator hip muscles plus the skin over the sacrum

397
Q

Fertilization

A

sperm penetration of the ovum
1. zygote

398
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized ovum - single cell with fertilization membrane surrounding it

399
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote to form an embryo
1. 4-cell stage
2. morula
3. blastocyst
a. inner cell mass
b. trophoblast

400
Q

4-Cell Stage

A

cluster of divided cells being made from a zygote undergoing mitotic divisions

401
Q

Morula

A

solid mass of cells when the blastocyst has divided by the 32nd time, around the 3rd day after fertilization

402
Q

Blastocyst

A

last stage of cleavage when there is the appearance of a central cavity within the solid mass of cells (morula)

403
Q

Inner Cell Mass (Embryoblast)

A

inner mass of cells surrounded by the trophoblast
forms the embryo’s body

404
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer single flattened cell layer
encloses the embryoblast, secretes enzymes to help during implantation and it becomes the chorion (precursor to the placenta after implantation)

405
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of primary germ layers in the embryo
1. early-stage gastrula
2. later stage gastrula

406
Q

Early-Stage Gastrula

A

two-layer embryo
precursor to three-layer embryo

407
Q

Later State Gastrula

A

three-layer embryo, primary germ layers
precursor to all tissues in the human body

408
Q

Primary Germ Layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
409
Q

Ectoderm

A

outermost layer
1. epidermis and accessory skin structures
2. organs of special senses
3. glands such as the pituitary, pineal, and medulla of the adrenal glands

410
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer
1. internal reproductive organs
2. most smooth muscle
3. most lymphoid organs and tissues

411
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost layer
1. epithelial lining of the respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive tracts

412
Q

Fetal Development

A

embryo becomes a fetus by week 9 after fertilization
1. placenta
2. amniotic sac and fluid
3. umbilical cord

413
Q

Placenta

A

meeting point of maternal and fetal circulatory systems
provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes its waste materials and carbon dioxide

414
Q

Amniotic Sac and Fluid

A

cushions and protects the fetus fro mechanical injuries, adhesions, and temperature extremes

415
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

vital passage connecting the fetus to the placenta

Human A & P II (1 decks)

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