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Biology 1021 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What effect did caffeine have on the heart rate of Daphnia?

A

increase in heart rate

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2
Q

What effect did ethanol have on the heart rate of Daphnia?

A

decrease in heart rate

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3
Q

one or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment

A

independent variable

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4
Q

a feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variables

A

dependent variable

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5
Q

What solution is used to test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s reagent

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6
Q

What solution is used to test for starch (polysaccharide)?

A

iodine

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7
Q

What solution is used to test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent

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8
Q

What solution is used to test for lipids?

A

vegetable oil

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9
Q

What does the positive test for a reducing sugar look like?

A

color change from blue to range of colors (green -very low concentration; orange-red - very high concentration)

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10
Q

What does the positive test for a starch look like?

A

final color of dark purple/blue/black

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11
Q

What does the positive test for a protein look like?

A

final color of violet

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12
Q

What does the positive test for a lipid look like?

A

1 layer present

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13
Q

What is the formula for converting temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

9/5 x degrees Celsius + 32

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14
Q

What is the formula for converting temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

5/9 x (degrees Fahrenheit - 32)

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15
Q

What is the compound scope magnification equation?

A

eyepiece magnification x objective magnification

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16
Q

What is the equation for resolution?

A

0.61 lambda/numerical aperture of obj. lens

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17
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

An increase in temperature will cause molecules to move faster because of the increase in kinetic energy, causing a faster diffusion. A decrease in temperature has the opposite effect.

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18
Q

How does the size of a molecule (or molecular weight) influence the distance that it will diffuse in a given time?

A

The larger the size, the slower the movement; the smaller the size, the faster the movement.

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19
Q

The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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20
Q

The net movement of water across a selectively-permeable (differentially permeable) membrane from a region of higher molecular activity to a region of lower molecular activity

A

osmosis

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21
Q

In the dialysis bag experiment, why did some bags lose weight?

A

When the bag is hypotonic to the solution, the water will rush out of the bag, causing weight loss of the bag.

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22
Q

In the dialysis bag experiment, why did some bags gain weight?

A

When the bag is hypertonic to the solution, the water will rush into the bag, causing weight gain of the bag.

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23
Q

In the dialysis bag experiment, which bags gained weight? Which bags lost weight?

A

NaCl; distilled H2O

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24
Q

Why did the salt solution plasmolyze Elodea?

A

Because there was a loss of water due to the salt that was present

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25
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

proteins that act as catalysts during chemical reactions; they speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants

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26
Q

In the enzyme lab, what is the enzyme used in the reaction? Substrates? Products?

A

catechol oxidase; catechol and oxygen; benzoquinone and water

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27
Q

What effect does temperature have on enzyme activity?

A

An increase in temperature increases the rate of the reaction until an optimal temperature is reached (40 degrees Celsius) and then it slows down

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28
Q

What effect does pH have on enzyme activity?

A

An increase in pH increases the rate of the reaction until an optimal pH is reached (pH of 7) and then it slows down

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29
Q

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present. Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not present.

30
Q

How does chromatography paper work?

A

Chromatography paper has fibers of a certain size. Molecules such as pigments can migrate along the paper if they are soluble in a certain solvent. Depending on their solubility, pigments will migrate at different distances up the chromatography paper.

31
Q

In the paper chromatography experiment, which plant pigment is indicated by an orange-yellow band that moved the fastest and thus was the most soluble in pet ether?

A

carotene

32
Q

In the paper chromatography experiment, which plant pigment is indicated by a yellow band that moved the second fastest?

A

xanthophyll

33
Q

In the paper chromatography experiment, which plant pigment is indicated by a grassy green band and moved the second slowest?

A

chlorophyll a

34
Q

In the paper chromatography experiment, which plant pigment is indicated by a yellow-green band that moved the slowest and thus was the least soluble in pet ether?

A

chlorophyll b

35
Q

In the bromthymol blue experiment, what color were the plants that were grown in the light? How much CO2 did they have?

A

green; some CO2

36
Q

In the bromthymol blue experiment, what color were the plants that were grown in the dark? How much CO2 did they have?

A

yellow; lots of CO2

37
Q

The long wave-length light that appears as energy is released from an electron that falls to a lower level

A

fluorescence

38
Q

Which two colors are the most useful for photosynthesis?

A

red and violet

39
Q

Which color is the least useful for photosynthesis?

A

green

40
Q

Where is starch stored in a leaf?

A

the chloroplasts

41
Q

How does measuring O2 levels relate to photosynthesis?

A

When photosynthesis occurs, O2 is produced. Therefore, by measuring the amount of O2 produced, you can determine the rate of which photosynthesis is occurring.

42
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are visible but not in any particular arrangement; each chromosome is made of 2 sister chromatids; nuclear membrane disappears; microtubular mitotic spindle appears; nucleolus disappears

A

prophase

43
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are lined up on the cell’s midline (center)

A

metaphase

44
Q

Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes have split (2 sister chromatids have come apart) and moved to opposite poles of the cell; each resulting chromatid is a chromosome (just smaller than the original chromosome)

A

anaphase

45
Q

Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes begin to de-condense; cell plate (or cleavage furrow) forms; cytokinesis begins; 2 smaller daughter cells are formed

A

telophase

46
Q

Stage of meiosis in which the nuclear membrane disappears; nucleolus disappears; 2 pairs of centrioles appear; spindle forms; homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis); crossing over occurs

A

prophase I

47
Q

Stage of meiosis in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes come to the center of the cell and line up on the equatorial plate

A

metaphase I

48
Q

Stage of meiosis in which members of the homologous pairs part, but sister chromatids remain together; chromosomes move to opposite poles guided by the spindle

A

anaphase I

49
Q

Stage of meiosis in which cytokinesis occurs so that the cell is divided into 2 cells

A

telophase I

50
Q

Stage of meiosis in which there may or may not be a pause before cells move into prophase II; if there is a pause, there is no replication of DNA

A

interphase II (interkinesis)

51
Q

Stage of meiosis in which little occurs and there are two cells (secondary spermatocyte)

A

prophase II

52
Q

Stage of meiosis in which the chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate of each cell

A

metaphase II

53
Q

Stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of each chromosome divide as the chromatids move apart; the chromatids move to opposite poles

A

anaphase II

54
Q

Stage of meiosis in which cytokinesis occurs and divides each cell into 2 cells, resulting in a total of 4 cells that are haploid and have 1 chromatid (different from beginning chromosomes)

A

telophase II

55
Q

What is the symbol for diploid?

A

2n

56
Q

What is the symbol for haploid?

A

n

57
Q

Genes for sex-linked traits occur on which chromosome?

A

X chromosome

58
Q

This is used to analyze hemoglobin in blood in order to detect the carrier of a genetic disease

A

electrophoresis

59
Q

How does electrophoresis work?

A

Proteins are separated based on their size, isoelectronic point, and electrical charge. Proteins are placed in agarose gel and given an electrical charge. Proteins with negatively charged amino acids move towards the (+) or anode side and vice versa with the (-) charged cathode side.

60
Q

What is the difference between sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin?

A

Normal hemoglobin contains glutamic acid, while sickle cell hemoglobin contains valine. Therefore, there is one amino acid substitution. Normal hemoglobin is more negatively charged than sickle cell hemoglobin.

61
Q

What is the genotype for a person with sickle cell anemia?

A

HSHS

62
Q

What is the genotype for a person with normal hemoglobin (no disease)?

A

HAHA

63
Q

What is the genotype for a carrier of sickle cell?

A

HAHS

64
Q

What kind of trait is sickle cell anemia?

A

autosomal recessive

65
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does p stand for?

A

frequency of dominant allele

66
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does q stand for?

A

frequency of recessive allele

67
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does p^2 stand for?

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

68
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does q^2 stand for?

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

69
Q

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does 2pq stand for?

A

frequency of heterozygous genotype

70
Q

What are the two equations used to indicate Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p + q = 1

71
Q

What is assumed in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

no natural selection, random mating, no genetic drift, no mutation, no gene flow

72
Q

This occurs when there is a drastic decrease in population. It causes a genetic drift. It can also cause an allele to go extinct.

A

Bottleneck Effect

Biology 1021 (1 decks)

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