lab final Flashcards
scientific method process (8 steps)
observation - question - hypothesis - predictions - design - experiment/record data - analyze data - draw conclusions
phototaxis
bodily movement in response to light (positive = toward, negative = away)
photokinesis
change in speed in response to light
transect
linear sampling that takes a cross section of an ecosystem or community
relative abundance
proportion of total organisms each species makes up in a community
biomass
renewable organic matter coming from plants+animals
simpsons diversity index purpose
calculates overall diversity of organisms in a plot, used to compare plots
simpson’s diversity index equation
D = 1 - (sum n(n-1) / sum N(N-1))
n = number of individs in species
N = number counted in plot
relative abundance calculation
( # of species in area / sum of all populations of species in area ) x 100
biotic index
sampling to test environment health
macroinvertebrate
any invertebrate large enough to be seen without magnification
total magnification
ocular lens x objective lens
condenser
adjusts light on microscope
parfocal lens
allows to zoom in/out on microscope
study parts of dissecting + compound microscope
:)
polymerase chain reaction
amplifies piece of DNA using primers and DNA synthesis
primer
short single-stranded nucleic acid used in the initiation of DNA synthesis
CSE format
Last name Initials, Last name initials. Year of pub. Title. Journal.
Volume(issue):pages-pages.
primary literature
the author conducted the study
genotype
sum of alleles inherited from the parents
heterozygous
having 2 different alleles
homozygous
having 2 of the same alleles
allele
the possible forms of a gene
that can occur
gene pool
the collection of genes within an interbreeding population at a particular time
genetic drift
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
sickle cell anemia
caused by a single gene mutation, sickled cells stick together and block small blood vessels; are filtered out leading to lower amounts of red blood cells causing anemia
locus
the physical location of a
gene in the genome
6 HWE conditions
random mating, large population, no mutation or migration or selection, allele occurs w equal frequency
p =
frequency of dominant allele
q =
frequency of recessive allele
2pq =
frequency of heterozygous individuals (Bb)
𝑝² =
frequency of dominant homozygous individuals (BB)
𝑞² =
frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (bb)
HWE equation
𝑝² + 2pq + q² = 1
practice HWE equations
:)
germination
the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling
non vascular plants
mosses, liverworts
vascular, non-seed plants
club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails
vascular, seed-producing seed plants
cycads, gingkoes, conifers
vascular, seed-producing flowering plants
flowers
monocot vs eudicot petals
mono = 3, eudi = 4 or 5
xylem
transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoot system
phloem
carries organic nutrients throughout the plant
male and female reproductive organs flower
stamen (male), pistel - carpels (female)
stigma
sticky end for pollen reception
sepal
protect flower bud, support flower
endosperm
food supply in flower
cotyledon
embryonic leaf in seed plants
4 major evolutionary trends in plants
protection of embryo, vascular system development, production of seeds, flowers
eumetazoans
everything other than sponges
protostome
mouth forms b4 anus
deuterostome
anus forms b4 mouth
lophophore/trocophore
ciliated tentacles around mouth
lancets
nonvertebrate chordates - small animals the live in shallow water with sandy or muddy bottoms
agnatha / jawless fish (3 characteristics)
cartilaginous skeleton, lack lateral fins + jaws, notochord in adults (lamprey)
chondrichthye / cartilaginous fish (4 characteristics)
cartilage endoskeleton, true jaws, paired lateral appendages, 2 chambered heart (sharks)
osteichthyes / bony fish (4 characteristics)
bony endoskeleton, paired fins, diverse, 2 chambered heart (bass)
monotreme
one opening for both reproduction and waste
4 major chordate characteristics
postanal tail, notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches
