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lab final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

scientific method process (8 steps)

A

observation - question - hypothesis - predictions - design - experiment/record data - analyze data - draw conclusions

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2
Q

phototaxis

A

bodily movement in response to light (positive = toward, negative = away)

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3
Q

photokinesis

A

change in speed in response to light

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4
Q

transect

A

linear sampling that takes a cross section of an ecosystem or community

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5
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion of total organisms each species makes up in a community

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6
Q

biomass

A

renewable organic matter coming from plants+animals

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7
Q

simpsons diversity index purpose

A

calculates overall diversity of organisms in a plot, used to compare plots

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8
Q

simpson’s diversity index equation

A

D = 1 - (sum n(n-1) / sum N(N-1))
n = number of individs in species
N = number counted in plot

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9
Q

relative abundance calculation

A

( # of species in area / sum of all populations of species in area ) x 100

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10
Q

biotic index

A

sampling to test environment health

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11
Q

macroinvertebrate

A

any invertebrate large enough to be seen without magnification

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12
Q

total magnification

A

ocular lens x objective lens

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13
Q

condenser

A

adjusts light on microscope

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14
Q

parfocal lens

A

allows to zoom in/out on microscope

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15
Q

study parts of dissecting + compound microscope

A

:)

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16
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

amplifies piece of DNA using primers and DNA synthesis

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17
Q

primer

A

short single-stranded nucleic acid used in the initiation of DNA synthesis

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18
Q

CSE format

A

Last name Initials, Last name initials. Year of pub. Title. Journal.
Volume(issue):pages-pages.

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19
Q

primary literature

A

the author conducted the study

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20
Q

genotype

A

sum of alleles inherited from the parents

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21
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

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22
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 of the same alleles

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23
Q

allele

A

the possible forms of a gene
that can occur

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24
Q

gene pool

A

the collection of genes within an interbreeding population at a particular time

25
Q

genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

26
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

caused by a single gene mutation, sickled cells stick together and block small blood vessels; are filtered out leading to lower amounts of red blood cells causing anemia

27
Q

locus

A

the physical location of a
gene in the genome

28
Q

6 HWE conditions

A

random mating, large population, no mutation or migration or selection, allele occurs w equal frequency

29
Q

p =

A

frequency of dominant allele

30
Q

q =

A

frequency of recessive allele

31
Q

2pq =

A

frequency of heterozygous individuals (Bb)

32
Q

𝑝² =

A

frequency of dominant homozygous individuals (BB)

33
Q

𝑞² =

A

frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (bb)

34
Q

HWE equation

A

𝑝² + 2pq + q² = 1

35
Q

practice HWE equations

A

:)

36
Q

germination

A

the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling

37
Q

non vascular plants

A

mosses, liverworts

38
Q

vascular, non-seed plants

A

club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

39
Q

vascular, seed-producing seed plants

A

cycads, gingkoes, conifers

40
Q

vascular, seed-producing flowering plants

A

flowers

41
Q

monocot vs eudicot petals

A

mono = 3, eudi = 4 or 5

42
Q

xylem

A

transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoot system

43
Q

phloem

A

carries organic nutrients throughout the plant

44
Q

male and female reproductive organs flower

A

stamen (male), pistel - carpels (female)

45
Q

stigma

A

sticky end for pollen reception

46
Q

sepal

A

protect flower bud, support flower

47
Q

endosperm

A

food supply in flower

48
Q

cotyledon

A

embryonic leaf in seed plants

49
Q

4 major evolutionary trends in plants

A

protection of embryo, vascular system development, production of seeds, flowers

50
Q

eumetazoans

A

everything other than sponges

51
Q

protostome

A

mouth forms b4 anus

52
Q

deuterostome

A

anus forms b4 mouth

53
Q

lophophore/trocophore

A

ciliated tentacles around mouth

54
Q

lancets

A

nonvertebrate chordates - small animals the live in shallow water with sandy or muddy bottoms

55
Q

agnatha / jawless fish (3 characteristics)

A

cartilaginous skeleton, lack lateral fins + jaws, notochord in adults (lamprey)

56
Q

chondrichthye / cartilaginous fish (4 characteristics)

A

cartilage endoskeleton, true jaws, paired lateral appendages, 2 chambered heart (sharks)

57
Q

osteichthyes / bony fish (4 characteristics)

A

bony endoskeleton, paired fins, diverse, 2 chambered heart (bass)

58
Q

monotreme

A

one opening for both reproduction and waste

59
Q

4 major chordate characteristics

A

postanal tail, notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches

bio lab (2 decks)

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