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bio 153 > lab exam midterm definitions > Flashcards

lab exam midterm definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia? symptoms?

A

if body’s supply of iron is low, Hb production slows down, RBC’s cannot make sufficient Hb and mature RBC’s unusually small. Symptoms: weakness and fatigue

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2
Q

What is Thalassemia

A

genetic inability to produce adequate amounts of alpha or beta chains of Hb. No functional copies of alpha chain die shortly after birth.. others have small RBC’s with less Hb and moderate-severe anemia

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3
Q

Acute hemorrhagic anemia

A

caused by significant wound (normal RBC)

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4
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs breakdown prematurely in bloodstream, may be due to infection, Hb abnormality or transfusion mismatch

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5
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

inherited disease. two abnormal copies of the gene make beta chains that link under low o2 conditions, causing RBCs to become stiff, sickle shaped when releasing O2. Rupture early or plug vessels causing pain, stroke, organ damage

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6
Q

aplastic anemia

A

bone marrow destruction by bacterial toxin, drugs or radiation reduces/stops production of RBCs

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7
Q

pernicious anemia

A

vit. B12 deficiency (strict vegetarians) or who cannot absorb vit. B12 because of stomach mucosa.. RBCs grow big++ because can’t divide. Vit. B12 required for DNA synthesis (before cell can divide) MACROCYTIC

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8
Q

folate deficiency anemia

A

Folate required for DNA synthesis and necessary for cell division. Deficiency caused by: some meds, inflammatory diseases of Small intestine, deficiency of green veggies MACROCYTIC

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9
Q

polycythemia

A

inc. in number of RBCs due to bone marrow cancer or adaption to hypoxia from high altitude, smoking, COPD

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10
Q

What is haematoxylin?

A

positively charged dye that binds to negatively charged particles (DNA, RNA) staining nuclei blue

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11
Q

What is eosin?

A

negatively charged ion binding to positively charged proteins (granules in eosinophils)

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12
Q

What stains are used in blood samples for microscopic evaluation?

A

haematoxylin and eosin

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13
Q

function of neutrophils

A

multi lobed. phagocytic, engulf bacteria and fungi

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14
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

fight viral infections. direct cell attack/antibodies. T-cells: destroy virus infected cells, B-cells: produce antibodies that group and label bacteria

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15
Q

function of monocyte

A

become macrophages. phagocytic. triggers specific defences by presenting antigen to Tcells

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16
Q

function of eosinophil

A

bi-lobed. destroys parasites with enzymes in granules. Dec. allergic response (inflammation) by engulfing antibody-labelled materials

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17
Q

function of basophil

A

cannot see nucleus. Granules release histamine, causing BV to swell, allowing more WBC’s to enter = inflammation

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18
Q

function of Thrombocytes

A

release factor to allow clotting, plug to seal tears in blood vessels

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19
Q

Significance of erythrocyte structure to function?

A
  1. biconcave - allows stacking and bending in blood vessel. Inc. SA:volume ..dec. distance and time to diffuse
  2. no nucleus or organelles - more room for hemoglobin
  3. spectrin protein - strengthens, allows bend
  4. hemoglobin - carry O2
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20
Q

What WBC’S are considered granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil

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21
Q

what WBC’s are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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22
Q

major components of plasma?

A

nutrients, wastes, gases, ions, water, plasma proteins

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23
Q

what are the three primary classes of plasma proteins? where are they produced?

A

Albumins - liver
globulins - liver and Bccells
fibrinogens - liver (clotting factors)

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24
Q

most numerous WBCs to least?

A

neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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25
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

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26
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a parasitic infection

A

eosinophil

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27
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a infectious mononucleosis

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a allergic reaction

A

basophils

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29
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a tissue injury

A

monocyte

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30
Q

What type of white blood cell would be increased in a viral infection

A

lymphocytes

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31
Q

why is a differential WBC count more useful than a total count?

A

you can see which WBC’s have been increased which can direct you towards cause of illness

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32
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of white blood cells

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33
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

inc. in number of WBC, esp. during infection

34
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

dec. in number of WBC, at risk for infectoin

35
Q

what is leukopoiesis?

A

creation of leukocytes

36
Q

define microcyte. test to determine this?

A

small cell size.. MCV test

37
Q

define macrocyte.. test to determine this?

A

large cell size.. MCV test

38
Q

define hyperchromic.. test to determine this?

A

more Hb per cell (inc. colour).. MCH test

39
Q

define hypochromic.. test to determine this?

A

less Hb per cell (dec. colour) .. MCH test

40
Q

how would you describe erythrocytes that have low MCV eat and low MCH test

A

microcytes, hypochromic

41
Q

explanation for patient who has low HCT, how Hb but normal MCV?

A

hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia

42
Q

explanation for patient who has low HCT and macrocyclic RBC’s?

A

pernicious anemia (dec. vit. B12)

43
Q

suggest explanation for patient who has high HCT and high Hb

A

polycythemia

44
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

clinical test used to determine percentage of whole blood that is occupied by RBC’s

45
Q

what does a low hematocrit indicate?

A

fewer RBC’s, or smaller RBCs

46
Q

what does a high hematocrit indicate?

A

excessive amount of RBC’s or larger RBCs

47
Q

how is hematocrit determined?

A

determined by centrifuging blood in capillary tube. plasma remains at top, Buffy coat (WBCs and platelets) in between and RBCs at bottom

48
Q

during a hematocrit test, what is the tube coated with?

A

anticoagulant

49
Q

Mode

A

most frequently occurring value

50
Q

median

A

above and below half the values (middle value), if even, take the mean of the two median numbers

51
Q

mean

A

sum of all values/sample size

52
Q

range

A

lowest to highest value

53
Q

variability

A

measure of how dissimilar values are

54
Q

central tendency

A

tendency of values to cluster around a central value

55
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.. reflects amount of blood forced from heart during contraction

56
Q

stage 1 hypertension? contributing factors?

A

140-159, 90-99.. genetic.. contributing factors are diet, exercise, obesity, age

57
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

more than 160/100.. “secondary to another condition”, heart condition, kidneys/arteries

58
Q

does systolic or diastolic inc. more with exercise? why?

A

systolic..inc. volume of blood in arteries, vasodilation of veins

59
Q

what does the ECG measure and how can it be analyzed?

A

ECG measures electrical impulses from cardiac muscle (AP). it can be analyzed in terms of duration (s), amplitude and configuration (shape of waveform)

60
Q

what are the three different kinds of stress tests and what do they measure

A

exercise: inc. interval 2-3 mins, measuring bp and electrical rhythms
nuclear: comparing images of resting and exercising..measures metabolic activity
pharmacological: inject a radioactive solution and do a scan.. looks at pumping function and if there are any blockages

61
Q

what is CRP

A

C- reactive protein. inflammation in body

62
Q

whats PT

A

prothrombin time. how quickly does it clot

63
Q

whats LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase.. damage to cells

64
Q

whats LDH1

A

lactate dehydrogenase 1.. damage to cardiac cells… risk of heart attack

65
Q

whats CPK

A

creatine-kinase.. damage to muscle cells

66
Q

whats CK-MB

A

creatine-kinase.. damage to cardiac muscle cells

67
Q

whats cTnT

A

troponin T.. damage to cardiac muscle

68
Q

whats cTnI

A

troponin I..damage to cardiac muscle

69
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged with normal breath

70
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

71
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be exhaled after normal cycle

72
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air left in lungs after max. exhale

73
Q

vital capacity

A

max air that can move in and out of lungs in single cycle

74
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of lungs

75
Q

what is ventilation rate?

A

amount of breaths per min on average

76
Q

how do you calculate minute respiratory volume?

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

77
Q

what are the main determinants of vital capacity?

A

height, age, males more than females

78
Q

does cardiovascular exercise increase VC significantly?

A

no, can’t grow lungs, affected by age and height

79
Q

what is FEV? how do you calculate it? what is a typical for a healthy adult?

A

Forced expiratory volume.. amount of a person can forcibly exhale in 1 second.. FEV1% = FEV1/FVC
80%

80
Q

what effects FEV?

A

restrictive pulmonary disease: restricted from fully inhaling
obstructive pulmonary: narrowed lungs.. comes out slower

bio 153 (2 decks)

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