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BISC 450 > Lab Exam (Lecture) > Flashcards

Lab Exam (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

What odes HIV stand for?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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2
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

a retrovirus

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a retrovirus?

A
  • the genetic material is ssRNA
  • uses reverse transcriptase to transcribe RNA into DNA
  • integrates retro-transcribed DNA into genome
  • enveloped virus (membrane fusion and budding)
  • cannot replicate on its own
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4
Q

What protein binds to the CD4 receptor on immune cells?

A

Gp120 spike protein (HIV) binds to the CD4 receptor (immune cells) to induce association with antigen

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5
Q

What happens to HIV after infection is left untreated?

A

HIV develops into Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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6
Q

Which non-viral molecule does the CD4 receptor bind to?

A

CD4 binds to the MHC II complex

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7
Q

What are cells that express the CD4 marker?

A
  • CD4+ T helper cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
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8
Q

How are CD4+ cells detected?

A

via the MHC II molecule

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9
Q

What type of bodily fluids transmit HIV?

A
  • blood
  • semen and pre-seminal fluid
  • rectal fluids
  • vaginal fluids
  • breast milk
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10
Q

What is antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

A

cocktail therapy that reduces infected individuals’ viral load

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11
Q

What is the function of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

A
  • lowers risk of transmission
  • helps individuals w/ HIV live longer and healthier
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12
Q

What is viral load?

A

refers to the amount of virus in a specific volume of body fluid

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13
Q

What does ART target?

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • integrase
  • protease
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14
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A

synthesizes a cDNA from viral RNA

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15
Q

What is the function of integrase?

A

inserts viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA

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16
Q

What is the function of protease?

A

cleaving proteins into functional forms of the viral antigen

17
Q

Why are multiple targets used in ART?

A

to maximize prevention from infection

18
Q

What is Pre-Exposure Prohylaxis (PrEP)?

A

preventative measure taken by people who are at risk for contracting HIV

19
Q

What is the mechanism of PrEP?

A

contains two reverse transcriptase inhibitors

19
Q

Define vaccination:

A

introducing an antigen into an organism to produce an adaptive immune response

19
Q

Define immunization:

A

vaccination confers protection from a disease without exposure to “real” pathogen by activating the adaptive immune response

19
Q

What are two types of cells that involve immunological memory?

A

memory B and T cells

19
Q

Define immunological memory:

A

the ablity of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflexts the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes

19
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assat (ELISA)

19
Q

What are the types of applications for ELISA?

A
  • research
  • pregnancy tests
  • disease detection in people, animals, and plants
  • detecting illegal drug use
  • testing indoor air quality
  • determining if food is labeled accurately
19
Q

What is the general mechanism of ELISA?

A

use antiboties to detect proteins in a sample

20
Q

What is the function of the antigen?

A

presence of antigens from pathogens (viruses, bacteria, etc) or host are detected

20
Q

What are the components to ELISA?

A
  • antigen
  • primary antibody
  • secondary antibody
  • substrate
20
Q

What is the function of the primary antibody?

A

binds to antigen

20
Q

How is the primary antibody produced?

A

by injecting an animal with an antigen, harvesting the serum, and purifying the target antibody

21
Q

How is the secondary antibody produced?

A

by injecting the primary antibodies from one animal into another animal

21
Q

What is the function of the secondary antibody?

A

binds to the constant region of the primary antibody

22
Q

What is the function of the enzyme?

A
  • attached to secondary antibodies
  • catalyze a color change when a substrate is added
23
Q

What is the function of the substrate?

A
  • added to the assay
  • changes color in the presence of the enzyme
  • indicates a positive result
24
Q

Define direct detection:

A

the enzyme-conjugated Ab directly contacts the molecule we want to detect

25
Q

Define indirect detection:

A

the enzyme-conjugated Ab does not directly contact the molecule we want to detect

BISC 450 (2 decks)

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