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BIOL 1191 - LAB > LAB EXAM I > Flashcards

LAB EXAM I Flashcards

1
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

cerebrum into L & R hemispheres

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2
Q

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

cerebellum from cerebrum

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3
Q

What is the insula?

A

5th part of cerebrum (aside from 4 lobes); within lateral cerebral sulcus

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4
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A

tracts of white matter in the cerebellum

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5
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

joins L & R halves of thalamus

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7
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus?

A

mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic

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8
Q

What does the septum pellucidum separate?

A

the two lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

between L & R halves of the thalamus, sup. to hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

between brainstem & cerebellum

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11
Q

How does venous blood circulate and leave the brain?

A

through venous sinuses b/t 2 layers of dura mater; leave the brain through internal jugular veins

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12
Q

Which muscles are innervated from the oculomotor nerve?

A

supe/med/inf rectus
inf oblique
ciliary muscle

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13
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the trochlear nerve?

A

sup oblique

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14
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the abducens nerve?

A

lateral rectus

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15
Q

What do corpuscles of touch detect?

A

touch, low frequency vibration

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16
Q

What do hair root plexus detect?

A

movements that disturb hair

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17
Q

Which tactile receptors are free nerve endings?

A

hair root plexus, type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

What do type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect?

A

pressure, continuous touch

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19
Q

What do type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect?

A

stretching, steady pressure

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20
Q

What do lamellated corpuscles detect?

A

high frequency vibrations

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21
Q

Where do the axons of the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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22
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

(olfactory gland) produce mucus that is carried to surface of epithelium by duct

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23
Q

What is the function of mucus produced by Bowman’s gland?

A

dissolves odorants so transduction can occur

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24
Q

Where is the site of olfactory transduction?

A

olfactory hair/cilia

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25
Q

What is adaptation?

A

receptor’s decreasing sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time

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26
Q

Where are sensory receptors for gustation located?

A

taste buds on tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis

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27
Q

Which three CN transmit sensory info from taste buds to the brain?

A

facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)

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28
Q

Which three CN control eye movement?

A

oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)

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29
Q

What is the iris suspended between?

A

cornea & lens

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30
Q

What part of the eye do external eye muscles attach to?

A

sclera

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31
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

alters shape of lens to adapt for near/far vision

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32
Q

What is the function of the ciliary process?

A

contain blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor

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33
Q

Where does the anterior chamber lie?

A

b/t cornear & iris

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34
Q

Where does the posterior chamber lie?

A

behind iris & in front of lens

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35
Q

What are the components of the anterior cavity?

A

aqueous humor
anterior chamber
posterior chamber

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36
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

focus light on retina; admits/refracts light

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37
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

refracts light

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38
Q

What are zonular fibres?

A

extensions of ciliary processes

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39
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

receives and converts light into receptorpotentials & nerve impulses

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40
Q

What is the choroid and what is its function?

A

highly vascularized lining of internal surface of sclera; absorbs scattered light

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41
Q

What does the fovea centralis contain?

A

only cones

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42
Q

What is the optic disc/blind spot?

A

where optic nerve exits the eyeball; contains no rods/cones

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43
Q

Where does the vitreous chamber lie?

A

between the lens and retina; posterior of eyeball

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44
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

ciliary muscle, muscle of iris

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45
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

alter curvature of lens

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46
Q

What is the function of muscles of the iris?

A

control pupil size (i.e. amount of light entering eye)

47
Q

Describe the muscle position of the eye when focusing on a close object

A

ciliary muscles are contracted; lens is curved

48
Q

Describe the muscle position of the eye when focusing on a distant object

A

ciliary muscles are relaxed; lens is flat

49
Q

What is convergence?

A

medial rotation of the eyeballs as an object moves closer to us to allow light rays to strike same points on both retinas

50
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane (eardrum) located?

A

between external auditory meatus and the middle ear

51
Q

Where does the base of the stapes fit into?

A

oval window

52
Q

What does the eustachian (auditory) tube connect?

A

middle ear with the nasopharynx

53
Q

What does the vestibular branch of CN VIII contain?

A

ampullary, utricular, saccular nerves that synapse with receptors for equilibrium

54
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

transmits vibrations to spiral organ where hair cells produce receptor potentials

55
Q

What does the spiral organ contain?

A

hair cells that act as hearing receptors

56
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

utricle and saccule

57
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

linear acceleration/deceleration in a horizontal direction

58
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

linear acceleration/deceleration in a vertical direction

59
Q

What is the macula and where is it located?

A

in utricle and saccule; contains receptors

60
Q

What are otoliths?

A

layer of CaCO3 crystals that extend over entire surface of otolithic membrane

61
Q

What are 3 somatic sensations detected by encapsulated nerve endings?

A

tactile (pressure/vibration)
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
proprioceptors

62
Q

Which receptors detect static equilibrium?

A

hair cells of maculae in saccule & utricle (in vestibule)

63
Q

Which receptors detect dynamic equilibrium?

A

hair cells in crista (in ampulla of semicircular ducts)

64
Q

What are 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus and where are they stored?

A

OT & ADH; posterior pituitary

65
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

66
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

OT, ADH

67
Q

How does FSH function in biological females?

A

initiate oocyte develeopment; induces ovarion secretion of estrogen

68
Q

How does FSH function in biological males?

A

stimulate testes to produce sperm

69
Q

How does LH function in biological females?

A

stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone; ovulation; formation of corpus luteum

70
Q

How does LH function in biological males?

A

stimulate testes to produce testosterone

71
Q

How does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function in the adrenal gland?

A

stimulate secretion of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, by adrenal cortex

72
Q

What is the function of OT?

A
  • stimulate contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth
  • stimulate contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection
73
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A
  • conserves H2O in body by decreasing urine volume
  • decrease H2O loss via perspiration
  • increase BP by constricting arteries
74
Q

Where are hormones stored in the thyroid gland? What do they secrete?

A

follicles (large oval sacs); thyroglubilin (TGB)

75
Q

What are parafollicular cells (C cells) and where are they found?

A

hormone-producing cuboidal cells; in between follicles

76
Q

What do C cells produce?

A

calcitonin

77
Q

How does the structure of the thyroid gland compare to the parathyroid gland?

A

thyroid - large follicles

parathyroid - dense mass of cuboidal cells with many capillaries and have Chief cells and oxyphil cells

78
Q

What do Chief cells produce?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

79
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

follicle cells: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

parafollicular cells: calcitonin

80
Q

What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?

A

stimulate prot synthesis, increase use of glucose and FA for ATP prod

81
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decrease Ca2+ and HPO4 levels in blood by inhibiting bone resorption (increasing ion uptake)

82
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid gland release?

A

parathyroid hormone

83
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

increase Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in blood
increase bone resorption by osteoclasts
promotes formation of calcitriol

84
Q

What are the 3 zones of cells in the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

A
  1. outermost - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  2. intermediate - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  3. inner - androgens (DHEA)
85
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

increase blood levels of Na+, H2O

decrease blood levels of K+

86
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

depress immune responses

provide resistance to stress

87
Q

What is the function of DHEA?

A

assist in early growth of axillary/pubic hair in M/F
contribute to libido
source of estrogen after menopause

88
Q

What are the functions of E/NE from the adrenal medulla?

A

enhance effects of sympathetic division of ANS during stress

89
Q

What do the pancreatic islets of the pancreas produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

90
Q

What is the function of glucagon (from alpha cells) ?

A

increase blood glucose levels by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis)

91
Q

What is the function of insulin (from beta cells) ?

A

decrease blood glucose levels by accelerating transport of glucose into cells via glycogenesis (glucose –> glycogen)

92
Q

What structures are in the ovary and what hormones do they produce?

A

corpus luteum & granulosa cells; progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, relaxin

93
Q

What structures are in the testes and what hormones do they produce?

A

sertoli cells (inhibin) and interstitial cells (testosterone)

94
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A

regulate repro cycle, maintain pregnancy, promote development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics

95
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

prepare uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum

help prepare mammary glands for milk secretion

96
Q

What is the function of relaxin?

A

increase flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy

help dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery

97
Q

What is the function of inhibin in males and females?

A

inhibit secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary

98
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

regulate sperm production

promote secondary sex characteristics

99
Q

What are the 4 thymic hormones?

A

thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF) thymopoietin

100
Q

What are the function of the hormones produced by the thymus?

A

promote maturation of T cells (WBC that destroy microbes and foreign substances)

101
Q

What can hyposecretion of GH lead to?

A

pituitary dwarfism

102
Q

What can hypersecretion of hGH lead to?

A

giantism (childhood)

acromegaly (adulthood)

103
Q

What can hyposecretion of ADH lead to?

A

neurogenic diabetes insipidus

104
Q

What can hyposecretion of thyroid hormone lead to?

A

congenital hypothyroidism (childhood)

myxedema (adulthood)

105
Q

What can hyperthyroidism lead to?

A

Graves disease (immune system attacks thyroid)

106
Q

What can lack of iodine lead to?

A

goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

107
Q

What is type I diabetes?

A

inability to produce insulin b/c immune system destroys beta cells

108
Q

What is type II diabetes?

A

target cells in pancreas have fewer insulin receptors

109
Q

What is hyperinsulism?

A

too much insulin injected by diabetic?

110
Q

Which 2 hormones are also NT?

A

norepinephrine, nitric oxide

111
Q

What happens when blood glucose level goes up?

A

hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon

insulin helps lower blood glucose

112
Q

What happens when blood glucose level goes down?

A

stimulate release of glucagon

inhibits release of insulin

113
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and autocrine?

A

P - local hormones that act on neighbouring cells

A - local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

114
Q

What is the difference between holocrine and apocrine?

A

H - accumulated secretory product ruptures

A - secretory product accumulates at apical surface, pinches off via exocytosis to release

BIOL 1191 - LAB (1 decks)

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