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BIO 1140 Labs > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Revolving Nose piece

A

Supports the various objective lenses and allows for simple changes of magnification

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2
Q

Stage

A

Supports specimen

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3
Q

Coarse Focus Knob, Fine focus knob

A

Allows rapid change and slow change of distance

Rough, final focusing

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4
Q

Ocular/Eyepiece

A

Usually 10x

Look through it to view the specimen

Parfocal

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5
Q

Condenser

A

Lenses that concentrate the light from the illuminator, no mag

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6
Q

Aperture iris diaphragm

A

Reduces glare from unwanted light by adjusting the angle of the cone of light

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7
Q

Resolving Power

A

Ability to see two distinct objects that are close together

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8
Q

Compound microscope:

Working distance decreases when magnification..

A

Increases.

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9
Q

Depth of Focus

A

Number of planes in focus

Increasing magnification decreases depth of focus

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10
Q

To calculate size of an object

screen size

or

scale bar

A

Real size= real FOV/on-screen FOV x on screen size of object

Real size= on screen length of object/on screen length of scale bar x real size of scale bar

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11
Q

Stereoscopic microscope

A

2 oculars (3D image)

Not inverted

Reflected (opaque) or transmitted light

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12
Q

Protoplast

A

Plant, bacterial, fungal cell with cell wall partially/completely removed

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13
Q

Plasmolysis

A

is the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.
 plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure, making the plant cell flaccid (central vacuole shrinks too)

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthetic

Spherical

Move due to cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis

Deliver nutrients, metabolites and genetic info

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15
Q

Micrometer vs Nanometer

A

-6 and -9

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16
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blook cells, contain a large amount of pigment hemoglobin

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17
Q

Hemolysis

A

When volume of cell exceeds a critical volume, cell ruptures and pigment is released. Caused by diffusion of water by osmosis

Can also occur in an isotonic solution of penetrating soltution

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18
Q

Tonicity

A

Relative concentrations of solutes in the fluid inside and outside the cell

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19
Q

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

A

Hypo: increases volume (more concentrated within the cell(

Hyper: decreases volume

Isotonic: Equal osmotic pressures

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20
Q

Aquaporins

A

Membrane proteins that form canals in the membrane

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21
Q

Electrolyte:

A

dissociates into ions in solution

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22
Q

Glycerol

Thiourea

Urea

Dextrose

Sucrose

Triton 100-X

Ethanol

Water

A

G: polar, can penetrate easily

T: Sulfur (electronegative) low solubility, not easily

U: O atom can H bond with water

D: Smaller, fewer OH, readily diffuse

S: Larger, high OH, H bonding, slower diffusion rate

T: great size but increases permeability of the membrane

T: 1-OH large nonpolar easily dissolve in the membrane

Water: small molecules can easily diffuse

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23
Q

Factors affecting the rate of penetration of substance across cell membrane

A

Molecular size

Lipid solubility

Polarity

Ability to form H bonds with water

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24
Q

Hyaline Cap

A

Front hard portion of the ameoba

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25
Q

Plasmagel

Plasmasol

A

Gel: solid

Sol: liquid

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26
Q

Uroid End

A

Posterior end

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27
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of liquid into the cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

The taking in of matter by a living cell nivagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

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29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of bacteria

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30
Q

Mitosis

A

M phase (mitosis and cytokinesi) and Interphase (g1, S, g2)

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31
Q

Interphase

A

Separate 2 cell divisions, period of growth and preparation

G1: growth, active synthesis of macromolecules

S: (sythesis) replication of DNA, synthesis of DNA associated proteins or microtubule associated proteins

At end, chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids

G2: protein sytnth and production of structures needed for mitosis (spindle fibres)

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32
Q

Kinetochore

A

Button like structure linking hte chromosome to mitotic spindle

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33
Q

Interphase

A

Growth, macromolecules, organelle assembly, DNA replication

Most cells in this stage at a given time

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34
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes shorten, thicken

2 chromatids at centromere

Microtubules disassemble

Nucleoli disappear

Centrosome duplicate

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35
Q

Prometaphase

A

Breakdown of nuclear membrane

Centrosomes are at opposite poles

On centromere of each chromatid, a kinetochore forms

Chromosomes migrate towards metaphase equatorial plate

36
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle tubules formed

Centromeres start to separate

37
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres seaprate and each daughter chromatid moves to opposite poles

Cytokinesis begins

38
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes decondense

Nuclear membrane reappears

Nuclei reform

Sprindle disappears

Cytokinesis occurs

39
Q

Feulgen Stain

A

Colors DNA containing structures magenta red

First hydrolyzed with HCL to remove purine bases and form free aldehyde group on deoxyribose, to react with the stain

40
Q

Apical meristems

Region of elongation

and root cap

Quinticentent centre

A

Growth centre found in root tips and stem tips

Just above cell division

Dead cells which protect from AM and pushes through soil

zone at the base of apical meristream, realive inactive region where cells remain in G1

41
Q

Xylem cells

Phloem Cells

A

Transport water and salts from soil to rest of plants

Transport carbs from photosynthetic portion of plant to roots

42
Q

Meiosis

A

Chromosome # remains stable

Genetic diversity

In plants: alteration

Diploid: sporophyte undergoes meiosis to for haploid spores (gemetophytes) which fuse to form zygote

Animals: alteration of ploidy levels

Diploid prodcues haploid (gametogenesis)

Male and female gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

43
Q

Premeiotic Interphase

A

Similar to mitosis: but

20x longer

Sex chromosomes at beginning

Larger nucleus

44
Q

Prophase I

A

Longest stage

Leptotene – initial condensation of chromosomes  appear as single threads. Telomeres *tips of chromosomes* are attached to nuclear membrane

2) Zygotene – maternally and paternally derived copies of each homologous pair of chromosomes line up along their lengths (process = synapsis)
Chromatids of homologous chromosomes interwine and form a synaptonemal complex

3) Pachytene – adjacent chromatids break and join in a process called crossing over
Fully pairred homologues are called tetrads (4 chromatids)/ bivalents

4) Diplotene – chiasmata (region of crossing over) becomes visible
Synaptonemal complex disappears, and chrimosomes detach from nuclear membrane

5) Dikinesis
- Condensation of chromosomes finishes, final modifications occur, chromosomes are ready for division; nucleoli disappear

45
Q

Metaphase I

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Paired homologues line up at the plate

Ordering of maternal and paternal homologues occurs at random

46
Q
  • Anaphase I
A

Centromeres do not split- homologues are pulled away from each other

47
Q

Telophase I

A

Chromosomes decondense

Nuclear membrane reforms

Cytokinesis

48
Q

Interkinesis

A

Like interphase in between M 1 and 2

No DNA replication or centriole duplication

49
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes recondense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms

50
Q

Mataphase II

A

2 chromatid chromosomes line up

51
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles, cytokinesis begins

52
Q

Telophase II

A
  • chromosomes decondense, nucleoli reform, nuclear membrane forms around each product, cytokinesis finishes

Results in 4 haploid and genetically different cells

53
Q

Microspores

Megaspores

Process of creation

A

Male spores (anthers, pollen sac) Spermatogenesis

Female spores (oogenisis)

Sporogeneous cells become surrounded by layers of sterile cells  innermost layers develop into cells that provide nutrition to the developic microscospore (tapetum) + outermost layer forms wall of microsporangium

sporogenous cells develop into microsporocytes, which divide by meiosis into microspores

Microspores divide mitotically to form a tube cell and a microgametophyte.

These cells and the spore wall form the pollen grain.

54
Q

Ascaris fertilization shell: 3 layers

A

Outer membrane: the fertilization membrane with outer protein layer

The chitinous layer

The ascaroside layer and the perivitelline space

55
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Largely stained outer cells, well defined nuclei

Divides by mitosis to produce more

Half of this population underoges meiosis to become sperm, the other half to replenish

56
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

2n located just below spermatogonia, not as darkly stained

Large cells undergoing first meiotic division

57
Q

Secondary spermatocyte

A

n

Product of first meiotic division, undergo second division to produce spermatids

58
Q

Spermatids

A

n small circular cells that differentiate into functional spermatozoa

59
Q

Spermatozoa

A

n

possess very long thin flagellum, located near the lumen

60
Q

Nurse cells (Sertoli cells)

A

large nurse cells found in the walls of the seminiferous tubules which feed and regulate the differentiation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa

61
Q

Primary follicles or Primordial, Unilaminar

A

Small, round structure at the periphery of the ovary

Each contains one oogonium (2n) surrounded by a layer of follicular cells

Cytokineiss of primary oocyte at the end of Meiosis I produces a large secondary oocyte and a polar body

62
Q

Growing follicles

A

Larger follicles with a few layers of follicular cells

63
Q

Graafian follicles

A

Very large follicles, most space is occupied by a large fluid filled cavity

Mature oocyte would be found at the centre of the follicle

Secondary/mature oocyte

When mature follicle ruptures at ovulation, the mature oocyte is released

Comes near to the epithelium prior to ovulation

64
Q

Growing follicle (primary multilaminar)

A

Slightly deeper in the ovary, surrounded by several layers of follicular cells. Contains a primary oocyte

65
Q

Oocyte

A

The cell that undergoes meiosis in the ovary.

Primary and secondary (mature with shell)

66
Q

Perivitelline Space

A

Space between the membrane and the inside of the oocyte, this is where the polaar body resides after meiosis

67
Q

Polar Body

A

During cytokinesis, the cells sometimes divide unevenly.

Most of the cytoplasm is in one daughter cell, the egg/ovum

The other smaller cells are called polar bodies. They frequently die but can be part of the lift cycle as well.

68
Q

Ascaris

A

In telophase I the first polar body extrudes with 2 double chromosomes. In t2 the second polar body is expelled, 2 chromatids.. leaving 2 chromosomes

69
Q

Tapetum

A

Layer of nutritive cells within the sporangium (anther)

70
Q

Parenchymatous tissue

A

Soft cellular tissue in plants

Soft parts of leaves, pulp, bark, etc.

71
Q

Chiasmata

A

In late prophase, might be visible.

Point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occurs between strands

72
Q

Seminiferous tubules and

it’s lumen

A

Where sperm production occurs and the centre of the cell

73
Q

Is the working distance greater or smaller if you were to switch from 40x to 10x?

A
74
Q

T/F: the depth of field increase with the magnification factor?

A

False

75
Q

(5 / 10) x 1 mm =


A - 2000µm


B - 5000µm


C - 500µm


D - 200µm

A

C

76
Q

Is reflected or transmitted light preferable for observations of an opaque sample with the dissecting microscope?

A

Reflected

77
Q

What type of solution causes plasmolyis?

A

Hypertonic, HIgh concentration of NaCl

78
Q

How would CAT look under the stereomicroscope?

A

CAT

79
Q

Which of these is granular? Ectoplasm, or endoplasm

A

Endoplasm

80
Q

What’s 2mm +500 um + 0.1 cm in micrometers?

A

3500 um

81
Q

What is happening during systole?

A

Contractile vacuole in amoeba releases the contents

82
Q

What is happening during the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

83
Q

150 um + 1mm +0.3 cm (in um)

A

4150 um

84
Q

In what region of the cell do chromosomes align themselves during metaphase?

A

Equatorial plate

85
Q

What chemical group does the Feulgen stain react with?

A

Aldehydes

86
Q

Mitotic spindle fibres are made of actin polymers?

A

NO. Tubulin microtubules

BIO 1140 Labs (1 decks)

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