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ANTH 350 > LAB EXAM #3 > Flashcards

LAB EXAM #3 Flashcards

1
Q

In this course, we are defining members of a genus as those that share a __________________ and utilize a similar ______________

A

recent common ancestor

adaptive strategy

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2
Q

What is distinct about the premolars when it comes to Hominini?

A

premolar 3 is like premolar 4

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3
Q

What is the brain size for gracile australopithecines?

A

480cc

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4
Q

Behaviours in an ethogram should be defined in such a way that they are ________________ and _____________

A

mutually exclusive

objective

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5
Q

Paranthropus can also be referred to as the ________ australopithecines

A

robust

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6
Q

What happens to the forest landscape during the Miocene?

A

tropical forests are replaced with open woodlands and savannas

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7
Q

Would you expect a hominoid to have a tail?

A

no tail

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8
Q

Frequent leapers have an extensive articulation of the distal _________ and ________ providing a stable and immobile joint

A

tibia

fibula

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9
Q

Which taxon has been called a “wastebasket taxon” (because there’s so much variation that many hominin fossils from the latest Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene have been dumped there)?

A

Homo habilis

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10
Q

Some of the more diagnostic features of our tribe Hominini pertain to their unique form of locomotion: _____________

A

bipedalism

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11
Q

What date is associated with Proconsul africanus?

A

14-23 MYA

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12
Q

What is the other family in the Fayum during the Oligocene besides the Propliopithecidae?

A

Parapithecidae

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13
Q

Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 100-150?

A

brachiation (overhead suspension)

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14
Q

Having arched feet increases the stiffness of our feet. Why is this important for bipedal locomotion?

A

stiff feet are more stable

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15
Q

We know that Homo habilis was an obligate biped, however, it still had some ape-like traits. What are these?

A
  • limb proportions still somewhat primitive (arms slightly longer relative to legs)
  • slightly curved phalanges
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16
Q

____________ traits are traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry

A

homologous

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17
Q

When did Homo neanderthalensis show up in the fossil record?

A

130 KYA

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18
Q

For a hominoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the placement of their scapulae?

A

dorsally placed scapulae

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19
Q

Relative to the ancestral mammalian condition, is the general trend in Primates to increase or reduce the number of teeth overall?

A

reduce

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20
Q

Which species is this?

A

Australopithecus anamensis

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21
Q

If you’re looking at a primate that has enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints, a high intermembral index (hindlimbs are not elongated), and a short tarsal bone, what can you infer about its mode of locomotion?

A

specialized slow quadrupedalism

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22
Q

Where was Paranthropus aethiopicus found?

A

East and possibly South Africa

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23
Q

How many cusps do our incisors have?

A

only 1

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24
Q

A __________________ is a hypothesis that depicts the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

A

phylogenetic tree

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25
Q

In terms of bipedalism, what would you expect to notice about the position of the foramen magnum?

A

anteriorly positioned foramen magnum

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26
Q

What is the brain size of Australopithecus africanus?

A

420-500cc

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27
Q

The 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene were members of the genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Who was gracile and who was robust?

A
  • Australopithecus* = gracile
  • Paranthropus* = robust
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28
Q

By around 1.5 MYA, Homo erectus had developed a somewhat more complex array of tools, classified as the _____________ tool industry

A

Acheulean

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29
Q

__________________ is also sometimes referred to as “archaic Homo sapiens”

A

Homo heidelbergensis

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30
Q

Which species was found in assoication with flaked stone tools that, until recently, were thought to be the earliest tools found with a hominin?

A

Homo habilis

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31
Q

What date range is associated with the Miocene?

A

23-5 MYA

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32
Q

A notable change observed with Homo erectus is the expansion of the cranial capacity from the 600cc of ___________ to as much as 900cc

A

Homo habilis

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33
Q

What are some evolutionary trends from early hominins to Homo sapiens?

A
  • encephalization (cranial capacity increases relative to body size)
  • reduced prognathism
  • reduced incisors
  • reduced canines
  • reduced cheek teeth
  • bipedalism
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34
Q

Describe the LCA between chimps and ourselves

A
  • ape-sized body and brain
  • long arms and fingers
  • opposable hallux
  • large, sharp, and sexually dimorphic canines
  • quadrupedal when on the ground
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35
Q

What’s special about the femoral condyles in frequent leapers?

A

deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft

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36
Q

How many species fall under the category of being “robust early hominins”? What are they?

A

3

  • Paranthropus aethiopicus*
  • Paranthropus boisei*
  • Paranthropus robustus*
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37
Q

How many soda cans of fluid could a modern human braincase hold?

A

3.5

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38
Q

A general arboreal trait is to have a __________ and ____________ hallux

A

large

opposable

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39
Q

When we talk about the Australopithecus genus from the Pliocene, the species we’re generally talking about is Australopithecus ___________

A

afarensis

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40
Q

How did Homo sapiens differ from early members of the genus Homo?

A
  • more gracile
  • reduced supraorbital tori
  • further reduced dentition
  • well-developed chin
  • complex behaviours
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41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Phylogeny is not concerned with time

A

FALSE

phylogeny is concerned with time (e.g., when did a specific trait evolve, when did two groups diverge from each other, etc.)

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42
Q

What type of locomotor pattern do the vast majority of primates exhibit?

A

arboreal quadrupedalism

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43
Q

What is the primitive mammalian condition when it comes to premolars?

A

uniform in shape and unicuspid

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44
Q

What date is associated with Ardipithecus ramidus?

A

4.4 MYA

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45
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect an unfused mandibular symphysis?

A

no, you’d expect a fused mandibular symphysis

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46
Q

For bipedalism, would you observe anything special with the hallux?

A

non-opposable hallux

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47
Q

In the Oligocene (34-23 MYA), you’d expect to observe anthropoid traits. In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you’d expect to observe ___________ traits

A

hominoid

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48
Q

Which tool industry is this from?

A

Oldowan

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49
Q

Gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans are said to have large brains (300-600ml), but members of the tribe ___________ are said to have very large brains (1000-1800ml)

A

Hominini

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50
Q

What is the brain size of Australopithecus afarensis?

A

375-500cc

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51
Q

What is ancillary data?

A

data that has been added to given data (extra things you could record, examples are posture of the subject, climatic factors, etc.)

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52
Q

Why is Homo heidelbergensis sometimes considered as “transitional” or “archaic” Homo sapiens?

A

because H. heidelbergensis appears to be morphologically intermediate between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens (also between H. erectus and H. neandertalensis)

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53
Q

What date is associated with Homo heidelbergensis?

A

600-200 KYA

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54
Q

Where was Ardipithecus ramidus found?

A

Ethiopia

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55
Q

__________ sampling is when the researcher records the behaviours they observe with little or no reference to specific, well-defined methods (this is a good method for initial observations and question formation for later research)

A

ad-libitum

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56
Q

In terms of the hominin phylogeny, who should be basal?

A

Australopithecus

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57
Q

Where was Australopithecus afarensis found?

A

Ethiopia and Tanzania

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58
Q

List the features associated with frequent leapers

A
  • long femur
  • proximally located trochanters
  • short femoral neck
  • deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft
  • tibia which are mediolaterally compressed (which counteracts anterior/posterior bending)
  • an extensive articulation of the distal tibia and fibula providing a stable and immobile joint
  • extensive elongation of the calcaneous
  • long tarsal bone
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59
Q

Members of the Parapithecidae family resemble the new world monkeys (ceboids) with their dental formula of ___________ and the fact that their frontal and temporal bones ____________

A

2133

touch

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60
Q

What species is this?

A

Ardipithecus ramidus

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61
Q

Do hominins have thick or thin enamel?

A

thick enamel

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62
Q

Degree of _____________ is another term for brain-to-body-size ratio

A

encephalization

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63
Q

What term is missing?

A

Hominini

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64
Q

The “gracile early hominins” is a group composed of 3 species of Australopithecus and 1 species of ____________

A

Ardipithecus

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65
Q

What is the brain size for Paranthropus?

A

550cc

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66
Q

What does this image represent?

A

polyphyly

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67
Q

What does it mean to do continuous sampling?

A

record an individual’s behaviour continuously throughout the specified time period (not just at slices of time)

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68
Q

What is a chimpanzee’s cranial capacity?

A

320-480cc

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69
Q

What date is associated with the use of the Levallois technique?

A

385-40 KYA

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70
Q

How can we explain why Homo sapiens have smaller incisors, smaller cheek teeth, and reduced prognathism?

A

they were able to do a lot of pre-processing food with tools

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71
Q

How does a paraphyletic group differ from a monophyletic group?

A

a monophyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor

a paraphyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor but it does not include all the descendants

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72
Q

What date range is associated with the Oligocene?

A

34-23 MYA

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73
Q

What is the average brain size for Homo sapiens?

A

1350 cc

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74
Q

What term is missing?

A

Homininae

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75
Q

What is special about the femoral angle when it comes to bipedalism?

A

medially angled femur

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76
Q

Which species was the first to control fire, construct shelters, and show signs of a greater level of cooperation?

A

Homo erectus

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77
Q

Where do cercopithecoids live?

A

Africa and Asia

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78
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, what do branch points indicate?

A

when new species diverged from a common ancestor

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79
Q

Where was the earliest discovery of the Homo erectus species found?

A

Java

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80
Q

Where was Proconsul africanus found?

A

Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda

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81
Q

What are the pieces of evidence you should look for that suggest an insectivorous diet?

A
  • smaller body size (below Kay’s threshold of 500g)
  • higher, more pointed cusps for puncture crushing
  • large shearing crests
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82
Q

Who is the apparent descendant of Homo habilis?

A

Homo erectus

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83
Q

__________________ data would allow you to collect data on a particular behaviour that occurs at any time during sampling (this type of data collection involves writing down every time your study animal engages in a particular behaviour)

A

all observed occurance data

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84
Q

When it comes to dentition, the general trend is a reduction in the size of cheek teeth. However, there is a blip in the trend. Who actually has an increase in the robustness of their cheek teeth?

A

Australopithecus and Paranthropus

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85
Q

What does this Homo habilis foot show in terms of evidence for bipedalism?

A

the foot’s arch and general shape are similar to our own (Homo habilis’s walking gait was identical to that of a modern human)

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86
Q

You find a primate that’s large (over 500g), has large shearing crests on its cheek teeth, has thin enamel, and has small incisors. What can you infer about its diet?

A

folivorous

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87
Q

Frequent leapers have tibias which are ________________ compressed, which counteracts anterior/posterior bending

A

mediolaterally

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88
Q

____________ is the science of classification

A

taxonomy

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89
Q

We know that Mousterian tools are associated with Neanderthals, but what evidence suggests that they may not be exclusive to Neanderthals?

A

Mousterian tools are found in Northeastern Africa but no Neanderthal fossils have been found there

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90
Q

What is the dental formula for a ceboid?

A

2133

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91
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In Homo erectus, molar size is increased

A

FALSE

in Homo erectus molar size is reduced

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92
Q

What does it mean to do instantaneous sampling?

A

you record the behaviour only at pre-determined intervals

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93
Q

When we talk about the Paranthropus genus from the Pliocene hominins, the species we’re generally talking about is Paranthropus ____________

A

boisei

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94
Q

What would you note about the canines when it comes to Hominini?

A

small, non-sexually dimorphic canines

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95
Q

Are hominoids more closely related to propliopithecoids or parapithecoids?

A

hominoids are more closely related to propliopithecoids (parapithecoids led to the platyrrhines)

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96
Q

What is the brain size for Paranthropus boisei?

A

500-550cc

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97
Q

What is a cusp?

A

an occlusal or incisal eminence on a tooth (the pointy bit that makes contact with other teeth)

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98
Q

What date is associated with the Mousterian industry?

A

160-35 KYA

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99
Q

If a skull has no postorbital bar or postorbital closure, what does that tell us?

A

it’s not a primate

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100
Q

What term is missing?

A

Hominidae

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101
Q

When did anatomically modern Homo sapiens show up?

A

200 KYA

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102
Q

What is the superfamily for cercopithecoids (old world monkeys)?

A

Cercopithecoidea

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103
Q

Which species is credited with developing the Acheulean tool industry?

A

Homo erectus

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104
Q

What is the brain size for Homo habilis?

A

600-700cc

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105
Q

Where was Paranthropus robustus found?

A

South Africa

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106
Q

What species is this?

A

Paranthropus aethiopicus

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107
Q

What are some theories as to why Homo neanderthalensis went extinct?

A
  • outcompeted by Homo sapiens
  • wiped out by infectious diseases brought by Homo sapiens
  • climate becoming colder and dryer
  • inability to form large social groups like Homo sapiens
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108
Q

Describe a hominoid’s rib cage

A

broad and shallow

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109
Q

What is the term we use to describe molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows?

A

bilophodont molars

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110
Q

______________ tools encompass choppers, anvils, hammerstones, and un-retouched sharp-edged flakes

A

Oldowan

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111
Q

What evidence would you expect to see that suggests a folivorous diet?

A
  • larger body size (over 500g)
  • cheek teeth have large shearing crests
  • thin tooth enamel (which results in more shearing crests as the teeth wear down)
  • small incisors compared to frugivores
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112
Q

Besides the skull, we also have the ___________ for Australopithecus anamensis that is indicated of bipedal locomotion

A

tibia

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113
Q

What species is this?

A

Paranthropus boisei

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114
Q

What types of tools are associated with the Mousterian industry?

A

scrapers, knives, points

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115
Q

Which tool industry is Homo habilis associated with?

A

Oldowan

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116
Q

Which species is this?

A

Homo habilis

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117
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of postorbital closure?

A

almost complete postorbital closure

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118
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For an ethogram, it is essential that behavioural units are defined in such a way that an animal can only be doing one behaviour at a time

A

TRUE

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119
Q

Acheulean tools are generally large, ovoid, _________ flaked, and made according to specific _______________

A

bifacially flaked

mental templates

120
Q

What function did Oldowan tools serve?

A

cutting and crushing

121
Q

Which genus represents a “dead end” on the hominin phylogeny?

A

Paranthropus

122
Q

For australopithecines, if the terms “robust” and “gracile” don’t have anything to do with body size, then what features are we referring to?

A

jaws

cheek teeth

assumed musculature related to chewing (masseter and temporalis)

123
Q

You can say “parabolic tooth row”, or you can say “parabolic dental _________”

A

arcade

124
Q

One of the __________ distinguishing features is the _____ dental pattern

A

hominoid

Y-5

125
Q

In the lab procedure, when asked to do a focal sample, how many individuals are you supposed to watch at once?

A

only 1

126
Q

When did Homo heidelbergensis show up?

A

by the Middle Pleistocene (400 KYA)

127
Q

For Hominini, they have ___________ tooth rows

A

parabolic

128
Q

Prosimians are a ____________ group that contains both Strepsirhines and Tarsiers

A

paraphyletic

129
Q

Hominini is associated with having a ___________ (flat) face

A

orthognathic

130
Q

What are the 6 derived traits you’d expect to see in an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid?

A
  1. almost complete postorbital closure
  2. more forward facing eyes (compared to Plesiadapifromes of the Paleocene)
  3. a fused frontal bone
  4. a fused mandibular symphysis
  5. a larger brain (compared to Plesiadapiformes of the Paleocene)
  6. a lacrimal bone within the eye orbits rather than on the snout
131
Q

What term describes the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?

A

Hominidae

132
Q

List some of the 10 topics primatologists are interested in

A
  • conservation
  • evolution of social behaviour
  • cognition
  • evolutionary biology
  • ethics
  • primate diets
  • ecology
  • life history
  • disease ecology
  • biomedical research
133
Q

Oldowan tools do not show the regularity or symmetry that later tools such as the _____________ show

A

Acheulean

134
Q

What is a nickname for Australopithecus afarensis?

A

Lucy

135
Q

Which species is this?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

136
Q

What were the 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene?

A
  • gracile members of the genus Australopithecus
  • robust members of the genus Paranthropus
137
Q

How do tools made using the Levallois technique (aka Mousterian tools) differ from Oldowan and Acheulean tools?

A

the Levallois technique allows the toolmaker to prepare a core in such a way that the flakes removed from it will have a specific shape and dimension and can become the tools themselves

138
Q

What is the technique required to make these tools called?

A

Levallois technique

139
Q

What date is associated with Australopithecus afarensis?

A

2.6-3.6 MYA

140
Q

Who are we talking about when we say “pongid”?

A

chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

141
Q

Which species is this?

A

Homo erectus

142
Q

Which muscles do the short, broad, and ventrally-wrapped ilium attach to?

A

abductor hip muscles

143
Q

What does it mean if a trait is “derived”?

A

the trait is new, it wasn’t present in the LCA

144
Q

Frequent leapers have ______________ located trochanters

A

proximally

145
Q

What is the function of having a postorbital bar or postorbital closure?

A

protect the eye during mastication

146
Q

During the __________, we saw the rise of the earliest members of our tribe, Hominini

A

Pliocene

147
Q

What is worth noting about Homo neanderthalensis?

A
  • long, low skull (compared to the more globular skull of Homo sapiens)
  • occipital bun
  • prominent browridge
  • more prognathism than Homo sapiens
  • -* large nose (large nasal aperture)
148
Q

What percentage of the DNA of Neanderthals may survive in contemporary humans?

A

20%

149
Q

What happens to the climate during the Miocene?

A

the climate becomes cooler and drier

150
Q

Finding similarities between non-human primates and ourselves can give us an idea of _________ a trait evolved in our lineage and what _________ that trait may have served in our ancestor

A

when a trait evolved

function of the trait

151
Q

What would you observe as being the result of bipedalism when it comes to the foot?

A

inflexible foot with distinctive arch

152
Q

What locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 50-80?

A

vertical clinging and leaping or bipedalism

153
Q

A trait of bipedality is a _______ femoral neck

A

long

154
Q

What species is this?

A

Australopithecus africanus

155
Q

In terms of general arboreal features, what would you expect to notice about the digits (both the hands and feet)?

A

long and dextrous digits

156
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the direction of the eyes?

A

more forward facing eyes than Plesiadapiformes from the Paleocene

157
Q

What are some of the morphological characteristics associated with bipedalism?

A
  • anteriorly positioned foramen magnum
  • S-curved spine
  • ilium are short and broad
  • inflexible foot with arch
  • non-opposable hallux
  • medially angled femur
  • a larger medial than lateral condyle on the femur
  • robust and platform like talus
158
Q

When looking at members of the genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, you’d observe a similar body size. However, you would notice that paranthropines had much larger _________ and ___________________

A

teeth

masticatory apparatuses

159
Q

Who is older: Homo habilis or Homo erectus?

A

Homo habilis

160
Q

What are the functional implications of having medially angled femurs?

A
  • puts knees directly under spine
  • widens hips for additional balance
161
Q

Which species was the first fossil hominin found outside of Africa?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

162
Q

Which species is believed to have possibly practiced deliberate burial?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

163
Q

What term is missing?

A

Hominoidea

164
Q

Another bipedal trait is having a ________ ischium

A

short

165
Q

In species with large upper canines, the lower 3rd premolar assumes a peculiar shape known as ___________

A

sectorial

166
Q

___________ sampling can be described as “slice in time” sampling

A

focal time

167
Q

What date is associated with Australopithecus africanus?

A

2.3-3.2 MYA

168
Q

What date is associated with the Acheulean tool industry?

A

1.5 MYA - 200 KYA

169
Q

What species is this?

A

Proconsul africanus

170
Q

What is the brain size for Homo neanderthalensis?

A

1450cc

171
Q

In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you’d expect to see a suite of 6 hominoid traits. Name them

A
  • dorsally placed scapulae
  • a broad and shallow rib cage
  • no tail
  • long forearms with long phalanges
  • reduced olecranon process
  • Y-5 dental pattern
172
Q

What is worth noting about Paranthropus boisei?

A
  • sagittal crest (stronger attachment for the temporalis muscle)
  • large cheek teeth (molars and premolars)
  • flaring zygomatic arches (creating a larger opening for bigger jaw muscles to pass through)
  • very wide and dish-shaped faced
173
Q

In terms of general arboreality, would you expect the joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle) to be more mobile or more rigid?

A

joints more mobile

174
Q

What are some notable traits about Plesiadapiforms (as compared to Prosimians)?

A

Plesiadapiforms have:

longer snouts

no postorbital bar or closure

smaller braincase,

larger incisors

diastema (gap between incisors and remaining teeth)

hindlimbs and forelimbs are relatively equal in length

175
Q

What can you say about the length of the femoral neck for frequent leapers?

A

frequent leapers have short femoral necks

176
Q

What date is associated with the Oldowan tool industry?

A

2.5 MYA - 700 KYA

177
Q

How do Homo neanderthalensis faces compare to Homo sapiens?

A

Homo neanderthalensis have faces that are more prognathic and they have a continuous brow ridge

178
Q

Which species is this?

A

Homo heidelbergensis

179
Q

Would you see an increase or a reduction in the olecranon process for hominoids?

A

reduced olecranon process

180
Q

Describe a hominoid’s forearms and phalanges

A

long forearms with curved phalanges

181
Q

_______________ has been found in Africa, China, India, and Europe and seems to possess a mosaic of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits

A

Homo heidelbergensis

182
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Homo neanderthalensis always made Mousterian tools

A

FALSE

Homo neanderthalensis started making Acheulean tools but later transitioned to making Mousterian tools

183
Q

Would we expect Australopithecus to have opposable halluces?

A

no

184
Q

How many species are lumped into the category of being “gracile early hominins”? What are they?

A

4

  • Ardipithecus ramidus*
  • Australopithecus anamensis*
  • Australopithecus afarensis*
  • Australopithecus africanus*
185
Q

What species is this?

A

Paranthropus robustus

186
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: There were 3 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene

A

FALSE

there were 2 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene

187
Q

A general arboreal traits among many primates is that they have a mobile _____________________ joint (a joint between the calcaneus and talus and the navicular and cuboid)

A

mobile transverse tarsal joint

188
Q

Would you expect a long or a short tarsal bone for a frequent leaper?

A

long tarsal bone

189
Q

Which species was able to move out of Africa and into Asia where it was able to survive in diverse and often harsh environments sometime before 1.8 MYA?

A

Homo erectus

190
Q

Who is more widespread geographically: Homo habilis or Homo erectus?

A

Homo erectus

191
Q

What is the difference between cercopithecoids and hominoids in terms of their molars?

A

cercopithecoids have bilophodont molars

hominoids have a Y-5 cusp pattern in their lower molars

192
Q

Where do the ceboids live?

A

South and Central America

193
Q

What is worth noting about Paranthropus aethiopicus?

A
  • strongly prognathic face
  • large teeth
  • well-developed sagittal crest
194
Q

What does it mean to be a lumper vs a splitter?

A

lumper: to focus on similarities between taxa
splitter: to focus on differences between taxa

195
Q

What’s special about the talus when it comes to bipedalism?

A

robust and platform-like

196
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

a list (with descriptions) of the different kinds of behaviour exhibited by an animal

197
Q

List the general primate adaptations to arboreality

A
  • long and dextrous digits
  • more mobile joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle)
  • mobile transverse tarsal joint
  • large, opposable hallux
198
Q

Which industry do these tools come from?

A

Acheulean

199
Q

What is the term used to describe only chimpanzees and humans?

A

Hominini

200
Q

Who has a larger brain: Homo habilis or australopithecines?

A

Homo habilis is larger (600-700cc)

201
Q

Hominini uses bipedal locomotion. What do gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans use?

A

quadrupedal locomotion

202
Q

Why is sampling needed when a group of animals are being observed?

A

it is unrealistic to provide a complete description of the behaviour of an entire group of animals

203
Q

Why is the lateral lip of the femur important for bipedality?

A

it prevents the patella from dislocating

204
Q

The dental wear patterns for Paranthropus suggest a diet like a modern-day _________: leaves and grasses

A

rhinocerus

205
Q

There are 2 arches of the foot. What are they called?

A

longitudinal and transverse

206
Q

Is a Y-5 molar associated with the cercopithecoids and the hominoids or the ceboids?

A

ceropithecoids and hominoids

207
Q

What date range is associated with the Pliocene?

A

5.3-2.6 MYA

208
Q

We cannot uniquely attribute Oldowan tools with Homo habilis as they have been found at sites with 2 other species: ______________ and ________________

A
  • Paranthropus boisei*
  • Homo erectus*
209
Q

What date is associated with Paranthropus boisei?

A

1.2-2.2 MYA

210
Q

What are some problems with focal sampling?

A
  • continuous vs instantaneous sampling
  • what if the other animals are doing more interesting things?
  • animals often out of view
  • need to recognize the individuals
211
Q

When did the first primates originate?

A

55-50 MYA (during the Eocene)

212
Q

For bipedalism you’d expect a larger medial than lateral condyle on the __________

A

femur

213
Q

What date range is associated with the Eocene?

A

56-34 MYA

214
Q

Which species has the nickname “handy-man”?

A

Homo habilis

215
Q

The ______________ industry is the most widespread and longest-lived tool industry known

A

Acheulean

216
Q

We now know that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens shared their last common ancestor, likely in Africa, between _______ and ______ KYA

A

550-765 KYA

217
Q

What date is associated with Homo habilis?

A

2.3- 1.7 MYA

218
Q

What is the formula to calculate the intermembral index?

A

((humerus + radius) / (femur + tibia)) x 100

219
Q

What date is associated with Paranthropus robustus?

A

1.5-2.0 MYA

220
Q

There are other important Hominini traits besides those just related to bipedalism. Name them

A
  • parabolic tooth rows
  • premolar 3 is like premolar 4
  • small, non-sexually dimorphic canines
  • orthognathic (flat) face
  • very large brain
  • presence of a chin
221
Q

_______________ include hominoids (apes and humans), cercopithecoids (old world monkeys), and ceboids (new world monkeys)

A

anthropoids

222
Q

Where was Paranthropus boisei found?

A

East Africa

223
Q

What is the nickname given to the most complete Homo erectus skeleton we have?

A

Turkana boy

224
Q

One thing that frequent leapers are known for is the extensive elongation of the _______________

A

calcaneus

225
Q

What term is missing?

A

Catarhini

226
Q

Cercopithecoids have ____________ molars and hominoids have _________ molars

A

cercopithecoids = bilophodont

hominoids = Y-5

227
Q

Where was Australopithecus africanus found?

A

East and South Africa

228
Q

What family does the species Aegyptopithecus zeuxis come from?

A

Propliopithecidae

229
Q

What weight is associated with Kay’s threshold?

A

500g

230
Q

Purported members of the genus Homo first appear in the Pliocene between ______ and _______ million years ago

A

3.0-2.5

231
Q

Would a frequent lemur have a short or a long femur?

A

long femur

232
Q

What is special about the most 4th premolar in primates?

A

it has 1 or 2 extra cusps (molarization), which is an adaptation that extends the cheek-tooth row for a herbivorous diet

233
Q

A trait of bipedality is a ________ medial condyle of the femur

A

large

234
Q

What is the superfamily associated with the ceboids (new world monkeys)?

A

ceboidea

235
Q

When did Homo erectus appear and where?

A

1.9 MYA

Africa

236
Q

When did the LCA for the genera Pan and Homo live?

A

6-7 MYA

237
Q

Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index value of 80-100?

A

quadrupedalism

238
Q

The Levallois technique is consider a ___________ technique

A

prepared core

239
Q

What percentage of European and Asian ancestry was inherited from Neanderthals?

A

1.5-2.1%

240
Q

You find a specimen of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. Would you expect it to have Y-5 molars?

A

yes

241
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect the frontal bone to be fused?

A

yes

242
Q

What are the common tool types associated with the Acheulean industry?

A

hand axes, picks, cleavers

243
Q

Similarities between different species, or groups of species, are used as evidence that these groups are closely related. What kinds of similarities?

A
  • similar anatomy
  • similar physiology
  • similar behaviours
  • genetic evidence
244
Q

When it comes to bipedalism, you’d expect to see ilium which are _________ and ____________

A

short

broad

245
Q

What term is used to describe all Old World monkeys?

A

Catarrhini

246
Q

What date is associated with Paranthropus aethiopicus?

A

2.2-2.8 MYA

247
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In primates, having large canines is usually related to diet

A

FALSE

in primates, having large canines is usually related to male-male competition

248
Q

What’s the difference between Strepsirrhines and Haplorhines when it comes to postorbital bar vs postorbital closure?

A

Strepsirrhines have postorbital bars

Haplorrhines have postorbital closure

249
Q

The regularity of form associated with the ____________ industry was absent in all earlier tool industries

A

Acheulean

250
Q

What’s notable about Ardipithecus ramidus’s mix of traits?

A

mix of primitive and derived features suggests bipedal locomotion and efficient tree climbing (head very hominin-like, body more ape-like)

251
Q

Today, we have over 100 specimens of _____________ found in South Africa, East Africa, Northwest Africa, Spain, France, Italy, Britain, Georgia, China, and Indonesia

A

Homo erectus

252
Q

Like Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis (aka Lucy) has an interesting mix of both ____________ and ____________ adaptations

A

arboreal

terrestrial

253
Q

What species is this?

A

Australopithecus afarensis

254
Q

What is the brain size of Paranthropus aethiopicus?

A

410cc

255
Q

Where was Australopithecus anamensis found?

A

Kenya

256
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Neanderthals only made tools from stones

A

FALSE

in addition to stone, Neanderthals used bone, ivory, and antler to make tools

257
Q

List the features associated with specialized slow quadrupedalism

A
  • enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints
  • hindlimbs which are not elongated compared to their forelimbs
  • shallow bicipital groove and thick deltopectoral crest on their humerus
  • femoral head that is rotated proximedially
  • greater trochanter that is equal in height to the femoral head
  • distal femur that is as wide or wider than it is deep
  • short tarsal bone
258
Q

___________ traits are traits that have evolved for similar functions but don’t come from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)

A

analogous

259
Q

What is the brain size for Homo erectus?

A

900cc

260
Q

What is the superfamily we belong to?

A

Hominoidea

261
Q

Hominini has parabolic tooth rows whereas gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have ____________ tooth rows

A

parallel

262
Q

When did Homo sapiens first show up?

A

300 KYA

263
Q

What is special to note about Homo erectus in terms of how they differed from earlier hominin species?

A
  • expansion of the brain (to as much as 900cc)
  • expansion out of Africa
264
Q

You observe a small primate (less than 500g) that has high, pointed cusps and large shearing crests. What can you infer about its diet?

A

insectivorous

265
Q

What would you observe about the spine as a result of bipedal locomotion?

A

spine with an S-curve

266
Q

What date is associated with Australopithecus anamensis?

A

3.5-4.2 MYA

267
Q

Australopithecus is adapted to bipedal locomotion, and we know this because they have a short, broad pelvis and they don’t have opposable halluces anymore. What evidence do we have that Australopithecus is still spending some time in the trees?

A

long forearms with long, somewhat curved phalanges

268
Q

A notable morphological trait of Homo heidelbergensis is the presence of a ____________ brow ridge

A

discontinuous

269
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When we talk about “robust” vs “gracile” australopithecines, we’re talking about their body size

A

FALSE

robust australopithecines aren’t actually larger than the gracile australopithecines in terms of body size

270
Q

What features can be used to distinguish Proconsul africanus?

A
  • absence of browridges
  • prognathic face
  • spatulate incisors
  • ape-like features in the limbs
271
Q

What was the brain size for Homo heidelbergensis?

A

1200cc

272
Q

What is the dental formula for cercopithecoids?

A

2123

273
Q

What is the date associated with Homo erectus?

A

1.9 MYA - 230 KYA

274
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, where would you expect to find the lacrimal bone?

A

within the eye orbits rather than on the snout

275
Q

In humans, the 3rd and 4th premolars are identical in shape and have _____ cusps

A

2

276
Q

It’s important to note that there are no assumptions that any of our ancestors were like any of the extant non-human primates, however, there is an assumption that similar problems of _________ to a particular environment may lead to similar _______________ solutions

A

adaptation

anatomical and behavioural

277
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Homo neanderthalensis actually has a bigger brain than Homo sapiens has

A

TRUE

  • Homo neanderthalensis* brain = 1600 cm3
  • Homo sapiens* brain = 1260 cm3
278
Q

In many cases, strepsirrhine primate teeth are characterized by the presence of a _____________

A

dental comb

279
Q

____________ is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

A

phylogeny

280
Q

What term is used to describe apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?

A

Hominoidea

281
Q

When is the Golden Age of Hominoids?

A

19-17 MYA (during the Early Miocene)

282
Q

____________: the study of animal behaviour

A

ethology

283
Q

The large testicles of chimpanzees are considered evidence of _____________________ by some researchers (although this is debated)

A

sperm competition

284
Q

What term describes the African apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?

A

Homininae

285
Q

What are the pieces of evidence you can use to infer a frugivorous diet?

A
  • large, spatulate incisors
  • the cheek teeth have lower, more rounded cusps, fewer crests
286
Q

What’s a quicker way to remember the formula for the intermembral index?

A

arm lengths (humerus + radius (bone with the flat disk)) divided by leg length (both big bones of the leg (femur and tibia)

287
Q

If you find an anthropoid skull with a dental formula of 2123 and a lack of contact between the frontal and temporal bones, what does this tell you?

A

it may be ancestral to the cercopithecoids and hominoids (not ceboids)

288
Q

When and where did Homo sapiens first appear?

A

in Africa around 200 KYA

289
Q

For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, you’d expect to see a larger brain compared to the __________________ of the Paleocene

A

Plesiadapiformes

290
Q

What is worth noting about Australopithecus africanus?

A
  • combination of ape-like and human-like features
  • rounder cranium, larger brain, smaller teeth (as compared to Australopithecus afarensis)
  • strong prognathism
  • long arms
  • pelvis, femur, and foot bones indicate bipedalism
291
Q

________________: refers to the arrangement of the upper canine and lower 3rd premolar that allows the back edge of the upper canine to be sharpened or honed against the front edge of the lower premolar

A

C/P3 honing complex

292
Q

Which tool industry is associated with the Levallois technique?

A

Mousterian

293
Q

Besides bilophodont molars vs Y-5 molars, what are some other ways you can tell cercopithecoids from hominoids?

A
  • cercopithecoids have tails, hominoids do not
  • cercopithecoids have narrow chests, hominoids have broad chests
  • cercopithecoids have medially located scapulae, hominoids have dorsally located scapulae
294
Q

Which tool industry do these come from?

A

Mousterian

295
Q

You find a primate that has large, spatulate incisors and cheek teeth which have lower, more rounded cusps. What can you infer about this primate’s diet?

A

frugivorous

296
Q

What is worth noting about Australopithecus afarensis?

A
  • mix of ape-like and human-like characteristics
  • strong prognathism
  • small brain
  • long arms with curved phalanges
  • small canines
  • bipedalism

ANTH 350 (1 decks)

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