LAB EXAM #3 Flashcards
In this course, we are defining members of a genus as those that share a __________________ and utilize a similar ______________
recent common ancestor
adaptive strategy
What is distinct about the premolars when it comes to Hominini?
premolar 3 is like premolar 4
What is the brain size for gracile australopithecines?
480cc
Behaviours in an ethogram should be defined in such a way that they are ________________ and _____________
mutually exclusive
objective
Paranthropus can also be referred to as the ________ australopithecines
robust
What happens to the forest landscape during the Miocene?
tropical forests are replaced with open woodlands and savannas
Would you expect a hominoid to have a tail?
no tail
Frequent leapers have an extensive articulation of the distal _________ and ________ providing a stable and immobile joint
tibia
fibula
Which taxon has been called a “wastebasket taxon” (because there’s so much variation that many hominin fossils from the latest Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene have been dumped there)?
Homo habilis
Some of the more diagnostic features of our tribe Hominini pertain to their unique form of locomotion: _____________
bipedalism
What date is associated with Proconsul africanus?
14-23 MYA
What is the other family in the Fayum during the Oligocene besides the Propliopithecidae?
Parapithecidae
Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 100-150?
brachiation (overhead suspension)
Having arched feet increases the stiffness of our feet. Why is this important for bipedal locomotion?
stiff feet are more stable
We know that Homo habilis was an obligate biped, however, it still had some ape-like traits. What are these?
- limb proportions still somewhat primitive (arms slightly longer relative to legs)
- slightly curved phalanges
____________ traits are traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry
homologous
When did Homo neanderthalensis show up in the fossil record?
130 KYA
For a hominoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the placement of their scapulae?
dorsally placed scapulae
Relative to the ancestral mammalian condition, is the general trend in Primates to increase or reduce the number of teeth overall?
reduce
Which species is this?
Australopithecus anamensis
If you’re looking at a primate that has enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints, a high intermembral index (hindlimbs are not elongated), and a short tarsal bone, what can you infer about its mode of locomotion?
specialized slow quadrupedalism
Where was Paranthropus aethiopicus found?
East and possibly South Africa
How many cusps do our incisors have?
only 1
A __________________ is a hypothesis that depicts the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
phylogenetic tree
In terms of bipedalism, what would you expect to notice about the position of the foramen magnum?
anteriorly positioned foramen magnum
What is the brain size of Australopithecus africanus?
420-500cc
The 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene were members of the genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Who was gracile and who was robust?
- Australopithecus* = gracile
- Paranthropus* = robust
By around 1.5 MYA, Homo erectus had developed a somewhat more complex array of tools, classified as the _____________ tool industry
Acheulean
__________________ is also sometimes referred to as “archaic Homo sapiens”
Homo heidelbergensis
Which species was found in assoication with flaked stone tools that, until recently, were thought to be the earliest tools found with a hominin?
Homo habilis
What date range is associated with the Miocene?
23-5 MYA
A notable change observed with Homo erectus is the expansion of the cranial capacity from the 600cc of ___________ to as much as 900cc
Homo habilis
What are some evolutionary trends from early hominins to Homo sapiens?
- encephalization (cranial capacity increases relative to body size)
- reduced prognathism
- reduced incisors
- reduced canines
- reduced cheek teeth
- bipedalism
Describe the LCA between chimps and ourselves
- ape-sized body and brain
- long arms and fingers
- opposable hallux
- large, sharp, and sexually dimorphic canines
- quadrupedal when on the ground
What’s special about the femoral condyles in frequent leapers?
deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft
How many species fall under the category of being “robust early hominins”? What are they?
3
- Paranthropus aethiopicus*
- Paranthropus boisei*
- Paranthropus robustus*
How many soda cans of fluid could a modern human braincase hold?
3.5
A general arboreal trait is to have a __________ and ____________ hallux
large
opposable
When we talk about the Australopithecus genus from the Pliocene, the species we’re generally talking about is Australopithecus ___________
afarensis
How did Homo sapiens differ from early members of the genus Homo?
- more gracile
- reduced supraorbital tori
- further reduced dentition
- well-developed chin
- complex behaviours
TRUE OR FALSE: Phylogeny is not concerned with time
FALSE
phylogeny is concerned with time (e.g., when did a specific trait evolve, when did two groups diverge from each other, etc.)
What type of locomotor pattern do the vast majority of primates exhibit?
arboreal quadrupedalism
What is the primitive mammalian condition when it comes to premolars?
uniform in shape and unicuspid
What date is associated with Ardipithecus ramidus?
4.4 MYA
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect an unfused mandibular symphysis?
no, you’d expect a fused mandibular symphysis
For bipedalism, would you observe anything special with the hallux?
non-opposable hallux
In the Oligocene (34-23 MYA), you’d expect to observe anthropoid traits. In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you’d expect to observe ___________ traits
hominoid
Which tool industry is this from?
Oldowan
Gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans are said to have large brains (300-600ml), but members of the tribe ___________ are said to have very large brains (1000-1800ml)
Hominini
What is the brain size of Australopithecus afarensis?
375-500cc
What is ancillary data?
data that has been added to given data (extra things you could record, examples are posture of the subject, climatic factors, etc.)
Why is Homo heidelbergensis sometimes considered as “transitional” or “archaic” Homo sapiens?
because H. heidelbergensis appears to be morphologically intermediate between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens (also between H. erectus and H. neandertalensis)
What date is associated with Homo heidelbergensis?
600-200 KYA
Where was Ardipithecus ramidus found?
Ethiopia
__________ sampling is when the researcher records the behaviours they observe with little or no reference to specific, well-defined methods (this is a good method for initial observations and question formation for later research)
ad-libitum
In terms of the hominin phylogeny, who should be basal?
Australopithecus
Where was Australopithecus afarensis found?
Ethiopia and Tanzania
List the features associated with frequent leapers
- long femur
- proximally located trochanters
- short femoral neck
- deep femoral condyles that project anterior to the shaft
- tibia which are mediolaterally compressed (which counteracts anterior/posterior bending)
- an extensive articulation of the distal tibia and fibula providing a stable and immobile joint
- extensive elongation of the calcaneous
- long tarsal bone
Members of the Parapithecidae family resemble the new world monkeys (ceboids) with their dental formula of ___________ and the fact that their frontal and temporal bones ____________
2133
touch
What species is this?
Ardipithecus ramidus
Do hominins have thick or thin enamel?
thick enamel
Degree of _____________ is another term for brain-to-body-size ratio
encephalization
What term is missing?
Hominini
The “gracile early hominins” is a group composed of 3 species of Australopithecus and 1 species of ____________
Ardipithecus
What is the brain size for Paranthropus?
550cc
What does this image represent?
polyphyly
What does it mean to do continuous sampling?
record an individual’s behaviour continuously throughout the specified time period (not just at slices of time)
What is a chimpanzee’s cranial capacity?
320-480cc
What date is associated with the use of the Levallois technique?
385-40 KYA
How can we explain why Homo sapiens have smaller incisors, smaller cheek teeth, and reduced prognathism?
they were able to do a lot of pre-processing food with tools
How does a paraphyletic group differ from a monophyletic group?
a monophyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor
a paraphyletic group is a group of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor but it does not include all the descendants
What date range is associated with the Oligocene?
34-23 MYA
What is the average brain size for Homo sapiens?
1350 cc
What term is missing?
Homininae
What is special about the femoral angle when it comes to bipedalism?
medially angled femur
Which species was the first to control fire, construct shelters, and show signs of a greater level of cooperation?
Homo erectus
Where do cercopithecoids live?
Africa and Asia
On a phylogenetic tree, what do branch points indicate?
when new species diverged from a common ancestor
Where was the earliest discovery of the Homo erectus species found?
Java
Where was Proconsul africanus found?
Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda
What are the pieces of evidence you should look for that suggest an insectivorous diet?
- smaller body size (below Kay’s threshold of 500g)
- higher, more pointed cusps for puncture crushing
- large shearing crests
Who is the apparent descendant of Homo habilis?
Homo erectus
__________________ data would allow you to collect data on a particular behaviour that occurs at any time during sampling (this type of data collection involves writing down every time your study animal engages in a particular behaviour)
all observed occurance data
When it comes to dentition, the general trend is a reduction in the size of cheek teeth. However, there is a blip in the trend. Who actually has an increase in the robustness of their cheek teeth?
Australopithecus and Paranthropus
What does this Homo habilis foot show in terms of evidence for bipedalism?
the foot’s arch and general shape are similar to our own (Homo habilis’s walking gait was identical to that of a modern human)
You find a primate that’s large (over 500g), has large shearing crests on its cheek teeth, has thin enamel, and has small incisors. What can you infer about its diet?
folivorous
Frequent leapers have tibias which are ________________ compressed, which counteracts anterior/posterior bending
mediolaterally
____________ is the science of classification
taxonomy
We know that Mousterian tools are associated with Neanderthals, but what evidence suggests that they may not be exclusive to Neanderthals?
Mousterian tools are found in Northeastern Africa but no Neanderthal fossils have been found there
What is the dental formula for a ceboid?
2133
TRUE OR FALSE: In Homo erectus, molar size is increased
FALSE
in Homo erectus molar size is reduced
What does it mean to do instantaneous sampling?
you record the behaviour only at pre-determined intervals
When we talk about the Paranthropus genus from the Pliocene hominins, the species we’re generally talking about is Paranthropus ____________
boisei
What would you note about the canines when it comes to Hominini?
small, non-sexually dimorphic canines
Are hominoids more closely related to propliopithecoids or parapithecoids?
hominoids are more closely related to propliopithecoids (parapithecoids led to the platyrrhines)
What is the brain size for Paranthropus boisei?
500-550cc
What is a cusp?
an occlusal or incisal eminence on a tooth (the pointy bit that makes contact with other teeth)
What date is associated with the Mousterian industry?
160-35 KYA
If a skull has no postorbital bar or postorbital closure, what does that tell us?
it’s not a primate
What term is missing?
Hominidae
When did anatomically modern Homo sapiens show up?
200 KYA
What is the superfamily for cercopithecoids (old world monkeys)?
Cercopithecoidea
Which species is credited with developing the Acheulean tool industry?
Homo erectus
What is the brain size for Homo habilis?
600-700cc
Where was Paranthropus robustus found?
South Africa
What species is this?
Paranthropus aethiopicus
What are some theories as to why Homo neanderthalensis went extinct?
- outcompeted by Homo sapiens
- wiped out by infectious diseases brought by Homo sapiens
- climate becoming colder and dryer
- inability to form large social groups like Homo sapiens
Describe a hominoid’s rib cage
broad and shallow
What is the term we use to describe molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows?
bilophodont molars
______________ tools encompass choppers, anvils, hammerstones, and un-retouched sharp-edged flakes
Oldowan
What evidence would you expect to see that suggests a folivorous diet?
- larger body size (over 500g)
- cheek teeth have large shearing crests
- thin tooth enamel (which results in more shearing crests as the teeth wear down)
- small incisors compared to frugivores
Besides the skull, we also have the ___________ for Australopithecus anamensis that is indicated of bipedal locomotion
tibia
What species is this?
Paranthropus boisei
What types of tools are associated with the Mousterian industry?
scrapers, knives, points
Which tool industry is Homo habilis associated with?
Oldowan
Which species is this?
Homo habilis
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of postorbital closure?
almost complete postorbital closure
TRUE OR FALSE: For an ethogram, it is essential that behavioural units are defined in such a way that an animal can only be doing one behaviour at a time
TRUE
Acheulean tools are generally large, ovoid, _________ flaked, and made according to specific _______________
bifacially flaked
mental templates
What function did Oldowan tools serve?
cutting and crushing
Which genus represents a “dead end” on the hominin phylogeny?
Paranthropus
For australopithecines, if the terms “robust” and “gracile” don’t have anything to do with body size, then what features are we referring to?
jaws
cheek teeth
assumed musculature related to chewing (masseter and temporalis)
You can say “parabolic tooth row”, or you can say “parabolic dental _________”
arcade
One of the __________ distinguishing features is the _____ dental pattern
hominoid
Y-5
In the lab procedure, when asked to do a focal sample, how many individuals are you supposed to watch at once?
only 1
When did Homo heidelbergensis show up?
by the Middle Pleistocene (400 KYA)
For Hominini, they have ___________ tooth rows
parabolic
Prosimians are a ____________ group that contains both Strepsirhines and Tarsiers
paraphyletic
Hominini is associated with having a ___________ (flat) face
orthognathic
What are the 6 derived traits you’d expect to see in an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid?
- almost complete postorbital closure
- more forward facing eyes (compared to Plesiadapifromes of the Paleocene)
- a fused frontal bone
- a fused mandibular symphysis
- a larger brain (compared to Plesiadapiformes of the Paleocene)
- a lacrimal bone within the eye orbits rather than on the snout
What term describes the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Hominidae
List some of the 10 topics primatologists are interested in
- conservation
- evolution of social behaviour
- cognition
- evolutionary biology
- ethics
- primate diets
- ecology
- life history
- disease ecology
- biomedical research
Oldowan tools do not show the regularity or symmetry that later tools such as the _____________ show
Acheulean
What is a nickname for Australopithecus afarensis?
Lucy
Which species is this?
Homo neanderthalensis
What were the 2 adaptive radiations of hominins during the Pliocene?
- gracile members of the genus Australopithecus
- robust members of the genus Paranthropus
How do tools made using the Levallois technique (aka Mousterian tools) differ from Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
the Levallois technique allows the toolmaker to prepare a core in such a way that the flakes removed from it will have a specific shape and dimension and can become the tools themselves
What is the technique required to make these tools called?
Levallois technique
What date is associated with Australopithecus afarensis?
2.6-3.6 MYA
Who are we talking about when we say “pongid”?
chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
Which species is this?
Homo erectus
Which muscles do the short, broad, and ventrally-wrapped ilium attach to?
abductor hip muscles
What does it mean if a trait is “derived”?
the trait is new, it wasn’t present in the LCA
Frequent leapers have ______________ located trochanters
proximally
What is the function of having a postorbital bar or postorbital closure?
protect the eye during mastication
During the __________, we saw the rise of the earliest members of our tribe, Hominini
Pliocene
What is worth noting about Homo neanderthalensis?
- long, low skull (compared to the more globular skull of Homo sapiens)
- occipital bun
- prominent browridge
- more prognathism than Homo sapiens
- -* large nose (large nasal aperture)
What percentage of the DNA of Neanderthals may survive in contemporary humans?
20%
What happens to the climate during the Miocene?
the climate becomes cooler and drier
Finding similarities between non-human primates and ourselves can give us an idea of _________ a trait evolved in our lineage and what _________ that trait may have served in our ancestor
when a trait evolved
function of the trait
What would you observe as being the result of bipedalism when it comes to the foot?
inflexible foot with distinctive arch
What locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index of 50-80?
vertical clinging and leaping or bipedalism
A trait of bipedality is a _______ femoral neck
long
What species is this?
Australopithecus africanus
In terms of general arboreal features, what would you expect to notice about the digits (both the hands and feet)?
long and dextrous digits
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, what would you expect to see in terms of the direction of the eyes?
more forward facing eyes than Plesiadapiformes from the Paleocene
What are some of the morphological characteristics associated with bipedalism?
- anteriorly positioned foramen magnum
- S-curved spine
- ilium are short and broad
- inflexible foot with arch
- non-opposable hallux
- medially angled femur
- a larger medial than lateral condyle on the femur
- robust and platform like talus
When looking at members of the genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, you’d observe a similar body size. However, you would notice that paranthropines had much larger _________ and ___________________
teeth
masticatory apparatuses
Who is older: Homo habilis or Homo erectus?
Homo habilis
What are the functional implications of having medially angled femurs?
- puts knees directly under spine
- widens hips for additional balance
Which species was the first fossil hominin found outside of Africa?
Homo neanderthalensis
Which species is believed to have possibly practiced deliberate burial?
Homo neanderthalensis
What term is missing?
Hominoidea
Another bipedal trait is having a ________ ischium
short
In species with large upper canines, the lower 3rd premolar assumes a peculiar shape known as ___________
sectorial
___________ sampling can be described as “slice in time” sampling
focal time
What date is associated with Australopithecus africanus?
2.3-3.2 MYA
What date is associated with the Acheulean tool industry?
1.5 MYA - 200 KYA
What species is this?
Proconsul africanus
What is the brain size for Homo neanderthalensis?
1450cc
In the Miocene (23-5 MYA), you’d expect to see a suite of 6 hominoid traits. Name them
- dorsally placed scapulae
- a broad and shallow rib cage
- no tail
- long forearms with long phalanges
- reduced olecranon process
- Y-5 dental pattern
What is worth noting about Paranthropus boisei?
- sagittal crest (stronger attachment for the temporalis muscle)
- large cheek teeth (molars and premolars)
- flaring zygomatic arches (creating a larger opening for bigger jaw muscles to pass through)
- very wide and dish-shaped faced
In terms of general arboreality, would you expect the joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle) to be more mobile or more rigid?
joints more mobile
What are some notable traits about Plesiadapiforms (as compared to Prosimians)?
Plesiadapiforms have:
longer snouts
no postorbital bar or closure
smaller braincase,
larger incisors
diastema (gap between incisors and remaining teeth)
hindlimbs and forelimbs are relatively equal in length
What can you say about the length of the femoral neck for frequent leapers?
frequent leapers have short femoral necks
What date is associated with the Oldowan tool industry?
2.5 MYA - 700 KYA
How do Homo neanderthalensis faces compare to Homo sapiens?
Homo neanderthalensis have faces that are more prognathic and they have a continuous brow ridge
Which species is this?
Homo heidelbergensis
Would you see an increase or a reduction in the olecranon process for hominoids?
reduced olecranon process
Describe a hominoid’s forearms and phalanges
long forearms with curved phalanges
_______________ has been found in Africa, China, India, and Europe and seems to possess a mosaic of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits
Homo heidelbergensis
TRUE OR FALSE: Homo neanderthalensis always made Mousterian tools
FALSE
Homo neanderthalensis started making Acheulean tools but later transitioned to making Mousterian tools
Would we expect Australopithecus to have opposable halluces?
no
How many species are lumped into the category of being “gracile early hominins”? What are they?
4
- Ardipithecus ramidus*
- Australopithecus anamensis*
- Australopithecus afarensis*
- Australopithecus africanus*
What species is this?
Paranthropus robustus
TRUE OR FALSE: There were 3 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene
FALSE
there were 2 adaptive radiations of hominins in the Pliocene
A general arboreal traits among many primates is that they have a mobile _____________________ joint (a joint between the calcaneus and talus and the navicular and cuboid)
mobile transverse tarsal joint
Would you expect a long or a short tarsal bone for a frequent leaper?
long tarsal bone
Which species was able to move out of Africa and into Asia where it was able to survive in diverse and often harsh environments sometime before 1.8 MYA?
Homo erectus
Who is more widespread geographically: Homo habilis or Homo erectus?
Homo erectus
What is the difference between cercopithecoids and hominoids in terms of their molars?
cercopithecoids have bilophodont molars
hominoids have a Y-5 cusp pattern in their lower molars
Where do the ceboids live?
South and Central America
What is worth noting about Paranthropus aethiopicus?
- strongly prognathic face
- large teeth
- well-developed sagittal crest
What does it mean to be a lumper vs a splitter?
lumper: to focus on similarities between taxa
splitter: to focus on differences between taxa
What’s special about the talus when it comes to bipedalism?
robust and platform-like
What is an ethogram?
a list (with descriptions) of the different kinds of behaviour exhibited by an animal
List the general primate adaptations to arboreality
- long and dextrous digits
- more mobile joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, ankle)
- mobile transverse tarsal joint
- large, opposable hallux
Which industry do these tools come from?
Acheulean
What is the term used to describe only chimpanzees and humans?
Hominini
Who has a larger brain: Homo habilis or australopithecines?
Homo habilis is larger (600-700cc)
Hominini uses bipedal locomotion. What do gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans use?
quadrupedal locomotion
Why is sampling needed when a group of animals are being observed?
it is unrealistic to provide a complete description of the behaviour of an entire group of animals
Why is the lateral lip of the femur important for bipedality?
it prevents the patella from dislocating
The dental wear patterns for Paranthropus suggest a diet like a modern-day _________: leaves and grasses
rhinocerus
There are 2 arches of the foot. What are they called?
longitudinal and transverse
Is a Y-5 molar associated with the cercopithecoids and the hominoids or the ceboids?
ceropithecoids and hominoids
What date range is associated with the Pliocene?
5.3-2.6 MYA
We cannot uniquely attribute Oldowan tools with Homo habilis as they have been found at sites with 2 other species: ______________ and ________________
- Paranthropus boisei*
- Homo erectus*
What date is associated with Paranthropus boisei?
1.2-2.2 MYA
What are some problems with focal sampling?
- continuous vs instantaneous sampling
- what if the other animals are doing more interesting things?
- animals often out of view
- need to recognize the individuals
When did the first primates originate?
55-50 MYA (during the Eocene)
For bipedalism you’d expect a larger medial than lateral condyle on the __________
femur
What date range is associated with the Eocene?
56-34 MYA
Which species has the nickname “handy-man”?
Homo habilis
The ______________ industry is the most widespread and longest-lived tool industry known
Acheulean
We now know that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens shared their last common ancestor, likely in Africa, between _______ and ______ KYA
550-765 KYA
What date is associated with Homo habilis?
2.3- 1.7 MYA
What is the formula to calculate the intermembral index?
((humerus + radius) / (femur + tibia)) x 100
What date is associated with Paranthropus robustus?
1.5-2.0 MYA
There are other important Hominini traits besides those just related to bipedalism. Name them
- parabolic tooth rows
- premolar 3 is like premolar 4
- small, non-sexually dimorphic canines
- orthognathic (flat) face
- very large brain
- presence of a chin
_______________ include hominoids (apes and humans), cercopithecoids (old world monkeys), and ceboids (new world monkeys)
anthropoids
Where was Paranthropus boisei found?
East Africa
What is the nickname given to the most complete Homo erectus skeleton we have?
Turkana boy
One thing that frequent leapers are known for is the extensive elongation of the _______________
calcaneus
What term is missing?
Catarhini
Cercopithecoids have ____________ molars and hominoids have _________ molars
cercopithecoids = bilophodont
hominoids = Y-5
Where was Australopithecus africanus found?
East and South Africa
What family does the species Aegyptopithecus zeuxis come from?
Propliopithecidae
What weight is associated with Kay’s threshold?
500g
Purported members of the genus Homo first appear in the Pliocene between ______ and _______ million years ago
3.0-2.5
Would a frequent lemur have a short or a long femur?
long femur
What is special about the most 4th premolar in primates?
it has 1 or 2 extra cusps (molarization), which is an adaptation that extends the cheek-tooth row for a herbivorous diet
A trait of bipedality is a ________ medial condyle of the femur
large
What is the superfamily associated with the ceboids (new world monkeys)?
ceboidea
When did Homo erectus appear and where?
1.9 MYA
Africa
When did the LCA for the genera Pan and Homo live?
6-7 MYA
Which locomotor pattern is associated with an intermembral index value of 80-100?
quadrupedalism
The Levallois technique is consider a ___________ technique
prepared core
What percentage of European and Asian ancestry was inherited from Neanderthals?
1.5-2.1%
You find a specimen of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. Would you expect it to have Y-5 molars?
yes
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, would you expect the frontal bone to be fused?
yes
What are the common tool types associated with the Acheulean industry?
hand axes, picks, cleavers
Similarities between different species, or groups of species, are used as evidence that these groups are closely related. What kinds of similarities?
- similar anatomy
- similar physiology
- similar behaviours
- genetic evidence
When it comes to bipedalism, you’d expect to see ilium which are _________ and ____________
short
broad
What term is used to describe all Old World monkeys?
Catarrhini
What date is associated with Paranthropus aethiopicus?
2.2-2.8 MYA
TRUE OR FALSE: In primates, having large canines is usually related to diet
FALSE
in primates, having large canines is usually related to male-male competition
What’s the difference between Strepsirrhines and Haplorhines when it comes to postorbital bar vs postorbital closure?
Strepsirrhines have postorbital bars
Haplorrhines have postorbital closure
The regularity of form associated with the ____________ industry was absent in all earlier tool industries
Acheulean
What’s notable about Ardipithecus ramidus’s mix of traits?
mix of primitive and derived features suggests bipedal locomotion and efficient tree climbing (head very hominin-like, body more ape-like)
Today, we have over 100 specimens of _____________ found in South Africa, East Africa, Northwest Africa, Spain, France, Italy, Britain, Georgia, China, and Indonesia
Homo erectus
Like Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis (aka Lucy) has an interesting mix of both ____________ and ____________ adaptations
arboreal
terrestrial
What species is this?
Australopithecus afarensis
What is the brain size of Paranthropus aethiopicus?
410cc
Where was Australopithecus anamensis found?
Kenya
TRUE OR FALSE: Neanderthals only made tools from stones
FALSE
in addition to stone, Neanderthals used bone, ivory, and antler to make tools
List the features associated with specialized slow quadrupedalism
- enhanced mobility in both the forelimb and hindlimb joints
- hindlimbs which are not elongated compared to their forelimbs
- shallow bicipital groove and thick deltopectoral crest on their humerus
- femoral head that is rotated proximedially
- greater trochanter that is equal in height to the femoral head
- distal femur that is as wide or wider than it is deep
- short tarsal bone
___________ traits are traits that have evolved for similar functions but don’t come from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)
analogous
What is the brain size for Homo erectus?
900cc
What is the superfamily we belong to?
Hominoidea
Hominini has parabolic tooth rows whereas gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans have ____________ tooth rows
parallel
When did Homo sapiens first show up?
300 KYA
What is special to note about Homo erectus in terms of how they differed from earlier hominin species?
- expansion of the brain (to as much as 900cc)
- expansion out of Africa
You observe a small primate (less than 500g) that has high, pointed cusps and large shearing crests. What can you infer about its diet?
insectivorous
What would you observe about the spine as a result of bipedal locomotion?
spine with an S-curve
What date is associated with Australopithecus anamensis?
3.5-4.2 MYA
Australopithecus is adapted to bipedal locomotion, and we know this because they have a short, broad pelvis and they don’t have opposable halluces anymore. What evidence do we have that Australopithecus is still spending some time in the trees?
long forearms with long, somewhat curved phalanges
A notable morphological trait of Homo heidelbergensis is the presence of a ____________ brow ridge
discontinuous
TRUE OR FALSE: When we talk about “robust” vs “gracile” australopithecines, we’re talking about their body size
FALSE
robust australopithecines aren’t actually larger than the gracile australopithecines in terms of body size
What features can be used to distinguish Proconsul africanus?
- absence of browridges
- prognathic face
- spatulate incisors
- ape-like features in the limbs
What was the brain size for Homo heidelbergensis?
1200cc
What is the dental formula for cercopithecoids?
2123
What is the date associated with Homo erectus?
1.9 MYA - 230 KYA
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, where would you expect to find the lacrimal bone?
within the eye orbits rather than on the snout
In humans, the 3rd and 4th premolars are identical in shape and have _____ cusps
2
It’s important to note that there are no assumptions that any of our ancestors were like any of the extant non-human primates, however, there is an assumption that similar problems of _________ to a particular environment may lead to similar _______________ solutions
adaptation
anatomical and behavioural
TRUE OR FALSE: Homo neanderthalensis actually has a bigger brain than Homo sapiens has
TRUE
- Homo neanderthalensis* brain = 1600 cm3
- Homo sapiens* brain = 1260 cm3
In many cases, strepsirrhine primate teeth are characterized by the presence of a _____________
dental comb
____________ is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogeny
What term is used to describe apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Hominoidea
When is the Golden Age of Hominoids?
19-17 MYA (during the Early Miocene)
____________: the study of animal behaviour
ethology
The large testicles of chimpanzees are considered evidence of _____________________ by some researchers (although this is debated)
sperm competition
What term describes the African apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans)?
Homininae
What are the pieces of evidence you can use to infer a frugivorous diet?
- large, spatulate incisors
- the cheek teeth have lower, more rounded cusps, fewer crests
What’s a quicker way to remember the formula for the intermembral index?
arm lengths (humerus + radius (bone with the flat disk)) divided by leg length (both big bones of the leg (femur and tibia)
If you find an anthropoid skull with a dental formula of 2123 and a lack of contact between the frontal and temporal bones, what does this tell you?
it may be ancestral to the cercopithecoids and hominoids (not ceboids)
When and where did Homo sapiens first appear?
in Africa around 200 KYA
For an Oligocene (34-23 MYA) anthropoid, you’d expect to see a larger brain compared to the __________________ of the Paleocene
Plesiadapiformes
What is worth noting about Australopithecus africanus?
- combination of ape-like and human-like features
- rounder cranium, larger brain, smaller teeth (as compared to Australopithecus afarensis)
- strong prognathism
- long arms
- pelvis, femur, and foot bones indicate bipedalism
________________: refers to the arrangement of the upper canine and lower 3rd premolar that allows the back edge of the upper canine to be sharpened or honed against the front edge of the lower premolar
C/P3 honing complex
Which tool industry is associated with the Levallois technique?
Mousterian
Besides bilophodont molars vs Y-5 molars, what are some other ways you can tell cercopithecoids from hominoids?
- cercopithecoids have tails, hominoids do not
- cercopithecoids have narrow chests, hominoids have broad chests
- cercopithecoids have medially located scapulae, hominoids have dorsally located scapulae
Which tool industry do these come from?
Mousterian
You find a primate that has large, spatulate incisors and cheek teeth which have lower, more rounded cusps. What can you infer about this primate’s diet?
frugivorous
What is worth noting about Australopithecus afarensis?
- mix of ape-like and human-like characteristics
- strong prognathism
- small brain
- long arms with curved phalanges
- small canines
- bipedalism
