Lab Exam 2 - Population Genetics, moss/fern, Angio/Gymnio, fungi Flashcards
Are kingdom plantae prokaryotes/eukaryotes? Unicellular/multicellular? Where do they get energy and carbon?
Eukaryotes Multicellular Photoautotrophic (conduct photosynthesis)
Where did kingdom plantae get the ability to do photosynthesis?
Inherited from green algae (P. Chlorophyta)
Name the Phyla for these common names:
- Mosses
- Ferns
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
- Brophyta
- Pterophyta
- Coniferophyta
- Anthophyta
Name the common names for these phyla
- Coniferophyta
- Brophyta
- Anthophyta
- Pterophyta
- Gymnosperms (conifers)
- Mosses
- Angiosperms (flowering plants)
- Ferns
Which of these are vascular? Which of these are seed plants?
mosses
ferns
gymnosperms
angiosperms
mosses - nonvascular
ferns - vascular / seedless
gymnosperms - vascular / seedless
angiosperms - vascular / seed plants
What do sporangia do?
Sporangia produce spores
What are the five major groups of gymnosperms?
Ginkogophyta (ginkgoes),
cyadophyta (cyads),
cupressophyta (redwoods, junipers, yews),
Pinophyta (pines, spruces, and firs) and
Gnetophyta (gnetophyes)
Plant life cycles:
What is the plant life cycle called?
What does it refer to?
Alternation of generations means that plants alternate between a multiceullular haploid (n) body form and a multicellular diploid (2n) body form from one generation to the next.
Plant life cycles:
What is the multiceullular haploid body form called?
The gametophyte
Plant life cycles:
What is the multicellular diploid body form called?
The sporophyte
What does the gametophyte produce?
The gametophyte produces gametes (n)
What does the sporophyte form produce?
Spores (n)
Plant life cycles:
Where are gametes made? Be specific re: sperm and eggs
In the gametangia
(sperm made in antheridia; eggs in archegonia)
Plant life cycles:
Where are spores made?
In the sporangia?
Plant life cycles:
What happens to gametes?
Haploid gametes (sperm and egg) undergo fertilization and produce a diploid zygote. That diploid zygote grows into a 2n sporophye.
Plant life cycles:
What happens to haploid spores?
Haploid spores grow directly into an adult gametophyte (n)
What type of cell division does a gametophyte use to make gametes? A sporophyte to make spores?
mitosis
meiosis
Bryophyta:
Are they gametophyte-dominated or sporophyte dominated?
How do sperm get to eggs?
Homosporous or heterosporous?
Gametopyte-dominated
dependent upon water; sperm swim to eggs
homosporous
Describe the bryophte life cycle
Bryophyta:
Where is the capsule? Function?
On the sporangia. Where spores are produced.
Bryophyta: is the male gametophyte haploid or diploid? Sperm?
male gametophyte (which has antheridia, where sperm are made) is n; sperm are n. (mitosis)
Bryophyta: Are female gametophytes haploid or diploid? Eggs?
haploid; haploid
Where does fertilization occur in moss? How does it happen? What is needed?
Fertilization occurs in the archegonia (female gametophyte); sperm swim; water is necessary
Describe the frond; what is it? Is it part of the gametophyte or sporophyte?
What’s underneath it?
The fronds are the leaves. They are part of the sporophyte. They are thus 2n.
underneath, they have sori (singular: sorus), which produce spores. Sori are collections of sporangia.
Describe the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte dominance, and describe the trend among different plants.
Non-vascular: Mosses are gametophyte dominant (sporophyte is short-lived and small)
Vascular, seedless: Ferns are sporophyte dominant (the gametophyte are the weird heart-shaped looking things)
Vascular, seed: Gymnosperms and angiosperms have even smaller (microscopic) gametophytes.
Describe the fern life cycle
Identify and descibe a fern fiddlehead. Is it part of the gametophyte or the sporophyte?
Part of the sporophyte. Fiddleheads are young fronds.
Describe the gametophyte of a fern. What is its shape? What is it called?
It is heart-shaped and is called a prothallus.
Describe a fern sporophyte growing out of the gametophyte
For a fern, describe the sporophyte and gametophyte. Which are haploid/diploid. What do they look like? Where are you likely to find antheridia/archegonia?
- sporophyte is fiddleheads, fronds, etc.
- gametophyte is the prothallus (heart-shaped)
- likely to find antheridia/archegonia (gametangia) on the prothallus (gametophyte)
Do fern sporophytes remain dependent on gametophytes?
Yes, adult sporophytes remain dependent on prothallus (gametophyte)
Are phylum coniferophyta sporophyte-dominated or gametophyte dominated?
Does fertilization depend on water?
Are they homosporous or heterosporous?
Sporophyte-dominated
Fertilization does not depend on water
Heterosporous: Male microsporangium produces microspores. Female megasporangium produces megaspores.
Describe the conferophyte life cycle
Are angiosperms (phylum anthophyta) sporophyte- or gametophyte-dominant?
does fertilization depend on water?
are they homosporous or heterosporous?
Sporophyte-dominated
fertilization does not depend on water
Heterosporous: male microsporangium –> microsports; female megasporangium –> megaspores
Label the parts of a flower
Describe the angiosperm life cycle
Describe heterospory in gymnosperms
How does the life cycle of seed plants differ from that of mosses and ferns?
- mature sporophyte develops from a seed (embryonic sporophyte with nutrients)
- mature sporophyte does not release spores; spores are retained in the tissue and develop directly into male/female gametophytes. microspores –> pollen, megaspores –> female gametophytes housed in ovules
- gametophyte body is very small.
young/old female pine cones
Are pine cones produced by the sporophyte or the gametophyte?
Pine cones are produced by the sporophyte
What do male (staminate) cones produce? Where does fertilization/seed development occur?
Male cones produce pollen.
Fertilizaton/seed development takes place in the megasporangium.
male pine cone cross-section
female pine cone cross section
pine nut
name the parts and functions of a flower
The sepal supports the flower and the petals; it contains the female carpel (stigma - receives pollen grains, the style - which takes pollen grains - and the ovary - which contains the ovules and carries female gametes).
it also has the male stamen, which has the sticky anther (covered in pollen) and the support filament.
are flower ovules haploid or diploid?
they are diploid 2n. gametophytes are haploid n, though.
dicot seed picture
In a seed:
What is the structure of the shell, seed coat, embryonic root & shoot, cotyledons, and endosporm?
- Shell and seat coat - protection
- embryonic root and shoot - grow into sporophyte
- cotyledons and endosperm are food storage
Corn cross section
How do fungi get nutrients? Are they pro or euk?
They are eukaryotes that are heterotrophic. They get nutrients by absorbing from surroundings.
What do fungi secrete into their foods?
exoenzymes that digest.
Describe the physical structure of fungi
Yeast are unicellular, but most are multicellular. They are masses of thin filaments (hyphae that together form the mycelium) that grow through a food source
lichen
