Lab Exam 2 - Population Genetics, moss/fern, Angio/Gymnio, fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Are kingdom plantae prokaryotes/eukaryotes? Unicellular/multicellular? Where do they get energy and carbon?

A

Eukaryotes Multicellular Photoautotrophic (conduct photosynthesis)

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2
Q

Where did kingdom plantae get the ability to do photosynthesis?

A

Inherited from green algae (P. Chlorophyta)

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3
Q

Name the Phyla for these common names:

  1. Mosses
  2. Ferns
  3. Gymnosperms
  4. Angiosperms
A
  1. Brophyta
  2. Pterophyta
  3. Coniferophyta
  4. Anthophyta
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4
Q

Name the common names for these phyla

  1. Coniferophyta
  2. Brophyta
  3. Anthophyta
  4. Pterophyta
A
  1. Gymnosperms (conifers)
  2. Mosses
  3. Angiosperms (flowering plants)
  4. Ferns
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5
Q

Which of these are vascular? Which of these are seed plants?

mosses

ferns

gymnosperms

angiosperms

A

mosses - nonvascular

ferns - vascular / seedless

gymnosperms - vascular / seedless

angiosperms - vascular / seed plants

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6
Q

What do sporangia do?

A

Sporangia produce spores

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7
Q

What are the five major groups of gymnosperms?

A

Ginkogophyta (ginkgoes),

cyadophyta (cyads),

cupressophyta (redwoods, junipers, yews),

Pinophyta (pines, spruces, and firs) and

Gnetophyta (gnetophyes)

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8
Q

Plant life cycles:

What is the plant life cycle called?

What does it refer to?

A

Alternation of generations means that plants alternate between a multiceullular haploid (n) body form and a multicellular diploid (2n) body form from one generation to the next.

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9
Q

Plant life cycles:

What is the multiceullular haploid body form called?

A

The gametophyte

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10
Q

Plant life cycles:

What is the multicellular diploid body form called?

A

The sporophyte

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11
Q

What does the gametophyte produce?

A

The gametophyte produces gametes (n)

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12
Q

What does the sporophyte form produce?

A

Spores (n)

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13
Q

Plant life cycles:

Where are gametes made? Be specific re: sperm and eggs

A

In the gametangia

(sperm made in antheridia; eggs in archegonia)

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14
Q

Plant life cycles:

Where are spores made?

A

In the sporangia?

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15
Q

Plant life cycles:

What happens to gametes?

A

Haploid gametes (sperm and egg) undergo fertilization and produce a diploid zygote. That diploid zygote grows into a 2n sporophye.

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16
Q

Plant life cycles:

What happens to haploid spores?

A

Haploid spores grow directly into an adult gametophyte (n)

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17
Q

What type of cell division does a gametophyte use to make gametes? A sporophyte to make spores?

A

mitosis

meiosis

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18
Q

Bryophyta:

Are they gametophyte-dominated or sporophyte dominated?

How do sperm get to eggs?

Homosporous or heterosporous?

A

Gametopyte-dominated

dependent upon water; sperm swim to eggs

homosporous

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19
Q

Describe the bryophte life cycle

A
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20
Q

Bryophyta:

Where is the capsule? Function?

A

On the sporangia. Where spores are produced.

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21
Q

Bryophyta: is the male gametophyte haploid or diploid? Sperm?

A

male gametophyte (which has antheridia, where sperm are made) is n; sperm are n. (mitosis)

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22
Q

Bryophyta: Are female gametophytes haploid or diploid? Eggs?

A

haploid; haploid

23
Q

Where does fertilization occur in moss? How does it happen? What is needed?

A

Fertilization occurs in the archegonia (female gametophyte); sperm swim; water is necessary

24
Q

Describe the frond; what is it? Is it part of the gametophyte or sporophyte?

What’s underneath it?

A

The fronds are the leaves. They are part of the sporophyte. They are thus 2n.

underneath, they have sori (singular: sorus), which produce spores. Sori are collections of sporangia.

25
Q

Describe the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte dominance, and describe the trend among different plants.

A

Non-vascular: Mosses are gametophyte dominant (sporophyte is short-lived and small)

Vascular, seedless: Ferns are sporophyte dominant (the gametophyte are the weird heart-shaped looking things)

Vascular, seed: Gymnosperms and angiosperms have even smaller (microscopic) gametophytes.

26
Q

Describe the fern life cycle

A
27
Q

Identify and descibe a fern fiddlehead. Is it part of the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

A

Part of the sporophyte. Fiddleheads are young fronds.

28
Q

Describe the gametophyte of a fern. What is its shape? What is it called?

A

It is heart-shaped and is called a prothallus.

29
Q

Describe a fern sporophyte growing out of the gametophyte

A
30
Q

For a fern, describe the sporophyte and gametophyte. Which are haploid/diploid. What do they look like? Where are you likely to find antheridia/archegonia?

A
  • sporophyte is fiddleheads, fronds, etc.
  • gametophyte is the prothallus (heart-shaped)
  • likely to find antheridia/archegonia (gametangia) on the prothallus (gametophyte)
31
Q

Do fern sporophytes remain dependent on gametophytes?

A

Yes, adult sporophytes remain dependent on prothallus (gametophyte)

32
Q

Are phylum coniferophyta sporophyte-dominated or gametophyte dominated?

Does fertilization depend on water?

Are they homosporous or heterosporous?

A

Sporophyte-dominated

Fertilization does not depend on water

Heterosporous: Male microsporangium produces microspores. Female megasporangium produces megaspores.

33
Q

Describe the conferophyte life cycle

A
34
Q

Are angiosperms (phylum anthophyta) sporophyte- or gametophyte-dominant?

does fertilization depend on water?

are they homosporous or heterosporous?

A

Sporophyte-dominated

fertilization does not depend on water

Heterosporous: male microsporangium –> microsports; female megasporangium –> megaspores

35
Q

Label the parts of a flower

A
36
Q

Describe the angiosperm life cycle

A
37
Q

Describe heterospory in gymnosperms

A
38
Q

How does the life cycle of seed plants differ from that of mosses and ferns?

A
  • mature sporophyte develops from a seed (embryonic sporophyte with nutrients)
  • mature sporophyte does not release spores; spores are retained in the tissue and develop directly into male/female gametophytes. microspores –> pollen, megaspores –> female gametophytes housed in ovules
  • gametophyte body is very small.
39
Q

young/old female pine cones

A
40
Q

Are pine cones produced by the sporophyte or the gametophyte?

A

Pine cones are produced by the sporophyte

41
Q

What do male (staminate) cones produce? Where does fertilization/seed development occur?

A

Male cones produce pollen.

Fertilizaton/seed development takes place in the megasporangium.

42
Q

male pine cone cross-section

A
43
Q

female pine cone cross section

A
44
Q

pine nut

A
45
Q

name the parts and functions of a flower

A

The sepal supports the flower and the petals; it contains the female carpel (stigma - receives pollen grains, the style - which takes pollen grains - and the ovary - which contains the ovules and carries female gametes).

it also has the male stamen, which has the sticky anther (covered in pollen) and the support filament.

46
Q

are flower ovules haploid or diploid?

A

they are diploid 2n. gametophytes are haploid n, though.

47
Q

dicot seed picture

A
48
Q

In a seed:

What is the structure of the shell, seed coat, embryonic root & shoot, cotyledons, and endosporm?

A
  • Shell and seat coat - protection
  • embryonic root and shoot - grow into sporophyte
  • cotyledons and endosperm are food storage
49
Q

Corn cross section

A
50
Q

How do fungi get nutrients? Are they pro or euk?

A

They are eukaryotes that are heterotrophic. They get nutrients by absorbing from surroundings.

51
Q

What do fungi secrete into their foods?

A

exoenzymes that digest.

52
Q

Describe the physical structure of fungi

A

Yeast are unicellular, but most are multicellular. They are masses of thin filaments (hyphae that together form the mycelium) that grow through a food source

53
Q

lichen

A
54
Q
A