Lab Exam 2: Muscles Flashcards
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Coracomandibular
Originate in other muscles
Insert in mandibular cartilage
Functions to open mouth
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Rectus cervicis complex (coracoarcual/coracohyoid)
Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in hyoid
Function: support pharynx & help open mouth
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Dorsal pectoral fin muscle (pectoral abductor)
Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in dorsal surface of pterygiophores
Function to elevate fin/pull fin caudally
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Ventral pectoral fin muscle (pectoral adductor)
Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in ventral surface of pterygiophores
Function to depress fin/pull fin forward
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Adductor mandibulae
Origin in palatoquadrate cartilage
Insert in meckel’s cartilage
Function to close mouth
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Elevator palatoquadrati
Origin in otic capsule
Insert in palatoquadrate
Function to elevate palatoquadrate
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Spiracularis
Origin in otic capsule
Insert in palatoquadrate
Function to elevate palatoquadrate
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Preorbitalis
Origin in chondrocranium
Insert in meckel’s cartilage
Function to close mouth
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Intermandibularis
Origin in meckel’s cartilage
Insert in med ventral tendon
Function to elevate mouth floor/force water through gill pouches
Function:
Interhyoideus
Ventral/dorsal hyoid constrictors
Levator hyomandibulae
Dorsal/ventral superficial constrictors
Interbranchials
Branchial adductors
Function to compress gill pouches
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Culcullarius
Origin in epibranchial muscles
Insert in last gill arch/scapula
Function to elevate gill arch/elevate scapula
Function:
Cutaneous trunci
Platysma
Move skin
Function:
External/internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Function to support viscera
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Rectus abdominis
Origin in pubis
Insert in sternum
Function to flex body
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Pectoralis transversus/profundus
Origin in sternum
Insertion in humerus
Function to adduct/retract arm
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Xiphihumeralis
Origin in xiphoid process
Insert in humerus
Function to adduct/retract arm
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Sternomastoid
Origin in sternum
Insertion in mastoid process
Function to rotate/depress head
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Latissimus dorsi
Origin in vertebrae
Insert in humerus
Function to retract humerus
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Triceps brancii (long/lateral/medial heads)
Origin in humerus
Insertion in olecranon process
Function to extend lower arm
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Branchialis
Origin in humerus
Insertion in ulna
Function to flex lower arm
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Biceps branchii
Origin in scapula
Insertion in radial tuberosity
Function to flex lower arm
Origin/Insertion/Function:
sartorius
Origin in illium
Insert in tibia
Function to adduct femur
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis, semimemranosus)
Origin in pelvic girdle
Insert in tibia
Function to flex lower leg
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius, rectus femoris)
Origin in ilium or femur
Insert in tibia
Function to extend lower leg
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Pectineus, adductor femoris/longus
Origin in pelvic girdle
Insert in femur
Function to adduct femur
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Gastrocnemius
Origin in femur
Insert in calcaneus
Function as plantar flexion
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Digastric
Origin in skull
Insert in dentary
Function to depress mandible
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Masseter
Origin in zygomatic arch
Insert in dentary
Function to elevate mandible (close jaw)
Origin/Insertion/Function:
Temporalis
Origin in skull
Insert in coronoid process
Function to elevate mandible (close jaws)
Linea Alba (cat)
-“white line”
-Thin whitish connective tissue that runs from sternum to pubic bone
-Separates R and L sides of abdominal muscles that support internal viscera
Intermandibularis (shark)
-“between mandibles”
-Paired sheets of ventral muscle, most superficial
-Originate on each side of mandibular cartilage
-Insert in center midventral tendon
-Function to open jaws and compress gill pouches
Interhyoideus (shark)
-“between hyoid”
-Paired sheets of muscle located underneath Intermandibularis muscles
-Function to compress gill pouches
Coracomandibular (shark)
-“coraco-“ relates to scapula & “mandib-“ relates to lower jaw
-Underneath Intermandibularis and Interhyoideus
-Unpaired narrow muscle along midventral line
-Insert in ventral center of mandibular cartilage
-Function to close mouth
Coracoarcuals (shark)
“co-ra-co-ar-kew-als”
-Part of Rectus cervicis complex (“straight neck”)
-“Coraco-“ relates to scapula
-Paired triangular-shaped muscles underneath coracomandibular
-Origin in pectoral girdle (scapula) and insert in hyoid
-Function to support pharynx and open mouth
Coracohyoid (shark)
-Part of Rectus cervicis complex (“straight neck”)
-“Coraco-“ relates to scapula and “hyoid”
-Paired muscles rostral to coracoarcuals underneath Intermandibularis and Interhyoideus muscles
-Origin in pectoral girdle (scapula) and insert in hyoid
-Function to support pharynx and open mouth
Dorsal pectoral fin muscle
-Located on topside of each pectoral fin
-Origin in pectoral girdle
-Insert in dorsal surface of pterygiophores
-Functions as pectoral abductor, pulling fin up
Ventral pectoral fin muscle
-Located on underside of each pectoral fin
-Origin in pectoral girdle
-Insert in ventral surface of pterygiophores
-Functions as pectoral adductor, pulling fin down
Dorsal pelvic fin muscle
-Located on dorsal side of pelvic fins
-Functions as pelvic abductor, lifting it up
Ventral pelvic fin muscle (two portions)
-Located on ventral side of pelvic fins
-Divided into:
-Proximal (puboischiadic bar to pterigium)
-Distal (pterygium to radial cartilage)
-Function as pelvic adductor, pulls fin down
Adductor mandibulae (shark)
-Found on either side of the mouth behind eye on both jaw cartilages
-Origin in palatoquadrate
-Inserts into mandibular cartilage
-Function to close (adduct) mouth
Levator palatoquadrati (shark)
-Located dorsal to adductor mandibulae and rostral to spiracle
-Origin in otic capsule (ear area)
-Insert in palatoquadrate
-Functions to lift palatoquadrate when closing mouth
Spiracularis (shark)
-Caudal to levator palatoquadrati
-Located on cranial wall of spiracle
-Functions to close spiracle valve
Preorbitalis (shark)
-Located in orbit
-Origin in ventral surface of chondrocranium
-Insert in mandibular cartilage
-Function to close mouth
Ventral hyoid constrictor (shark)
-Located caudal to Interhyoideus
-Function to compress gill pouches
Dorsal hyoid constrictor (shark)
-Located above/behind adductor mandibulae
-Functions to compress gill pouches
Levator Hyomandibulae (shark)
-Located between dorsal hyoid constrictor and spiracle
-Raises Hyomandibular cartilage when mouth is closed
-Functions to compress gill pouches
Dorsal & ventral superficial branchial constrictors (shark)
-Banchiomeric muscles (posterior arches)
-Located above gill slits and caudally to dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors
Cucullaris (shark)
-Triangular shaped muscle located dorsally to dorsal hyoid constrictor and superficial branchial constrictors
-Origin in surface of epibranchial muscles
-Insert in scapulocoracoid cartilage last gill arch
-Functions to elevate gill arch and scapula
Interbranchials (shark)
-“between gills”
-Located inside gills under gill lamellae and between radial tendinous intersections
-Functions to constrict gill pouches
Branchial adductors (shark)
-Short muscle spanning between epi/ceratobranchial cartilage inside gill slit
-Compresses gill pouches by abducting the two cartilages
Cutaneous trunci (cat)
-Located on inside of skin of trunk
-Functions to move skin in that area
Sphincter colli (cat)
-“tighten neck”
-Cutaneous muscles on ventral side of neck
-Functions as way to move and tighten skin of the throat
Platysma (cat)
-“platy” = plate
-Located on dorsal side of neck and up over the face area
-Functions to move lips, nose, ears, and eyes to make facial expressions
Thoracolumbar fascia (cat)
-Tough white fascia located on surface of trunk muscles in lumbar region of back
External Oblique (cat)
-Forms outer layer of abdominal wall
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera
-Origin on surface of caudal ribs and cranial boarder is hidden under latissimus dorsi/pectorals
Internal oblique (cat)
-Located under external oblique with cranial border caudal to rib cage and extending into pelvic region
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera
Transversus abdominis
-Lies underneath internal oblique on side of body from more caudal ribs to insert into linea alba
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera
Rectus abdominis
-Underneath internal oblique
-Longitudinal band of muscle on either side of midventral line
-Origin in pubis and insert in sternum
-Functions to flex body
Pectoralis descendens (cat)
-“to come down”
-Function to adduct arm (bring down)
-Part of superficial pectoral complex
-Origin in sternum extend to humerus
-Small strap across chest
Pectoralis transversus (cat)
-“turn across”
-Part of superficial pectoral complex
-Spans from sternum to humerus; found under pectoralis decendens, but above pectoralis profundus
-Functions to adduct arm
Pectoralis profundus (cat)
-“Profundus” = deep
-Deeper part of pectoral complex
-Spans most of chest region in large triangle shape
-Origin along sternum, tips of triangles insert into humerus
-Functions to adduct/retract arm
Xiphihumeral (cat)
-Triangle shaped muscle under pectoralis profundus (deepest muscle of pectoral complex)
-Origin on xiphoid process
-Insert in humerus
-Function to adduct/retract arm
Cleidobrachialis (cat)
-“Cleido” = clavical; “bracchium” = arm
-Spanning top/front of shoulder from clavical to ulna
-Part of deltoid muscle complex
-Clavical is imbedded in underside of cleidobranchial at base of neck
-Merges with cleidocervical at dorsal part
Thoracic trapezius (cat)
-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Thin sheet covering cranial part of latissimus dorsi
-Found along dorsal line of thorax, behind cervical trapezius, and moving under to insert on scapular spine
Cervical trapezius (Cat)
-“cervix” = neck
-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Found in front of thoracic trapezius and behind cleidocervical/brachial
-Along mid dorsal line to base of neck, inserts in scapular spine of arm
Cleidocervical (Clavotrapezius) (cat)
-“cleido” = clavical; “cervix” = neck
-Located on dorsal side of neck, extending from Michal crest of skull to mid dorsal line of front of neck
-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Merges with cleidobrachial
Sternomastoid (cat)
-Extends from sternum, wrapping on either side of neck to mastoid process of skull
-Creates V shape around Sternohyoid
-Passes under jugular vein
-Functions to rotate/ lower head
Omototransversarius (cat)
-“omo” = shoulder; “transvers” = transverse process of atlas
-AKA levator scapulae ventralis (lifts scapula)
-small band of neck/shoulder muscle between cleidocervical (mostly under) and cervical trapezius
Deltoid muscle complex (cat)
Cleidobrachial: clavical to arm
Acromiodeltoid: attach to acromion of scapula
Scapulodeltoid: along caudal border of scapula
Acromiodeltoid (Cat)
-Found behind cleidobranchial on dorsal side of arm
-Moves from acromion of scapula, under omotransversarius, down to humerus
-Part of deltoid muscle complex
-Located above triceps
Scapulodeltoid (Cat)
-Found along caudal border of scapula; from scapular spine to proximal end of humerus
-Lies below cervical trapezius and above triceps; omotransversarius runs under
-Part of deltoid muscle complex
Latissimus dorsi (cat)
-Runs along top/side of trunk, behind arms
-Origin in spinous process of vertebrae
-Insert in humerus
-Functions to retract humerus
Supraspinatus (cat)
-Found on supraspinous fossa of scapula and under cervical trapezius
Infraspinatus (cat)
-Found on infraspinatus fossa of scapula, below supraspinatus and behind scapulodeltoid
Teres major (Cat)
-Small muscle on caudal border of scapula and into humerus
-Found below infraspinatus
Rhomboideus capitis muscle (cat)
-Along inside of neck from back of skull to scapula
-Found under cleidocervicalis and in front of cervical trapezius
Serratus Ventralis (cat)
-Deep to latissimus dorsi, closer to ventral side
-Fan shaped muscle moves from dorsal border of scapula along ribs in multiple ‘slips’
Subscapularis (cat)
-Between stratus ventralis and scapula; found in subscapular fossa
Tensor fasciae antebrachii (cat)
-Thin layer along medial surface arm supporting the triceps brachii muscles
Triceps brachii (3 parts)
Origin in humerus; insert in olecranon of ulna; function to extend lower arm
1) long head: located along caudal surface of humerus (larger head), starting under scapula to olecranon
2) lateral head: on proximal end of humerus, covering most of lateral surface of bone, inserting into olecranon of ulna
3) medial head: smaller head, found on medial surface of humerus
Brachialis (cat)
-Located on cranial/lateral side of humerus, in front of triceps brachii lateral head
-Origin in humerus
-Insert in ulna
-Function to flex lower arm
Biceps brachii (cat)
-Located on medial side of humerus along cranial edge slightly under pectoralis transversus/profundus insertions and in front of triceps brachii medial head
-Origin in scapula
-Insert in radius (radial tuberosity)
-Functions to flex lower arm
Sartorius (cat)
-Most cranial muscle of thigh, made of a long band extending from origin on ilium to insert in tibia/patella
-Functions to adduct femur/thigh
Tensor fasciae latae (cat)
-Found on border of illium on the cranial side
-Thick layer on cranial surface of thigh, merging with gluteus superficialis
Biceps femoris (cat)
-Part of hamstrings (with semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
-Narrow origin in pelvic girdle, fanning out to form lateral surface of thigh
-Inserts in tibia (medial side)
-Functions to flex lower leg
Semitendinous (cat)
-Forms hamstrings (with biceps femoris and semimembrinosus)
-Found caudal to biceps femoris
-Origin in pelvic girdle, inserting into tibia
-Functions to flex lower leg
Caudofemoral (cat)
-Band of muscle cranial and dorsal to biceps femoris
-Covers sacral area on dorsal side, moving under biceps femoris to patella
-Associated with gluteal muscles
Gluteus superficialis (cat)
-Lies underneath tensor fascia latae and between gluteus medius and caudofemoral
-Most superficial muscle of gluteus complex on dorsal sacral area moving down to femur
Gluteus medius (cat)
-Lies under tensor fascia latae and in front of, but tucking partially under the gluteus superficialis in the sacral region
Quadriceps femoris muscle complex (4 parts)
-origin in ilium/femur, insert in tibia
-Functions to extend lower leg
1) rectus femoris: cranial thigh surface, medial to vastus lateralis
2) vastus lateralis: craniolateral surface of thigh
3) vastus medialis: medial surface of caudal to rectus femoris and under gracilis
4) vastus intermedius: found deeply between vastus lateralis and rectus femoris
Rectus femoris (cat)
-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin in ilium; insert in tibia/patella; functions to extend lower leg
-Found on cranial thigh surface, under sartorius and medial to vastus lateralis
Vastus lateralis (cat)
-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Large muscle on craniolateral surface of thigh; mostly covered by tensor fascia latae
Vastus medialis (cat)
-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Found of medial surface of thigh, caudal to rectus femoris and deep to gracilis
Vastus intermedius (cat)
-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Found deep to vastus lateralis and rectus femoris; often merges with vastus medialis
Gracilis (cat)
-Found on medial surface of thigh and caudal to sartorius/covers quadriceps femoris
-Wide/thin muscle moves from pubic symphysis to tibia
Semimembranosus (cat)
-Forms hamstrings (with biceps femoris and semitendinosus)
-Broad/thick muscle found deep to gracilis and cranial to semitendinosus
Pectineus (cat)
-Small triangular muscle found in cranial border of pubis where femoral blood vessels emerge
-Hidden under sartorius and external oblique
-Origin in pelvic girdle/insert in femur
-Functions to adduct femur
Adductor femoris longus (cat)
-Found between pectineus and semimembranous on cranial border of pelvic girdle to femur
-Functions to adduct thigh
Gastrocnemius (cat)
-Origin in femur/insert in calcaneus (heel)
-Large muscle found on caudal side of lower leg, behind tibia and below semitendinosus
-Works with soleus as calf muscles
-Functions as plantar flexion (lift/lower foot)
Soleus (cat)
-Seen on lateral surface of shin and lies deep to gastrocnemius along fibula
-Works with gastrocnemius to form calf muscles
External intercostals (cat)
-Outer layer of thoracic wall under latissimus dorsi
-Extend from one rib to next, but not all the way to midventral line
Internal intercostals (cat)
-Located beneath external intercostals
-Extend between ribs
Spinalis dorsi (cat)
-Deeper muscle found lateral to spinous process and dorsal portions of thoracic/caudal vertebrae
Longissimus dorsi (cat)
-On dorsal side of body running along side and inserting into transverse process of thoracic/cervical vertebrae
-Lays between spinalis muscle and iliocostalis
Iliocostalis (cat)
-Runs along lateral side longissimus dorsi
-Insert into ribs
Multifidi (cat)
-Located all along vertebral column connecting vertebrae
-Muscle bundles extend from mammillary processes, transvers processes, and zygapophyses of vertebrae to the spinous process of next vertebrae cranially
-Most span two or three vertebrae
-Seen best in lumbar region
Sternohyoid (cat)
-Thin midventral muscle spanning windpipe from sternum up into hyoid body
-Tucks under sternomastoid where its V shape meets at sternum
Digastric (cat)
-Muscle band mastoid process to mandible
-Origin in skull, insert in dentary
-Functions as jaw opeining/depress mandible
Mylohyoid (cat)
-Found under digastic sections in under jaw region of mandible
Masseter (cat)
-Found in upper cheek area of face, near mastoid process
-Origin on zygomatic arch, inserting in dentary
-Functions to close jaws
Temporalis (cat)
-Found underneath ear, dorsal to zygomatic arch
-Origin on skull in temporal fossa region
-Inserts in coronoid princess of mandible
-Functions to close jaws (elevate mandible)
