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Comparative Anatomy > Lab Exam 2: Muscles > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2: Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Coracomandibular

A

Originate in other muscles
Insert in mandibular cartilage
Functions to open mouth

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2
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Rectus cervicis complex (coracoarcual/coracohyoid)

A

Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in hyoid
Function: support pharynx & help open mouth

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3
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Dorsal pectoral fin muscle (pectoral abductor)

A

Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in dorsal surface of pterygiophores
Function to elevate fin/pull fin caudally

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4
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Ventral pectoral fin muscle (pectoral adductor)

A

Origin in pectoral girdle
Insert in ventral surface of pterygiophores
Function to depress fin/pull fin forward

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5
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Adductor mandibulae

A

Origin in palatoquadrate cartilage
Insert in meckel’s cartilage
Function to close mouth

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6
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Elevator palatoquadrati

A

Origin in otic capsule
Insert in palatoquadrate
Function to elevate palatoquadrate

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7
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Spiracularis

A

Origin in otic capsule
Insert in palatoquadrate
Function to elevate palatoquadrate

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8
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Preorbitalis

A

Origin in chondrocranium
Insert in meckel’s cartilage
Function to close mouth

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9
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Intermandibularis

A

Origin in meckel’s cartilage
Insert in med ventral tendon
Function to elevate mouth floor/force water through gill pouches

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10
Q

Function:
Interhyoideus
Ventral/dorsal hyoid constrictors
Levator hyomandibulae
Dorsal/ventral superficial constrictors
Interbranchials
Branchial adductors

A

Function to compress gill pouches

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11
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Culcullarius

A

Origin in epibranchial muscles
Insert in last gill arch/scapula
Function to elevate gill arch/elevate scapula

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12
Q

Function:
Cutaneous trunci
Platysma

A

Move skin

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13
Q

Function:
External/internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

A

Function to support viscera

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14
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Rectus abdominis

A

Origin in pubis
Insert in sternum
Function to flex body

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15
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Pectoralis transversus/profundus

A

Origin in sternum
Insertion in humerus
Function to adduct/retract arm

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16
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Xiphihumeralis

A

Origin in xiphoid process
Insert in humerus
Function to adduct/retract arm

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17
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Sternomastoid

A

Origin in sternum
Insertion in mastoid process
Function to rotate/depress head

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18
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Latissimus dorsi

A

Origin in vertebrae
Insert in humerus
Function to retract humerus

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19
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Triceps brancii (long/lateral/medial heads)

A

Origin in humerus
Insertion in olecranon process
Function to extend lower arm

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20
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Branchialis

A

Origin in humerus
Insertion in ulna
Function to flex lower arm

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21
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Biceps branchii

A

Origin in scapula
Insertion in radial tuberosity
Function to flex lower arm

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22
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
sartorius

A

Origin in illium
Insert in tibia
Function to adduct femur

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23
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis, semimemranosus)

A

Origin in pelvic girdle
Insert in tibia
Function to flex lower leg

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24
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius, rectus femoris)

A

Origin in ilium or femur
Insert in tibia
Function to extend lower leg

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25
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Pectineus, adductor femoris/longus

A

Origin in pelvic girdle
Insert in femur
Function to adduct femur

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26
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Gastrocnemius

A

Origin in femur
Insert in calcaneus
Function as plantar flexion

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27
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Digastric

A

Origin in skull
Insert in dentary
Function to depress mandible

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28
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Masseter

A

Origin in zygomatic arch
Insert in dentary
Function to elevate mandible (close jaw)

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29
Q

Origin/Insertion/Function:
Temporalis

A

Origin in skull
Insert in coronoid process
Function to elevate mandible (close jaws)

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30
Q

Linea Alba (cat)

A

-“white line”
-Thin whitish connective tissue that runs from sternum to pubic bone
-Separates R and L sides of abdominal muscles that support internal viscera

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31
Q

Intermandibularis (shark)

A

-“between mandibles”
-Paired sheets of ventral muscle, most superficial
-Originate on each side of mandibular cartilage
-Insert in center midventral tendon
-Function to open jaws and compress gill pouches

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32
Q

Interhyoideus (shark)

A

-“between hyoid”
-Paired sheets of muscle located underneath Intermandibularis muscles
-Function to compress gill pouches

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33
Q

Coracomandibular (shark)

A

-“coraco-“ relates to scapula & “mandib-“ relates to lower jaw
-Underneath Intermandibularis and Interhyoideus
-Unpaired narrow muscle along midventral line
-Insert in ventral center of mandibular cartilage
-Function to close mouth

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34
Q

Coracoarcuals (shark)

“co-ra-co-ar-kew-als”

A

-Part of Rectus cervicis complex (“straight neck”)
-“Coraco-“ relates to scapula
-Paired triangular-shaped muscles underneath coracomandibular
-Origin in pectoral girdle (scapula) and insert in hyoid
-Function to support pharynx and open mouth

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35
Q

Coracohyoid (shark)

A

-Part of Rectus cervicis complex (“straight neck”)
-“Coraco-“ relates to scapula and “hyoid”
-Paired muscles rostral to coracoarcuals underneath Intermandibularis and Interhyoideus muscles
-Origin in pectoral girdle (scapula) and insert in hyoid
-Function to support pharynx and open mouth

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36
Q

Dorsal pectoral fin muscle

A

-Located on topside of each pectoral fin
-Origin in pectoral girdle
-Insert in dorsal surface of pterygiophores
-Functions as pectoral abductor, pulling fin up

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37
Q

Ventral pectoral fin muscle

A

-Located on underside of each pectoral fin
-Origin in pectoral girdle
-Insert in ventral surface of pterygiophores
-Functions as pectoral adductor, pulling fin down

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38
Q

Dorsal pelvic fin muscle

A

-Located on dorsal side of pelvic fins
-Functions as pelvic abductor, lifting it up

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39
Q

Ventral pelvic fin muscle (two portions)

A

-Located on ventral side of pelvic fins
-Divided into:
-Proximal (puboischiadic bar to pterigium)
-Distal (pterygium to radial cartilage)
-Function as pelvic adductor, pulls fin down

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40
Q

Adductor mandibulae (shark)

A

-Found on either side of the mouth behind eye on both jaw cartilages
-Origin in palatoquadrate
-Inserts into mandibular cartilage
-Function to close (adduct) mouth

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41
Q

Levator palatoquadrati (shark)

A

-Located dorsal to adductor mandibulae and rostral to spiracle
-Origin in otic capsule (ear area)
-Insert in palatoquadrate
-Functions to lift palatoquadrate when closing mouth

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42
Q

Spiracularis (shark)

A

-Caudal to levator palatoquadrati
-Located on cranial wall of spiracle
-Functions to close spiracle valve

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43
Q

Preorbitalis (shark)

A

-Located in orbit
-Origin in ventral surface of chondrocranium
-Insert in mandibular cartilage
-Function to close mouth

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44
Q

Ventral hyoid constrictor (shark)

A

-Located caudal to Interhyoideus
-Function to compress gill pouches

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45
Q

Dorsal hyoid constrictor (shark)

A

-Located above/behind adductor mandibulae
-Functions to compress gill pouches

46
Q

Levator Hyomandibulae (shark)

A

-Located between dorsal hyoid constrictor and spiracle
-Raises Hyomandibular cartilage when mouth is closed
-Functions to compress gill pouches

47
Q

Dorsal & ventral superficial branchial constrictors (shark)

A

-Banchiomeric muscles (posterior arches)
-Located above gill slits and caudally to dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors

48
Q

Cucullaris (shark)

A

-Triangular shaped muscle located dorsally to dorsal hyoid constrictor and superficial branchial constrictors
-Origin in surface of epibranchial muscles
-Insert in scapulocoracoid cartilage last gill arch
-Functions to elevate gill arch and scapula

49
Q

Interbranchials (shark)

A

-“between gills”
-Located inside gills under gill lamellae and between radial tendinous intersections
-Functions to constrict gill pouches

50
Q

Branchial adductors (shark)

A

-Short muscle spanning between epi/ceratobranchial cartilage inside gill slit
-Compresses gill pouches by abducting the two cartilages

51
Q

Cutaneous trunci (cat)

A

-Located on inside of skin of trunk
-Functions to move skin in that area

52
Q

Sphincter colli (cat)

A

-“tighten neck”
-Cutaneous muscles on ventral side of neck
-Functions as way to move and tighten skin of the throat

53
Q

Platysma (cat)

A

-“platy” = plate
-Located on dorsal side of neck and up over the face area
-Functions to move lips, nose, ears, and eyes to make facial expressions

54
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia (cat)

A

-Tough white fascia located on surface of trunk muscles in lumbar region of back

55
Q

External Oblique (cat)

A

-Forms outer layer of abdominal wall
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera
-Origin on surface of caudal ribs and cranial boarder is hidden under latissimus dorsi/pectorals

56
Q

Internal oblique (cat)

A

-Located under external oblique with cranial border caudal to rib cage and extending into pelvic region
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera

57
Q

Transversus abdominis

A

-Lies underneath internal oblique on side of body from more caudal ribs to insert into linea alba
-Functions to compress abdomen and support viscera

58
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

-Underneath internal oblique
-Longitudinal band of muscle on either side of midventral line
-Origin in pubis and insert in sternum
-Functions to flex body

59
Q

Pectoralis descendens (cat)

A

-“to come down”
-Function to adduct arm (bring down)
-Part of superficial pectoral complex
-Origin in sternum extend to humerus
-Small strap across chest

60
Q

Pectoralis transversus (cat)

A

-“turn across”
-Part of superficial pectoral complex
-Spans from sternum to humerus; found under pectoralis decendens, but above pectoralis profundus
-Functions to adduct arm

61
Q

Pectoralis profundus (cat)

A

-“Profundus” = deep
-Deeper part of pectoral complex
-Spans most of chest region in large triangle shape
-Origin along sternum, tips of triangles insert into humerus
-Functions to adduct/retract arm

62
Q

Xiphihumeral (cat)

A

-Triangle shaped muscle under pectoralis profundus (deepest muscle of pectoral complex)
-Origin on xiphoid process
-Insert in humerus
-Function to adduct/retract arm

63
Q

Cleidobrachialis (cat)

A

-“Cleido” = clavical; “bracchium” = arm
-Spanning top/front of shoulder from clavical to ulna
-Part of deltoid muscle complex
-Clavical is imbedded in underside of cleidobranchial at base of neck
-Merges with cleidocervical at dorsal part

64
Q

Thoracic trapezius (cat)

A

-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Thin sheet covering cranial part of latissimus dorsi
-Found along dorsal line of thorax, behind cervical trapezius, and moving under to insert on scapular spine

65
Q

Cervical trapezius (Cat)

A

-“cervix” = neck
-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Found in front of thoracic trapezius and behind cleidocervical/brachial
-Along mid dorsal line to base of neck, inserts in scapular spine of arm

66
Q

Cleidocervical (Clavotrapezius) (cat)

A

-“cleido” = clavical; “cervix” = neck
-Located on dorsal side of neck, extending from Michal crest of skull to mid dorsal line of front of neck
-Part of trapezius muscle complex
-Merges with cleidobrachial

67
Q

Sternomastoid (cat)

A

-Extends from sternum, wrapping on either side of neck to mastoid process of skull
-Creates V shape around Sternohyoid
-Passes under jugular vein
-Functions to rotate/ lower head

68
Q

Omototransversarius (cat)

A

-“omo” = shoulder; “transvers” = transverse process of atlas
-AKA levator scapulae ventralis (lifts scapula)
-small band of neck/shoulder muscle between cleidocervical (mostly under) and cervical trapezius

69
Q

Deltoid muscle complex (cat)

A

Cleidobrachial: clavical to arm
Acromiodeltoid: attach to acromion of scapula
Scapulodeltoid: along caudal border of scapula

70
Q

Acromiodeltoid (Cat)

A

-Found behind cleidobranchial on dorsal side of arm
-Moves from acromion of scapula, under omotransversarius, down to humerus
-Part of deltoid muscle complex
-Located above triceps

71
Q

Scapulodeltoid (Cat)

A

-Found along caudal border of scapula; from scapular spine to proximal end of humerus
-Lies below cervical trapezius and above triceps; omotransversarius runs under
-Part of deltoid muscle complex

72
Q

Latissimus dorsi (cat)

A

-Runs along top/side of trunk, behind arms
-Origin in spinous process of vertebrae
-Insert in humerus
-Functions to retract humerus

73
Q

Supraspinatus (cat)

A

-Found on supraspinous fossa of scapula and under cervical trapezius

74
Q

Infraspinatus (cat)

A

-Found on infraspinatus fossa of scapula, below supraspinatus and behind scapulodeltoid

75
Q

Teres major (Cat)

A

-Small muscle on caudal border of scapula and into humerus
-Found below infraspinatus

76
Q

Rhomboideus capitis muscle (cat)

A

-Along inside of neck from back of skull to scapula
-Found under cleidocervicalis and in front of cervical trapezius

77
Q

Serratus Ventralis (cat)

A

-Deep to latissimus dorsi, closer to ventral side
-Fan shaped muscle moves from dorsal border of scapula along ribs in multiple ‘slips’

78
Q

Subscapularis (cat)

A

-Between stratus ventralis and scapula; found in subscapular fossa

79
Q

Tensor fasciae antebrachii (cat)

A

-Thin layer along medial surface arm supporting the triceps brachii muscles

80
Q

Triceps brachii (3 parts)

A

Origin in humerus; insert in olecranon of ulna; function to extend lower arm

1) long head: located along caudal surface of humerus (larger head), starting under scapula to olecranon

2) lateral head: on proximal end of humerus, covering most of lateral surface of bone, inserting into olecranon of ulna

3) medial head: smaller head, found on medial surface of humerus

81
Q

Brachialis (cat)

A

-Located on cranial/lateral side of humerus, in front of triceps brachii lateral head
-Origin in humerus
-Insert in ulna
-Function to flex lower arm

82
Q

Biceps brachii (cat)

A

-Located on medial side of humerus along cranial edge slightly under pectoralis transversus/profundus insertions and in front of triceps brachii medial head
-Origin in scapula
-Insert in radius (radial tuberosity)
-Functions to flex lower arm

83
Q

Sartorius (cat)

A

-Most cranial muscle of thigh, made of a long band extending from origin on ilium to insert in tibia/patella
-Functions to adduct femur/thigh

84
Q

Tensor fasciae latae (cat)

A

-Found on border of illium on the cranial side
-Thick layer on cranial surface of thigh, merging with gluteus superficialis

85
Q

Biceps femoris (cat)

A

-Part of hamstrings (with semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
-Narrow origin in pelvic girdle, fanning out to form lateral surface of thigh
-Inserts in tibia (medial side)
-Functions to flex lower leg

86
Q

Semitendinous (cat)

A

-Forms hamstrings (with biceps femoris and semimembrinosus)
-Found caudal to biceps femoris
-Origin in pelvic girdle, inserting into tibia
-Functions to flex lower leg

87
Q

Caudofemoral (cat)

A

-Band of muscle cranial and dorsal to biceps femoris
-Covers sacral area on dorsal side, moving under biceps femoris to patella
-Associated with gluteal muscles

88
Q

Gluteus superficialis (cat)

A

-Lies underneath tensor fascia latae and between gluteus medius and caudofemoral
-Most superficial muscle of gluteus complex on dorsal sacral area moving down to femur

89
Q

Gluteus medius (cat)

A

-Lies under tensor fascia latae and in front of, but tucking partially under the gluteus superficialis in the sacral region

90
Q

Quadriceps femoris muscle complex (4 parts)

A

-origin in ilium/femur, insert in tibia
-Functions to extend lower leg
1) rectus femoris: cranial thigh surface, medial to vastus lateralis
2) vastus lateralis: craniolateral surface of thigh
3) vastus medialis: medial surface of caudal to rectus femoris and under gracilis
4) vastus intermedius: found deeply between vastus lateralis and rectus femoris

91
Q

Rectus femoris (cat)

A

-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin in ilium; insert in tibia/patella; functions to extend lower leg
-Found on cranial thigh surface, under sartorius and medial to vastus lateralis

92
Q

Vastus lateralis (cat)

A

-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Large muscle on craniolateral surface of thigh; mostly covered by tensor fascia latae

93
Q

Vastus medialis (cat)

A

-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Found of medial surface of thigh, caudal to rectus femoris and deep to gracilis

94
Q

Vastus intermedius (cat)

A

-Part of quadriceps femoris muscle complex
-Origin on femur; insert in tibia; functions to extend lower leg
-Found deep to vastus lateralis and rectus femoris; often merges with vastus medialis

95
Q

Gracilis (cat)

A

-Found on medial surface of thigh and caudal to sartorius/covers quadriceps femoris
-Wide/thin muscle moves from pubic symphysis to tibia

96
Q

Semimembranosus (cat)

A

-Forms hamstrings (with biceps femoris and semitendinosus)
-Broad/thick muscle found deep to gracilis and cranial to semitendinosus

97
Q

Pectineus (cat)

A

-Small triangular muscle found in cranial border of pubis where femoral blood vessels emerge
-Hidden under sartorius and external oblique
-Origin in pelvic girdle/insert in femur
-Functions to adduct femur

98
Q

Adductor femoris longus (cat)

A

-Found between pectineus and semimembranous on cranial border of pelvic girdle to femur
-Functions to adduct thigh

99
Q

Gastrocnemius (cat)

A

-Origin in femur/insert in calcaneus (heel)
-Large muscle found on caudal side of lower leg, behind tibia and below semitendinosus
-Works with soleus as calf muscles
-Functions as plantar flexion (lift/lower foot)

100
Q

Soleus (cat)

A

-Seen on lateral surface of shin and lies deep to gastrocnemius along fibula
-Works with gastrocnemius to form calf muscles

101
Q

External intercostals (cat)

A

-Outer layer of thoracic wall under latissimus dorsi
-Extend from one rib to next, but not all the way to midventral line

102
Q

Internal intercostals (cat)

A

-Located beneath external intercostals
-Extend between ribs

103
Q

Spinalis dorsi (cat)

A

-Deeper muscle found lateral to spinous process and dorsal portions of thoracic/caudal vertebrae

104
Q

Longissimus dorsi (cat)

A

-On dorsal side of body running along side and inserting into transverse process of thoracic/cervical vertebrae
-Lays between spinalis muscle and iliocostalis

105
Q

Iliocostalis (cat)

A

-Runs along lateral side longissimus dorsi
-Insert into ribs

106
Q

Multifidi (cat)

A

-Located all along vertebral column connecting vertebrae
-Muscle bundles extend from mammillary processes, transvers processes, and zygapophyses of vertebrae to the spinous process of next vertebrae cranially
-Most span two or three vertebrae
-Seen best in lumbar region

107
Q

Sternohyoid (cat)

A

-Thin midventral muscle spanning windpipe from sternum up into hyoid body
-Tucks under sternomastoid where its V shape meets at sternum

108
Q

Digastric (cat)

A

-Muscle band mastoid process to mandible
-Origin in skull, insert in dentary
-Functions as jaw opeining/depress mandible

109
Q

Mylohyoid (cat)

A

-Found under digastic sections in under jaw region of mandible

110
Q

Masseter (cat)

A

-Found in upper cheek area of face, near mastoid process
-Origin on zygomatic arch, inserting in dentary
-Functions to close jaws

111
Q

Temporalis (cat)

A

-Found underneath ear, dorsal to zygomatic arch
-Origin on skull in temporal fossa region
-Inserts in coronoid princess of mandible
-Functions to close jaws (elevate mandible)

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

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