Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
Anaerobic Threshold (AnT)
transition from predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production as workload increases.
- Moderate Intensity
- LAST oxygen uptake rate value (VO2)
Aerobic Exercise
presence of oxygen
oxidative metabolic pathways primary source of energy production (Aerobic glycolysis, beta oxidation)
Anaerobic Exercise
absence of oxygen
anaerbic metabolic pathways primary source of energy production (phosphagen metabolism, anaerobic glycolysis)
Identifying Anaerobic Threshold
- Last oxygen uptake rate value (VO2) fitting the linear trend when VE is plotted against VO2
- linear trend breaks = AnT
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Rate
maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute (VO2 max)
VO2max is estimated on the basis of the work rate which yields a steady-state heart rate of approximately 70% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (PHRmax = 220 - Age in years.)
Identifying Maximal Oxygen Uptake Rate
highest VO2 value achieved during graded maximal effort exercise test
Criteria for determining if VO2 max has been reached
- plateau or decrease in VO2 as workload increases
- R value equal to or greater than 1.0
How does endurance training improve health
Increases myocardial efficiency because of result in increased stroke volume and decrease in heart rate which decreases myocardial oxygen requirement for given cardiac output
How to assess/calculate pulmonary lung volume
Vital Capacity: A - D or Maximal Expiration - Held Maximal Breath Inspiration
Norms for Vital Capacity based on gender, age, and height (9-7)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume inspired or expired per breath
Increases during exercise
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Maximal Volume Inspired from end-inspiration
Decrease During Exercise
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Maximal Volume Expired from end-inspiration
Slight decrease During Exercise
Residual Volume (RV)
Volume remaining at end of maximal expiration
Slight decrease During Exercise
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Volume in lung at end of maximal expiration
Slight decrease During Exercise
Vital Capacity (VC)
Maximal amount of air you can exhale after one breath
Slight decrease During Exercise
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximal volume inspired from resting expiratory level
Increase During Exercise
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume in Lungs at resting expiratory level
Slight increase during exercise
Long-Term Training effects on lung volumes and capacities
Lung volumes at rests (except TV) are generally smaller in an untrained person than a trained individual
What are the two Components of Body Composition
Fat component (adipose/lipids) Lean body component (bones, muscles, organs)
What are the densities of the two components of body composition in relation to the density of water
Fat component tend to have a density of .90 gm/ml
Lean component tend to have a density of 1.10 gm/ml
Relationship between body weight, body volume, body density, percent body fat
Body Weight - used to calculate Body volume
Body Volume - used to calculate Body Density
Body Density - used to calculate % body fat
How to perform underwater weighing
Measure body weight in swimsuit to the nearest .25 pound
Apply nose clip & have subject sit, leaning in front of spirometer
Subject takes several deep breaths w/ mouthpiece from spirometer on, then with lungs filled maximally. Have them blow max air into spirometer in one sharp expiration, then remove mouthpiece (repeat 3 times total & measure air temperature in last trial)
Have subject enter tank and sit in seat, remove any air trapped in swimsuit
Have subject tuck head underwater, expel all air in lungs, and slowly count to 10 until subject can resurface (repeat 6-10 times)
Record weight each time & stabilize scale
Further trials may need to be done if weights from multiple trials are drastically different ( greater than 0.15 kg different)
how to calculate body volume
Use Bodyweight, true underwater weight, water density and residual volume, used to calculate Body Density
TUWW - find underwater weight (average of three trials), subtract it from 4.91 kg
Water Density - based on temperature and standardized table
Residual volume - (Vital capacity (found in experiment) x BTPS) x .24 for males / .28 for females
Equation
((((BW-TUWW) divided by water density) - residual volume) - .1)
How to find body density
Body weight divided by body volume
Equation → BW / BV
How to find % Body fat
Equation → (((4.57 / Body density) - 4.142) x 100)
How to find Fat Weight
Equation → (BW x (% fat / 100)
How to find lean body weight
Equation → BW - FW
How to find ideal body weight
select % fat (gives you FW goal % and LBW goal %)
Equation → (actual LBW / (1 - (Target % fat / 100))
Archimedes Principle & how it relates to underwater weighing
Archimedes Principle - an object immersed in a fluid loses an amount of weight equivalent to the weight of the fluid which is displaced.
The difference between “dry” and underwater weights directly reflect the volume of water displaced, which is equal to an individual’s body volume
Allows us to accurately determine body volume
An object in water is buoyed up by force equal to volume of water displaced
Vol. of water displaced = weight lost by object immersed in water
Specific gravity = weight of object/weight of an equal vol. Of water)
Spec. gravity = weight of object in air / weight of an equal vol. Of water
Spec. gravity = weight of object in air / loss of weight in water (or weight in air - weight in water)
Cardiorespiratory endurance(maximal uptake rate)
ability of the lungs and heart to take in and transport adequate amounts of oxygen to the working masses(running, swimming, and cycling) to be performed over long periods of time
Pulmonary(lung) volumes
the ability to utilize oxygen involving internal and external respiration.
tidal volume: volume inspired or expired per breath (increase during exercise)
Inspired respiratory volume: maximal volume inspired from end-inspiration (decrease during exercise)
individual’s body structure
Fat- represents lipid constituents found in adipose tissue
Lean body- represents tissue in muscle, bone, and “vital organs”
After these values are found it is important in establishing any necessary goals for modifying levels of body composition
Factors that influence body composition
lean tissue and fat
Benefits of exercise in a weight control program
fat reduction goals
What are the causes of regulatory obesity
ack of daily physical activity, excess caloric consumption, association of food with emotional responses, social and cultural pressures to metabolic disorders
Various exercise & weight control concepts
caloric deficit 1,000kcal/day = fat loss of 2 lbs/week, decrease intake 700kcal/day, increase expenditure 300kcal/day
Exercise benefits
Increased cumulative caloric expenditure, counteracts potential decrease in basal metabolic typically associated with aging by maintaining (endurance exercise) or increases (strength training) lean body weight, prevents loss of lean body weight associated with caloric restriction, compliments behavior modification and establishment of a more healthful lifestyle
Overweightness
indicates an excessive body weight in comparison to what is standard body weight based on one’s height, age, sex, and frame size. This may not indicate obesity and vice versa
Underweightness
indicates insufficient body weight
Sources in error in submaximal leg ergometer test
I. Since a submaximal test there is a 10-15% chance of error measuring VO2 max at 70% of HR
II. plus/minus 6 error of the assumption that oxygen uptake (VO2) is linear to workload
III. Potential miscalculations of maximal workload and assumption of known max heart rate using 220-age
Sources in error in submaximal pulmonary testing
I. Body Temperature, pressure, saturation correction factor (BTPS) depends on air temperature
II. Spirometer not properly flushed
III. If subject does not fully breathe in or exhale for proper amount of time
IV. If paper is not properly place of the kymograph paper
Sources if error in Underwater weighing (still #1 way to measure lean and body fat)
Movement in tube during testing
If water is displaced from tub measurement can be off
If air bubbles rise from either clothing or not exhaling completely
Sources of error in Anthropometric Measurements
The assumption that fat accumulates in same regions for sexes
This type of measurement has a standard error of estimate (S.E.E.) of plus/minus 3%
What factors should be used in selecting an anthropoid metric equation for estimation body composition:
sex or gender, age, athlete vs. non-athlete, race or ethnicity, and statistical consideration (11-4A)
what factors should be used in selecting an anthropoid metric equation for estimation body composition
sex or gender, age, athlete vs. non-athlete, race or ethnicity, and statistical consideration (11-4A)
what tissues are primarily assessed by skin folds, circumferences, and diameters
skin-folds: fat
circumferences: fat, muscle, and bone
diameters: bone
What are the units of measure mean for skinfolds:?
circumferences: cm
diameters: cm
The 3 general models that underlie anthropometric equations used for estimating body composition
Somatogram - to understand if portions of the body are proportional to one another
Somatotype - identifies an individual based on body type
Includes:
- endomorph: measured fatness uses all skinfolds
- mesomorphy: measures muscularity uses skinfolds circumferences, diameters and height and average of left and right sides
- ectomorphy: thin and lanky, uses height and body weight to determine linearity
Reference weight
determines the amount of body weight an individual should have based on norms from people of that skeletal frame size
Somatogram measures and uses
Measures- body proportionality, over/under in body weight, over/under in body fat and over/under in muscularity
*Uses (how to find)- circumferences; average the left and right extremity
Reference weight measures and uses
- Measures- the needed changes in both fat weight and lean body weight to adjust overall body weight to the reference weight goal (normalities for weight based on height); changing BMI to norm
* Uses- diameters along with height; add the left and right extremity diameters
Somatotype (3 types) Measures and Uses
- Endomorphy
* Measures- FATNESS
* Uses- 3 SKINFOLDS - Mesomorphy
* Measures- MUSCULARITY
* Uses- a few SKINFOLDS, CIRCUMFERENCE, DIAMETERS, HEIGHT - Ectomorphy
- Measures- rating of LINEARITY
- Uses- HEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT (Body Mass Index)
Primary body build characteristics (only use top 2 characteristics used when describing people)
Ectomorphic= lean and long; difficult to build muscle Endomorphic= big, high body fat, pear-shaped with a high tendency to store body fat Mesomorphic= muscular and well-built with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells
Body weight-frame size relationships
are indicated by WRIST, KNEE, and ANKLE proportions.
- overweightness= < 95 (rest of body is small relative to skeletal size)
- underwightness= > 105 (eating disorder, rest of body small)
- normal proportionality: 95-105
Excessive body fat distribution
is typically reflected by large proportions in the ABDOMEN and also may be apparent in large CHEST, HIPS, and THIGH values (however the CHEST and THIGH may also be of high proportions when due to obvious muscularity in some males)
-determines= amount of fat
Pronounced muscular development
is reflected by large proportions in the FOREARM, FLEXED ARM, SHOULDER, and CALF values (however, obese females may also tend to show a large proportion value in the FLEXED ARM due to fat accumulation)
- determines= amount of muscle - greater muscle development= above 105 - lesser muscle development= below 95
Three Assumptions that submaximal leg (bicycle) ergometer tests are based upon
- Oxygen uptake rate (VO2) is linearly related to workload; has a plus and minus 6% error
- Heart rate is linearly related to workload
- Oxygen uptake rate is linearly related to heart rate; it has a plus and minus 10-15% margin of error. Based on HR and Workload at 70% of HRmax, tables are used to estimate VO2max
describing the cardiorespiratory endurance fitness level of an individual
by determination of his maximal oxygen uptake rate.
What is considered to be a high, moderate or average, and low maximal oxygen uptake rate
High: females: > 45 ml/kg/min
males: > 50 ml/kg/min
Moderate: females: 30-44 ml/kg/min
males: 35-49 ml/kg/min
Low: females: < 29 ml/kg/min
males: < 34 ml/kg/minWhat factors should be used in selecting an anthropometric equation for estimating body composition?
sex or gender age athlete vs. non-athlete race or ethnicity statistical consideration (High R and predicted bdy density)
What tissues are primarily assessed by skinfolds, circumferences, and diameters?
skinfolds: fat
circumfrences: fat, muscle, bone
diameters: bone
units of measurement for skinfolds, circumferences, and diameters
Circumferences to the nearest .1 cm
Diameters to the nearest .1 cm
Skinfolds to the nearest .5 mm
3 general Models that underline anthropometric equations
SOMATOGRAM - to understand if portions of the body are proportional to one another
SOMATOTYPE - identifies an individual based on body type
Includes:
- endomorph: measured fatness uses all skinfolds
- mesomorphy: measures muscularity uses skinfolds circumferences, diameters and height and average of left and right sides
- ectomorphy: think and lankey, uses height and body weight to determine linearity
REFERENCE WEIGHT - determines the amount of body weight an individual should have based on norms from people of that skeletal frame size
