Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge through research.
scientific method
The scientific method can be divided into five steps:
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Predictions and Experiments
- Data Collection with Statistical Analysis
- Conclusion
Scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event. What step of the scientific method is this?
Observation
natural event
phenomenon
a tentative explanation for what was observed
hypothesis
A hypothesis is developed through (blank)
inductive reasoning
A hypothesis must be (blank)
testable
a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis.
experiment
An experiment uses (blank) to make a (blank) or expected outcome
deductive reasoning; prediction
The manner in which a scientist conducts an experiment is called the
experimental design.
A good experimental design ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the (blank) to the observation.
experimental (independent) variable
The (blank) is the factor being tested.
experimental (independent) variable
A (blank) is exposed to the experimental variable.
test group
A (blank) goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable.
control group
If the control and test groups show the same results, the hypothesis
is not supported
The (blank) are the results of an experiment.
data
Data should be (blank) and (blank)
observable and objective
(blank) and (blank) are two possible formats for the data.
Tables and graphs
Data are analyzed using
statistics
a standard error in measures of variation is
how far off the average data is
Statistical significance is the
probability value
probability value must be less than
5%
The lower the p value
the greater the confidence in the results
p value is not due to (blank) alone
chance
The data are interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not. What step of the scientific method is this?
conclusion
If prediction happens, hypothesis is
supported
Findings are reported in (blank)
Peers (blank) the findings.
Other scientists then attempt to (blank or blank) the published findings.
scientific journals
review
duplicate or dismiss
Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker (blank)
Zacharias Janssen
The compound microscope uses (blank) and (blank) to enlarge the image
lenses and light
compound microscope is also called an (blank) or (blank) microscope
optical or light
the simplest optical microscope is the (blank)
magnifying glass
a magnifying glass is good to about what magnification?
10X
The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification. What are they?
Ocular, eyepiece and objective
The (blank) lens is the one that you look into
ocular, eyepiece
The (blank) lens is the one closest to the object
objective
the lens at the top that you look through, usually 10X or 15X power
eyepiece lens
connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
tube
supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used to along with the base to carry the microscope
arm
the bottom of the microscope, used for support
base
a steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror
illuminator
The flat platform where you place your sides.
stage
holds the slides in place
stage clips
This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power
revolving nosepiece or turret
usually you will find 3 or 4 of these on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X powers
objective lenses
When coupled with a 10X eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of
40X, 100X, 400X, and 1000X
The shortest lens is the (blank) power and the longest lens is the (blank) power
lowest, greatest
The high power lenses are (blank) this means?
retractable. if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide
this is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things
rack stop
many microscopes have a (blank) under the stage
rotating disk
The (blank) has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting is used for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use
diaphragm or iris
this is used to focus the microscope. it is always used first, and it is used ONLY WITH THE LOW POWER OBJECTIVE
coarse adjustment
the coarse adjustment is used only with what?
the low power objective
Explain an important thing to remember as you turn the high power objective into place.
it is retractable, when you hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the slide and the lens.
What should you always remember when you use the coarse adjustment?
it is always used first and only use it with the low power objective
Under what conditions would you adjust the diaphragm?
Diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and sized of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. Depends on transparency of the specimen and the degree of contrast you desire
What should you always remember when handling microscope slides?
As slide it at the end AND never view it without the coverslip
What is the purpose of the stage clips?
hold the slide in place
In term of your eyes, what should you try to learn as you use the microscope?
Always keep your both eyes open (it takes some practice) but for those who wear glasses never let your glasses hit the eyepiece lens and never view a slide without a coverslip.
What are the two parts used to carry the microscope?
base and arm
What is the purpose of the cover slips?
to protect the objective lens from the liquids
What is the objective lens used to locate the specimen and first focus?
the course adjustment is the first to use and only with the low power objective.
What are the chemicals called that are sometimes used to make the specimen visible?
Stain (Methylene Blue)
What should you do if the high power objective lens touches or breaks the coverslip?
Tell your teacher/instructor/professor
provides rigid structure and protection; made of cellulose
cell wall
surrounds the internal cell parts; controls passage of materials in and out of the cell
cell membrane
everything inside of the cell membrane except for the nucleus
cytoplasm
control center of the cell; contains DNA
nucleus
composed of protein and RNA; involved in ribosome production
nucleolus
provides strength and shape to the cell; network of protein fibers
cytoskeleton
passageways that transport proteins within the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
produces energy
mitochondria
uses the energy of sunlight to produce glucose during photosynthesis
chloroplast
vesicle that provides storage of water and other materials; full these provide support
vacuole
vesicle that contains substances that break down materials
lysosome
packages and transports proteins from the ER to other parts of the cell
Golgi body
where proteins are made in the cell
ribosomes
What units measure length?
millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer
What units measure area?
square centimeter, square meter, hectare, square kilometer,
what units measure volume?
milliliter, liter, cubic centimeter, cubic meter
what units measure mass?
milligram, gram, kilogram, metric ton
What units measure energy?
centigrade, calorie
kilojoule, megajoule, kilowatt hour
What unit measures time?
second
What measures speed, velocity?
meter per second, kilometer per hour
what measures density?
kilogram per cubic meter
What measures force?
newton
What measure pressure, stress?
kilopascal
What measures power?
watt, kilowatt
What measures electric current?
ampere
Name SI prefixes from largest to smallest
yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca, deka BASE UNIT (1) deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
How to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
(1.8 x Celsius) + 32 = Fahrenheit
How to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius
0.56 x (Fahrenheit - 32) = Celsius
How to convert from Celsius to Kelvin
C + 273
How to convert from Kelvin to Celsius
K - 273
How to convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin
(F - 32) x 0.56 + 273.15
How to convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit
(K - 273.15) x 1.8 + 32
Scientists believe nature is (blank) and (blank), and that (blank) (e.g., gravity) do not change
with time.
orderly and measurable; natural laws
allows a person to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
inductive reasoning
involves “if, then” logic
deductive reasoning
Results are based on examination of the (blank) obtained from use of the model.
responding variable (dependent variable)
Results usually include a (blank), which is a statistical analysis that is a measure of how much the data in the experiment varies.
standard deviation
means the experimental results were not due to chance or some factor other than the experimental (independent) variable.
statistical significance
Many studies rely on (blank) which, among other things, determines the probability of error
in the experiment.
statistical data
The experiments and observations must be (blank) or the research is suspect.
repeatable
