Lab exam 2 Flashcards
describe the position of the kidney-
retroperitoneal, posterior abdominal wall between T12 to L3. right kidney lower than left because of the liver, rib 12 crosses over middle of left kidney. all of its connecting vessels and organs are retroperitoneal as well
Three protective connective tissue coverings of kidney
Renal fascia
Perirenal fat capsule
Fibrous capsule
Renal fascia of kidney
immediately deep to parietal peritoneum. Binds it to abdominal wall anterior and fused w/ lumbar muscles posteriorly
Perirenal fat capsule of kidney
layer of adipose tissue cushions kidney holding in place
Lateral surface is convex, and medial is concave with a slit, called the hilum
Receives renal nerves, blood cushions kidney and holds it into place
Fibrous capsule of kidney
(tissue paper) encloses kidney protecting it from trauma and infection anchoring at hilum
Collagen fibers extend from fibrous capsule to renal fascia
Still drop about 3 cm when going from lying down to standing up
Renal parenchyma
glandular tissue that forms urine
Appears C-shaped in frontal section
Encircles renal sinus: cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures. Adipose fills the remaining cavity and holds structures in place
Two zones of renal parenchyma
Outer renal cortex- band of tissue
Inner renal medulla facing sinus
Two major Structures in renal medulla
Renal columns—extensions of the cortex in between triangles that project inward toward sinus
Renal pyramids—triangular shaped darker portions, 6 to 10 conical shaped w/ broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus
Lobe of kidney:
one pyramid and its overlying cortex
Renal Minor calyx:
cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid; collects its urine
Renal Major calyces:
formed by convergence of 2 or 3 minor calyces
Renal pelvis
: formed by convergence of 2 or 3 major calyces
Ureter:
a tubular continuation of the pelvis that drains urine down to the urinary bladder
Renal Sinus
is the hilum of the kidney w/blood supplies to kidney coming into hilum w/ major blood supplies to it. Also has nerve innervation in order to function w/ renal nerve coming into hilum of kidney like renal artery and vein. Kidney has smooth muscle that is involuntary working regardless of nerves.
General Renal Circulation
Kidneys are only 0.4% of body weight, but receive about 21% of cardiac output (renal fraction) for waste removal not metabolic demands
Describe the pathway from artery to glomerulus
Renal artery from aorta dividing into segmental arteries that give rise to:
Interlobar arteries: up renal columns, between pyramids towards corticomedullary junction (boundary between cortex and medulla)
Arcuate arteries: over pyramids
Cortical radiate arteries: up into cortex
Branch into afferent arterioles: each supplying one nephron. Afferent lead to glomerulus (ball of capillaries)
Describe pathway from glomerulus to the heart.
Blood is drained from the glomerulus by efferent arterioles
Most efferent arterioles lead to peritubular capillaries
Some efferents lead to vasa recta—a network of blood vessels within renal medulla
Capillaries then lead to cortical radiate veins or directly into arcuate veins
Arcuate veins lead to interlobar veins which lead to the renal vein
Renal vein empties into inferior vena cava
the cortex, peritubular capillaries branch off of the efferent arterioles supplying the tissue near the glomerulus, the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
In the medulla, the efferent arterioles give rise to the vasa recta, supplying the nephron loop portion of the nephron
Flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body:
glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
First half microscopic filtration of urine second half macroscopic parts of system
Ureter-
retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder
About 25 cm long
Pass posterior to bladder and enter it from below
Flap of mucosa at entrance of each ureter acts as a valve into bladder
Keeps urine from backing up into ureter when bladder contracts
Ureters layers
Adventitia—connective tissue layer that connects ureter to surrounding structures
Muscularis—two layers of smooth muscle with third layer in lower ureter
Urine enters, it stretches and contracts in peristaltic wave
Mucosa—transitional epithelium
Begins at minor calyces and extends through the bladder helps blocking once passes so it doesnt flow back up into ureters
Lumen very narrow, easily obstructed by kidney stones
Three layers of urinary bladder
Covered by parietal peritoneum, superiorly, and by fibrous adventitia elsewhere
Muscularis: detrusor: three layers of smooth muscle covered by transitional epithleium as well.
Mucosa: transitional epithelium
Umbrella cells on surface of epithelium protect it from the hypertonic, acidic urine
Rugae—conspicuous wrinkles in empty bladder allowing for more room in urine.
Trigone—smooth-surfaced triangular area on bladder floor that is marked with openings of ureters and urethra
Capacity of bladder
—moderate fullness is 500 mL, maximum fullness is 700 to 800 mL
Highly distensible
As it fills, it expands superiorly
Rugae flatten
Epithelium thins from five or six layers to two or three
Urinary bladder—
muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity.
Inferior to peritoneum and superior to pubic symphysis
Urethra
is tube that conveys urine out of body
Female urethra describe it and its parts and how it differs from males
shorter w/ infection much shorter pathway before reaching the bladder3 to 4 cm long, bound to anterior wall of vagina
External urethral orifice is between vaginal orifice and clitoris
Internal urethral sphincter- thickening of detrusor muscles, rubber band at bottom of blader smooth muscle involuntary
External urethral sphincter- Where urethra passes through the pelvic floor
Skeletal muscle - voluntary control urethra passes thorugh pelvic floor
Male Urethra:
describe it and its parts and how it differs from males
18cm Long contains Three regions detrusor thickening parts
Prostatic urethra (2.5 cm) smooth muscle
Passes through prostate underneath bladder in males
Membranous urethra (0.5 cm) smooth muscle until pelvic floor
Passes through muscular floor of pelvic cavity,
Spongy (penile) urethra (15 cm)much larger different portion compared to female
Passes through penis in corpus spongiosu
Internal urethral sphincter
Detrusor muscle thickening
External urethral sphincterwhenever it passes beyone pelvic floor it is Skeletal muscle of pelvic floor
Anatomy of the Digestive System
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (gastrointestinal) making up the alimentary canal or digestive tract. Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs.
Main tissue layers of the digestive tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
Mucosa and the three internal layers?
lymphocytes w/ lymphatic nodules
Epithelium- simple columnar in digestive tract but stratified squamous in oral cavity
Lamina propria- loose connective tissue layer
Muscularis mucosae- thin layer of smooth muscle tenses the mucosa creating groves and ridges enhancing surface area and contact w/ food improving efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption
Submucosa-
thicker layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymphatics, nerve plexus, and glands secreting lubricating mucus
Muscularis externa- two layers of muscle
near outer surface
Inner circular layer- encircle tract thickening in some places to form valves/sphincters regulating passage of material
Outer longitudinal layer- run longitudinally
Serosa and its two layers
begins in lower esophagus ending before rectum
Areolar tissue- thin layer
Mesothelium- simple squamous
Mesenteries—
connective tissue sheets that suspend stomach and intestines from abdominal wall holding it in their proper place loose allowing for contractions in proper relationship providing passages for blood vessels and nerves supplying digestive tract and containing lymph nodes and vessels that heal injured or inflamed areas. Ex. prevents small intestine from twisting in body movements and tangling by own contraction
Parietal peritoneum
—a serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity turns inward forming posterior dorsal mesentery. Split off in two layers of mesentery and pass around organ creating serosal layer coming together on other side as ventral mesentery.
Lesser omentum
—a ventral mesentery that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. Bile duct embedded in this as well as hepatic vessels. w/ loosely organized lacy appearance because of irregular adipose tissue.
Greater omentum—
hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach (its left inferior margin) loosley covering small intestine, inner superior margin forms that twists and turns around enclosing spleen and transverse colon
Mesocolon—
extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the abdominal wall
Intraperitoneal—
when an organ is enclosed by mesentery on both sides ex. Stomach, liver, and small and large intestines
Retroperitoneal
when an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on its anterior side only ex. Duodenum, pancreas, and large intestine
Mouth/buccal/oral-
made up of cheeks, lips, hard and soft palate, and tongue. Mouth lined w/ Stratified squamous in mouth and is keratinized in areas w/ food abrasion in gums and palate.
nonkeratinized in floor of mouth, soft palate, and inside of cheeks and lips.
Functions of mouth
Functions in ingestion (food intake), taste and other sensory responses to food, mastication (chewing that breaks down food), chemical digestion (starch), swallowing, speech, and respiration.
Anterior fissure-
opening between lips.
Fauces-
opening into throat.
Food retention is accomplished by>
cheeks and lips retain food pushing between teeth for chewing, articulate speech, sucking and blowing actions ex. Suckling. Fleshiness is from subcutaneous fat, buccinator and orbicularis oris.
Labial frenulum-
attach lip to gum between anterior incisors
vestibule-
space between cheeks or lips and teeth
Lips are divided into three different areas:
cutaneous area same color as rest of face w/ hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Vermilion- red hairless region where lips meet contain tall dermal papillae allowing blood vessels and nerves to come close to surface for more sensory, labial mucosa- inner surface of lip facing gums and teeth w/ mucosa labial glands
Tongue
- muscular and bulky is agile and sensitive. Manipulating food between teeth, senses taste and texture, extracts food particles after.. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (needing protect but not as much)
Lingual papillae-
site of taste buds Filled w/ bumps and projections
body
anterior 2/3 occupying oral cavity;
Root-
posterior w/in oropharynx*.
Vallate papillae-
mark the boundary between body
Terminal sulcus
- groove behind papillae.
Lingual Frenulum-
median fold w/ body attached to floor of mouth
Intrinsic muscle-
Contained entirely w/ tongue subtle movements helping w/ speech.
Extrinsic muscle-
arise from attachments outside tongue product stronger tongue movements of food manipulation. Ex. genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, & styloglossus
Lingual Glands-
secrete saliva into mouth w/ serous and mucous.
Lingual tonsils-
root of tongue.
Palate made up of
Hard palate made of bone (palatine processes of maxilla and palatine bones, vomer and sphenoid), soft palate is softer tissue (spongy of skeletal muscle and glandular tissue housing uvula (retains food in mouth until swallowing) both allowing to breath while eating.
Palatine rugae-
aid tongue in holding and manipulating food.
Palatoglossal arch
(muscular arches near uvula descend to floor anterior one)
palatopharyngeal
(beginning of pharynx). Palatine tonsils between these
The Teeth/dentition function
masticate food (masseter and temporalis muscle up-and-down curshing action, pterygoid- side to side grinding), breaking into smaller pieces making it easier to swallow and increasing surface area of digestive enzymes. 16 teeth each in mandible and maxilla.
Name the number and name of tech
Adults 4 incisors (anterior chisel-like cutting teeth bite off piece of food), 2 canines (pointed puncturing and shredding and weapons in mammals), 4 premolars and 6 molars (broad lumpy surfaces adapt for crushing, shredding, and grinding). same at bottom in quadrants part of bone
Alveolus—
tooth socket in bone
Gomphosis joint formed between tooth and bone
Periodontal ligament—
modified periosteum whose collagen fibers penetrate into the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other
Anchors tooth firmly in alveolus
Allows slight movement under pressure of chewing
Gingiva (gum)—covers the alveolar bone
Saliva
moisten and cleanse mouth, inhibits bacterial growth, breaks down fats and sugars dissolving molecules to stimulate taste buds, makes swallowing easier by forming lubricated bolus. Saliva is a hypotonic solution of 97.0% to 99.5% water and the following solutes:Electrolytes:Na+, K+, Cl−, phosphate, and bicarbonate
Intrinisc salivary glands:
lingual-tongue. Labial- inside lips. Palatine- palate and buccal- cheeks just know they exist secrete saliva at constant rate
Salivary amylase:
enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth
Lingual lipase:
enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is swallowed
Mucus:
binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing
Lysozyme:e
enzyme that kills bacteria
Immunoglobulin A (IgA):
an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth
Extrinsic Salivary Glands-
Three different pairs connected via ducts and are tubuloacinar glands w/ ductlike system leading to oral cavity. Secrete 1-1.5 L of saliva everyday. Controlled by parasympathetic nerve fibers originating in salivatory nuclei in brainstem near junction of pons and medulla oblongata using glossopharyngeal. Responding to food in mouth, flavor of food, olfactory receptors, free nerve endings, aroma, sight and thought of food. w/ irritants also stimulating it. Cells of the acini gland filter water and electrolytes from blood adding amylase, lingual lipase, lysozyme, and mucus.
Parotid gland-
located beneath skin anterior to earlobe passing over masseter into mouth opposite molars. If this is inflamed it is called mumps. Facial nerves dives off of.
Submandibular glands-
halfway along body of mandible, medial to margin , deep to mylohyoid empties into lingual frenulum near incisors.
Sublingual glands-
beneath tongue ducts emptying into mouth posterior of submandibular ducts.
Pharynx
muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity to pharynx. Digestive and respiratory tracts mix. deep layer of longitudinal skeletal and superficial circular skeletal (superior middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors forcing food downward during swallowing). Upper and lower sphincters remains contracted when no food to keep air out of esophagus- Physiological sphincter not anatomical one*.
Esophagus
tube that extends from C6 cricoid cartilage through esophageal hiatus meeting stomach at cardial orifice. Lower esophageal sphincter pause food before entering stomach or stop things from going up protecting esophageal mucosa from stomach acid- heartburn reflux of acid up by damage or relaxed. Non Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium. Submucosa has esophageal glands secreting mucus w/ deeply folded longitudinal ridges relaxed when fills w/ food more space and stands open. Muscularis externa has Skeletal upper ⅓, mix of muscle type in middle, and only smooth muscle in bottom meeting at T7. Covered in adventitia merging w/ trachea and thoracic aorta.
Swallowing/ deglutition.
Uses 22 muscles in mouth pharynx and esophagus coordinated in swallowing center of medulla oblongata communicating w/ muscles so that they push food all way down. Involves: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal. Swallowing occurs in: Three phases
oral
pharyngeal
esophageal
oral phase-
under voluntary control, chewing tongue collects food, pressing it against palate to form bolus, pushing it posteriorly it accumulates in oropharynx in front of epiglottis, epiglottis tips posteriorly and bolus slides around it on either side into laryngopharynx.
Pharyngeal phase-
involuntary w/ soft palate and root of tongue blocking things from re entering mouth or nasal cavity. When swallowing breathing is suspended. Infrahyoid muscle pull larynx up to meet epiglottis covering opening w/ vocal cords adducting widening then closing airway. Pharyngeal constrictors contract down pushing it down.
Esophageal phase-
Peristalsis wave of involuntary contraction occurs all muscle in esophagus contract in waves pushing it down through esophagus to stomach dropping through esophagus faster than peristalsis because of gravity except when lying down. Lower part sphincter allows food into stomach but then closes so doesn’t back up.
function of stomach
sac of muscle in upper left abdominal cavity inferior to diaphragm. Food storage organ where mechanical breakdown, liquefies it, chemical digestion of proteins and fats forming most digestion after small intestine. Its shape depending on person more vertical in tall people horizontal in short
Cardial region-
place esophagus meets stomach,
Fundic
- dome cap above esophageal attachment or the desert pouch that filled up last
body
- middle portion of stomach
pyloric region
- narrower inferior pouch at end meets w/ duodenum. Contains the antrum: funnel-like, pyloric canal- narrower surrounded by Pyloric sphincter-thick ring of smooth muscle regulating passage of chyme into duodenum.
greater and lesser curvature
Greater (inferolateral surface) and lesser curvature (shorter distance superomedial margin) w/ greater and lesser omentum.
Circulation of stomach
stomach receives parasympathetic from vagus. Sympathetic- celiac trunk into left and right gastric artery all that drained enters hepatic portal filtering through liver before returning. Gastric artery has Gastroduodenal and left and right gastro-oment arteries
Gross Anatomy of the Liver-
reddish brown gland inferior to diaphragm filling hypochondriac and epigastric regions, largest gland. Four lobes: right, left, caudate (posterior and superior), and quadrate (between gallbladder and left lobe) lobes. From Anterior: Right and left lobe only is separated by
falciform ligament
round ligament
(sheet of mesentery suspending liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall) w/ round ligament hanging off remnants of umbilical cord from inferior view
Porta hepatis
(hilum of liver where major arteries veins hepatic portal vein and artery, exit for bile passages w/in lesser omentum).
Function of liver w/ other digest organs
Small intestine pancreas all receive chyme from stomach and secretions from liver and pancreas enter digestive tract near junction of small intestine and stomach and chyme entering into it.
circulation of liver
celiac trunk- common hepatic artery- hepatic artery proper- right and left hepatic artery entering through porta hepatis through lesser omentum mixing venous and arterial blood in sinusoids
describe the pathway of bile
liver secretes bile into canaliculi between hepatocytes into ductules between lobules converging to right and left hepatic Duct. converge on inferior side of liver forming common hepatic duct. Joined by cystic duct from gallbladder forming bile duct descending through lesser omentum toward duodenum where it joins pancreas forming hepatopancreatic ampulla terminating at duodenal papilla containing sphincter regulating passage closing between meals.
small intestine
Almost all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. duodenum (attaches to stomach), jejunum, ileum (attaches to large intestine).
large intestine circulation
and parts
served by inferior mesenteric arteries and veins
cecum,
colon, (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
rectum
anus
Cecum-
blind pouch in lower right abdominal quadrant inferior to ileocecal valve w/ appendix at the end of it. Does have collections cells lymphocytes and immune cells.
parts of cecum
between ileocecal junction and rectum divided into: Ascending colon (ileocecal valve passes up right side of abdominal cavity turn at hepatic flexure becoming…), transverse colon (w/ omental appendages clublike fatty pouches or peritodeum. begins at hepatic flexure passing horizontally at splenic fixutre becoming… ), descending colon (passed down left side of abdominal cavity). Sigmoid colon- hip bone colon turns medially along illiac fossa downward at pelvic inlet into pelvic cavity S hits rectum and anus.
weird parts of cecum
Muscularis externa encircles longitudinal fibers in three thickened, ribbonlike strips each called taenia coli muscle tone contract lengthwise causing it to bulge forming haustra.
rectum-
three lateral curves and anteroposterior curve w/ 3 rectal folds
sphincters of anus
(smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle) anal sphincter.
The large-
Anal Canal. Passes through Levator ani muscle of pelvic floor and help w/ passage of feces at anus. Mucosa forming longitudinal ridges anal column w/ depressions of sinuses as feces passes through press sinuses exuding extra mucus lubricating canal.
Prominent hemorrhoidal veins
superficial in anal columns around orifice lack valve subject to distention and renal pooling w/ hemorrhoids permanently distended protruding into anal canal.
Perineum-
location where the scrotum and penis constitute external genitalia of male. Diamond shaped area between thighs bordered by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx. (anal triangle pubic symphysis and coccyx)
Scrotum
- pendulous pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing testes. Skin has sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation, darker pigmentation than other skin. Divided by internal median septum (outside appears as perineal raphe extending anteriorly ventral side of penus to anus) preventing infection of one testes to spread to another. Left testical is lower than right so not compressed
Spermatic cord-
located posteriorly is a bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens (sperm duct), blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerves. Passes upward behind and superior to testis. Across anterior side of pubis into inguinal canal leading through muscles of groin emerging into pelvic cavity (external-superior to inguinal canal and internal-inferior to inguinal canal)
Scrotum location requirement and the three mechanisms that maintain it
reside outside body requiring to be held at 35C, three mechanisms to regulate this: cremaster, darts fascia, and pam-uniform plexus
Cremaster
- of internal oblique muscle brought down during development that enmesh the spermatic cord. When cold contracts drawing testes closer to body and vice versa when hot.
Dartos fascia-
subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle, contracts when cold making scrotum taut and wrinkled helping to hold them snug against body reducing surface area and heat loss
Pampiniform plexus-
extensive network of veins from testes surrounding artery in spermatic cord, prevents warm artery blood from inhibiting sperm production by countercurrent exchange drawing heat away.
Testes (testicles)-
endocrine and exocrine glands that produce sex hormones and sperm. Oval and slightly flattened. Anterior and lateral surfaces covered by tunica vaginalis. Tunica albuginea- white fiber connective tissue capsule, w/ connective tissue septa extending into parenchyma into wedge-shaped lobules.
Seminiferous tubules-
slender ducts where sperm are produced 1-3 in each lobula. Between them are interstitial endocrine cells, source of testosterone.
Germinal epithelium-
lined by thick cells consisting of layers of germ cells (process of becoming sperm) and smaller nurse cells (supporting cells that protect sperm and promote development depending on them for nutrients, waste removal, growth factors & secrete androgen binding protein and inhibin)
Blood-testis barrier-
tight junctions between tree like nurse cells forming boundary of tubule preventing antibodies, molecules, and fluid into germ cells since genetically different would be attacked.
Rete testis-
network embedded in capsule on posterior side of testes led into by seminiferous tubules. Sperm mature in rete from seminiferous tubule, moved by fluid from nurse cells and cilia on rete as they do not swim.
Testicular artery-
arises from abdominal aorta, long, slender down posterior abdominal wall through inguinal canal low pressure meager flow w/ poor oxygen supply, sperm develop large mitochondria precondition for survival in hypoxic female reproductive trap.
Pampiniform plexus of veins
- blood leaves testes, converging to form testicular vein as they pass through inguinal canal. Right testicular veins drain into inferior vena cava, left one to left renal.
Testicular nerves
- T10-T11, mixed- sensory and motor nerves sympathetic and parasympathetic sensory fibers for pain and regulate blood flow.
Male urethra
(18 cm long) is shared by reproductive and urinary systems
Consists of three regions: prostatic,membranous,and spongy (penile) urethra
Efferent ductules-
12 small ciliated ducts drive sperm along from posterior side of testis to epididymis.
Epididymis duct-
site of sperm maturation and storage. 40-60 days Head- superior clublike portion receiving efferent ductules, long middle portion below last efferent ductule, tail contains single coiled duct embedded in connective tissue. Reabsorbs 90% of fluid excrete by testis, sperm mature as travel through head and body stored in adjacent portion of ductus deferens for ejaculation if too old disintegrate and reabsorbed by epididymis
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)-
end of epididymis passes upward through spermatic cord and inguinal canal entering pelvic cavity, passes between bladder and ureter downward behind bladder widening into terminal ampulla units and ends at seminal vesicle. Narrow lumen, thick smooth muscle and sympathetic nerves, vasectomy cuts out small portion of this
Ejaculatory duct-
ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle meet- passes through prostate emptying into urethra
Male Urethra-
shared reproductive and urinary. Prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) regions cannot pass both simultaneously.
Seminal vesicles
(seminal glands)-pair of glands posterior to bladder each associated w/ ductus deferens. Connective tissue capsule and underlying smooth muscle, secretory has convoluted duct and numerous branches emptying into ejaculatory duct. Its yellowish secretion makes up 60% of semen
prostate
surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct inferior to urinary bladder. Aggregate of 30-50 compound tubuloacinar glands enclosed in single fibrous capsule. Empty through 20 pores in urethral wall. Stroma of prostate contains connective tissue and smooth muscle, similar to seminal vesicle. W/ thin, milk secretions constituting 30% of semen.
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)-
noncancerous enlargement of prostate inhibiting flow of urine can promote kidney or bladder infections
Prostate cancer-
second most common cancer in men. 9% over age 50. Tumors near periphery of gland, does not obstruct urine flow unnoticed until causing pain. Metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes and lungs etc. digital rectal exam- can be palpated through rectal wall, or elevated serine protease and acid phosphatase in blood.
Bulbourethral glands-
named for position near dilated bulb at inner end of penis and association w/ urethra. Brownish, spherical duct to urethra. During arousal produce clear slippery fluid helping lubricate head and protects sperm by neutralizing acidity of residual urine in urethra.
Penis-
serves to deposit semen in vagina, half via internal and half via external route (shaft and glans- expanded head at distal end w/ urethral orifice). On External portion there is skin loosely attached to shaft allowing for movement and expansion during erection over glans as foreskin (removed by circumcision) developed less sensitive epidermis on gland.
Smegma-
exfoliated epithelial cells and fluid accumulate beneath prepuce as a creamy secretion used by sebaceous glands in glands in prepuce.
Three cylindrical bodies or erectile tissue
filling w/ blood during sexual arousal accounting for its enlargement and erection consist of corpus spongiosum
and corpus
Corpus spongiosum-
passes along ventral side of penis enclosing penile urethra expands at distal end to fill entire glands ensheated in spongy balbuosum.
Corpus cavernosum- diverge like Y each arm called crux attached at arch covered in pubico cavenersa muscle. proximal to glans dorsal side on each side. Ensheathed in fibrous tunica albuginea separated from each other by mediastinum, all are spongy in appearance containing numerous tiny blood sinuses, lacunae, w/ trabeculae partitions between made of connective tissue and smooth trabecular muscle. When flaccid trabeculae collapse lacunae for tiny slits.
structure of the ovary
capsule (tunica albuginea) just like testes because homologous two parts: outer cortex where germ cells develop, inner medulla fibrous tissue occupied all major arteries, veins, and contains follicles each egg contained in each fluid filled follicle. Ovulation is bursting of follicle releasing egg.
specific ligaments of ovary
ovary held by ovarian ligaments to uterus; ovary held to pelvic wall by suspensory ligament containing ovarian artery vein and nerve and lymphatic in suspensory. Ovary anchored by peritoneal fold mesovarian extending to sheet of peritoneum, broad ligament, flanking uterus enclosing uterine tube.
ovarian circulation
Blood to ovary from ovarian artery (homologous to testes) through suspensory ligament and ovarian branch of uterine artery through mesovarian. Anastomoses along margin of ovary
Uterine tubes
(oviduct) or(fallopian tube)-Canal about 10 cm long from ovary to uterus
Muscular tube lined with ciliated cells
Highly folded into longitudinal ridges
what is the milk pathway
mammary gland-lactiferous ducts into different lobes- lactiferous sinus and ends at acini
parts of the uterun tubes?
infundulum, fibria, ampula, isthmus
infundibulum,
-distal trumpet shaped part on ovarian entd
Fibria of uterine tube
feather like ear protections at end of tube
Ampula of uterine tube
middle and longest part
Isthmus of uterine tube
narrow end attaches at uterus
uterus of uterine tube
located in the middle between the tubes on either side and ovaries. Uterus is made of thick smooth muscle, opens into roof of vagina and is tilted forward over urinary bladder.
uterus function
harbor, nourish, and expel fetus.
parts of uterus
funds, body, cervix, lumen, cervical canal
parts of uterine wall
perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
Fundus of uterus
- broad superior curvature pear-shaped
Body of uterus
corpus midportion
Cervix of uterus
cylindrical inferior end
Lumen of uterus
- inner surface of uterus that is triangular and open for potential space nonpregnant woman/ two corners open into uterine tubes and lower apex into the internal os or opening,
Cervical canal of uterus
connects lumen to vagina internal os- superior opening, external- inferior opening into vagina contains cervical glands that secrete mucus preventing spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus
Perimetrium wall of uterus
external serosa layer simple squamous and loose connective
Myometrium of uterine wall
middle spiral muscle layer most of uterine wall smooth muscle, less muscular and more fiberous near cervix creating uterine contractions
Endometrium of uterine wall
inner mucosa layer simple columnar epithelium mucosa populated w/ branching tubular glands, leukocytes, macrophages. Site of attachment of embryo and forms maternal placenta w/ nourishment
Functional layer- superficial half-2/3 shed on menstrual.
basal layer- regenerates new functional layer after menstrual cycle.
ligaments of uterus
supported by muscular floor and pelvic outlet and folds of peritoneum forming supportive ligaments holding in place
broad, cardinal, uterosacral, and round
Broad Ligament of uterus
split into mesosalpinx & mesometrium (on each side of uterus)
Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligament of uterus
cervix and superior part of the vagina to pelvic wall
Uterosacral ligaments of uterus
- attaches to posterior side of uterus to sacrum
Round ligaments of uterus
arise from anterior surface of uterus, passes through inguinal canals terminating at labia majora (gubernaculum of testis)
Blood Supply to the Reproductive Tract-
Important for menstruation and pregnancy
Internal iliac artery splits off to vaginal and uterine artery through broad ligament to uterus and (splits off to arcuate arteries in endometrium)
Ovarian artery from gonadal artery supplying ovary and upper parts of the uterine tubes.
female perineum
triangular portion just different parts to it compared to male. External area has the mon pubis, prepuce, clittoris, labia major, labia minor, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice
Vulva or pudendum
- external genitalia occupying most of perineum. Lying w/in pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosity
mons pubis
- anterior mound of adipose tissue overlying pubic symphysis w/ pubic hair.
Labia majora
- pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons pubis pubic on edges fissure between is the pudendal cleft
Labia minora
- medial to labia majora are thinner enclosing vestibule area (urinary and vaginal orifices) forming hood over clittoris
Clitoris-
entirely sensory, primary center of sexual stimulate mostly internal no corpus spongiosum does not enclose urethra corpora cavernosa enclosed in connective tissue w/ glands externally visible covered by hoodlike prepuce, body (corpus)- passes internally inferior to pubic symphysis diverge as crura attach clitoris to pubic arch
Greater vestibular gland-
each side of vagina- short duct opening into vestibule or lower vagina homologous to bulbourethral gland keeping vulva moist providng lubracation during intercouse
Paraurethral glands-
mucous homologous to prostate opens into vestibule near external urethral orifice
vestibular bulb-
subcutaneous erectile tissue
Vagina-
begins outside as vaginal orifice (folding inward and form hymen membrane stretching across opening) going inside superiorly into the birth canal. Is a muscular tube thin but distensible that can expand allowing for discharge of menstrual fluid, receiving the penis and semen, and birth of the baby. Consists of outer adventitia, middle muscularis, and inner mucosa. No glands, but transudation lubricated by seepage of serous fluid through its walls and by mucus from cervical glands above it. tilts posteriorly between urethra and rectum w/ urethra bound to anterior wall.
Fornices-
lined up sacs at top of vagina slightly beyond cervix forming blind-ended spaces s
Vaginal rugae- lower end of vagina has transverse friction ridges contributing to both male and female stimulation during intercouse
Metaplasia-
transformation of one tissue type to another, made of simple cuboidal when a child but estrogen transforms it to stratified squamous
Epithelial cells in vagina
rich in glycogen and bacteria converts this to lactic acid producing low pH inhibiting growth of pathogens. Dendritic cells in mucosa w/ antigen-presentation aiding immunity and route by which HIV can invade female.
Breast-
mostly adipose and collagenous tissue overlying pectoralis major muscle (size doesn’t indicate milk) . Enlarge at puberty, stays for life w/ very little mammary gland, which develop during pregnancy remain active during lactation and atrophies when woman ceases nursing. Two regions: body- conical to pendulous w/ nipple at apex, and axillary tail- extension toward armpit
Nipple-
inner circular portion surrounding by colored zone- areola (darker than rest of breast). w/ capillaries, nerves closer to surface sensitive darken when pregnant for infant
Milk ejection reflex-
sensory nerve fibers of areola w/ sparse hairs
areolar glands between sweat and mammary glands, protecting nipple from chapping and cracking
dermis of breast
having smooth muscle contracting in cold, touch, and sexual arousal wrinkling skin and erecting nipple.
suspensory ligaments attach breast to dermis of overlying skin and to fascia of pectoralis major. When get old ligaments become weak
Ducts of breast
branch through fibrous stroma and converge on the nipple, mammary gland develop during pregnancy w/ 15-20 lobes around nipple, the lactiferous ducts drain each lobe, dilating to form lactiferous sinus and then opening onto the nipple w/ each duct branch ending in acini sac organized into grapelike clusters w/in each lobe of breast surrounded by myoepithelial cells.
