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Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The position along the length of a chromosome where a gene is located

A

locus

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2
Q

Different forms of genes are called _________.

A

alleles

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3
Q

Humans diploid (2N) chromosome number is ___

A

46

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4
Q

point where the arms of chromatids crossover one another

A

chiasma

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5
Q

physical appearance of an organism in regards to traits

A

phenotype

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6
Q

genes present in an organism

A

genotype

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7
Q

stretch of nucleotides along the length of a chromosome that code for protein or sometimes an RNA molecule

A

gene

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8
Q

Female flies are smaller or larger than males?

A

larger

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9
Q

Male flies have _____ ______ on their forelimbs

A

Sex combs

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10
Q

Two ends of a strand are polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

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11
Q

Standard names for each end of a DNA strand.

A

5’head and 3’tail

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12
Q

Percentage in DNA: cytosine= adenine= guanine= thymine=

A

20% 30% 20% 30%

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13
Q

3 major branches of life

A

Eukaryotes, archaea, and eubacteria

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14
Q

Tree which depicts the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A

Phylogeny

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15
Q

Bacteria and archea have a ____________ cell type.

A

Prokaryotic

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16
Q

Autotrophs use _________ carbon, and either _______ or chemicals as energy sources

A

inorganinc, light

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17
Q

Heterotrohs use orgainc _______ to fuel metabolism.

A

carbon

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18
Q

Two types of heterotrophs

A

Chemoheterotrohs and photoheterotrophs

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19
Q

Bacteria that are:

obligate aerobes require _______

obligate anaerobes are poisoned by ________, and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

faculative anaerobes ___________

A

oxygen, oxygen, can do both

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20
Q

If both organisms benefit from the assocoation , the relationship is ____________.

If one benefits and the other is unaffected, the relationship is ____________.

If one benefits and the other is harmed, the relationship is ______________.

A

mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic

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21
Q

Theory that accounts for the origin of mitochondria and chloro[lasts in eukaryotic cells.

A

Cellular endosymbiosis

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22
Q

3 basic bacterial shapes are:

_________(round)

_________( rod shaped)

__________(Spiral shaped)

A

coccus, bacilus, spirillium

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23
Q

Prefixes in bacterial cell shapes.

_________ ( a chain of cells)

________( a cluster of cells)

________(a pair of cells)

A

Strepto-, staphylo-, diplo-

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24
Q

Bacteria thats has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall outside an internal membrane react positively to Gram staining.

A

Gram positive

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25
Q

Bacteria that have a thin pepitdoglycan cell wall sandwiched between outer and inner membranes are relatively inaccesible to to Gram stains.

A

Gram negative

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26
Q

5 main groups of the domain bacteria (eubacteria or ‘true’ bacteria)

A

Proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, gram-positive bacteria

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27
Q

One of the domain bacteria groups that:

are Gram negative

most members are anaerobic

includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Proteobacteria

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28
Q

One of the domain bacteria groups that:

Gram negative

are parasites that must live in animals

many are disease causing

A

Chlamydias

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29
Q

One of the domain bacteria groups that:

are spiral shaped cells that move in a corkscrew motion

includes free living and parasitic species

A

Spirochetes

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30
Q

One of the domain bacteria groups that:

are oxygen-producing photosynthtic prokaryotes

a.k.a. blue-green algae

A

Cyanobacteria

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31
Q

One of the domain bacteria groups that:

contain members that are free-living soil-born species that are non-pathogenic

contain members that are disease-causing and anti-bacterial producers

A

Gram-Positive Bacteria

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32
Q

The domain that:

loves ‘extreme’ enviroments

can be found in the gut of animals, sediments of ponds, and some produce methane gas

most are heterotrophic but some are chemoautotrohs

A

Domain Archaea

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33
Q

4 kingdoms part of the domain Eukarya

A

Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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34
Q

What domain?

A

Domain Eukarya

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35
Q

5 supergroups (lineages) of domain eukarya

A

Excavata, chromalveolata, archaeplastida, rhizaria, unikonta

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36
Q

In the domain Eukarya, of the main two lineages, the fused gene is present in all _______, while the two genes are separate in the ________.

A

bikonts, unikonts

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37
Q

Eukaryotic supergroup that:

are single celled orgainsims

have excavated groove on side of the cell

conatains parasitic members and photosynthetic members

A

Supergroup Excavata

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38
Q

Phylum of supergroup excavata that:

single celled with reduced, nonfuntional mitochondria

does’t need oxygen for energy

have multple nuclei and multiple flagella

have mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic associations

can cause STDs

A

Phylum Metamonada (diplomonads and parabasilids)

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39
Q

Phylum of supergroup excavata that:

are single celled with two flagella and functional mitochondria

have variety of nutritional modes

most are photosyntheitc aqautic oraganisms but some are kinetoplatids that can cause disease

A

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenids, kinetoplastids)

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40
Q

Supergroup of domain eukarya that:

contain many important algae species that serve as primary producers in aqautic ecosystems

A

Supergroup Chromalveolata

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41
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are single celled heterotrphs or mixotrophs that are important to phytoplankton components

cell body is reinforced by cellulose plates

some are endosymbionts critical to marine animals, while others form massive growths called blooms

A

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)

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42
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are single celled intracellular parasites of an animal cells

many cause serious diseases

many contain vestial chloraplast-like structure called apicoplast

A

Phylum Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)

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43
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are single celled organisms with large complex cells having cilia on the outer surface

aquatic organisms forming symbiotic relationships pr parasites

A

Phylum Ciliophora

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44
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are large comple algae found along rocky coastlines

body differentiated into a holdfast, stipe and blade

A

Phylum Phacophyta (Brown algae)

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45
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are freshwater and marine algae with characteristic golden-colored pigments

are phototrophic and mixotrophic

A

Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden algae)

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46
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

contribute as much as 50% of the ocean’s primary activity of phytoplankton component

contain marine and fresh water species

often present in large numbers in water

A

Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

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47
Q

Phylum of supergroup Chromalveolata that:

are sometimes called water molds but most species are terrestrial

similar to fungi

attain nutritionn by decompostion and absorption

A

Phylum Oomycota (Oomycetes)

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48
Q

Supergroup of domain Eukarya that:

contains single celled, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular photoautotrophs that are primary producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Includes land plants

A

Supergroup Archaeplastida (Red algae, green algae, charophytic green algae, Land plants)

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49
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Phylum Rhodophyta (Red algae)

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50
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Phylum Rhodophya (Red algae)

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51
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

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52
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Phylum Charophyta

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53
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Land Plants

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54
Q

Type of vascular tissue in land plants that conduct water and dissolved minerals is called _________.

Type of vascular tissue in land pants that conduct a variety of substances, including carbohydrates is called ________.

A

xylum

phloem

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55
Q

Two chacteristics of seed in land plants

A

Dispersibility and dormancy

56
Q

Sexual reproduction in ___________ producing plants require external water.

A

non-pollen

57
Q

2 basic kinds of flowering plants

A

Monocots and dicots

58
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

has no vascular tissue

is dominant gametophyte in life cycle

lacks stomates and conducting cells

5,200 species

A

Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

59
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

has no vascular tissues

have stomates but lack conducting cells

dominant gametophye in life cycles

300 species

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

60
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

has no vascular tissue

have stomates and conducting cells

dominant gametophyte in life cycles

more complaex reproductive structures

10,000 species

A

Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)

61
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

have xylem and phloem

dominate sporophyte in life cycle

reproduces by spores only

1,200 species

A

Phylum Lycopodiophyta (club mosses/relatives)

62
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

have xylem and phloem

reproduction by spores only

dominate sporophyte in life cycle

largest of non-seed producing vascular plants

12,000 species

A

Phylum Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)

63
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

Spruce, fir, bald cypress, juniper

reproduction structure is cone-like

seed and pollen producing

630 species

A

Phylum Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms)

64
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

are palm like in apperance but not true palms

reproductive structure is cone-like

seed and pollen producing

mostly pollinated by beetles

tropical and sub-tropical in distribution

300 species

A

Phylum Cycadophyta (Gymnosperms)

65
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

single species is a ‘living fossil’

very distictive leaves and reproductive structures

1 species

A

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymonosperms)

66
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

are a very distinct group related to pines

75 species

A

Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)

67
Q

Phylum of land plants that:

are the most advanced land plants

has flower as reproductive structure

pollinates by insects and other animals

300,000 species

A

Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering plants)

68
Q

Supergroup of the domain Eukarya that:

defined mostly on molecular evidence

most have thread-like psedopodia that help with motion and feeding

A

Supergroup Rhizaria (Radiolarians, foraminiferans, cercozoans

69
Q

Phylum of land plants

A

Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)

70
Q

What phylum of land plant?

A

Phylum Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)

71
Q

What Phylum of supergroup Archaeplastida?

A

Phytum Rhodophyta (Red algae)

72
Q

Plant group and phylum

73
Q

plant cell

74
Q

What type of plant?

75
Q

What type of Plant?

76
Q

Which phylum of supergroup rhizaria?

A

Phylum Cercozoa

78
Q

What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?

A

Phylum Radiolaria

79
Q

What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?

A

Phylum Radiolaria

80
Q

What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?

A

Phylum Foraminifera

81
Q

What phylum of supergroup Rhizaria?

A

Phylum Foraminifera

82
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Ginkophyta (Gymnosperms)

83
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymnosperms)

84
Q

Plant group and phylum

85
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Coniferophyta (Gymnosperms)

86
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)

87
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Cycadophyta (Gymnosperms)

88
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gymnosperms)

89
Q

What division of land plants?

A

Division Psilophyta

90
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)

91
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Lycopodiophyta (club mosses/relatives)

92
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Lycopodiophyta (Club mosses/relatives)

93
Q

The brown ‘dots’ on the underside of ferns that produce the spores which germinate

94
Q

What phylum of Archaeplastida?

A

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)

95
Q

What phylum of Archaeplasitda?

A

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)

96
Q

4 main groups of land plants

97
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)

98
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)

99
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

100
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

101
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

102
Q

What phylum of land plants?

A

Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

103
Q
A

Phylum Dinoflagellata

104
Q
A

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

105
Q
A

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Phylum Bacillariophyta

106
Q
A

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Phylum Phacophyta (Brown algae)

107
Q
A

Spirilium bacteria

108
Q
A

Coccus bacteria

109
Q

Supergroup of Eukarya that:

is amoeba-like and without flagella

A

Supergroup Unikonta

110
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

lack true tissues

has asymmetric body plain

mostly marine bottom feeders

111
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

areradially symmetric

have central digestive cavity

stinging tentacles

both sessile and motile

112
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

are radially symmetric

comb jellies

use tentacles to capture prey

motile

A

Ctenophora

113
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

have moss like apperance

bilaterally symmetric

sessile and colonial

encased by hard exoskeleton

corwn of tentacles lined with cilia

A

Ectoprocta

114
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

are bilaterally symmetric

sessile and marine

lamp shells

encased by two shells

crown of tentacles lined with cilia

A

Brachiopoda

115
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

include starfish, sea urchines, brittle stars, and sea urchins

A

Echinodermata

116
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

has bilateral symmetry

bodies segmented

include lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates

hollow dorsal nerve cord

117
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

include flatworms

soft bodied

bilateral symmetry

without true body cavities, digestive, or respiratory organs

many are parasitic

A

Platyhelminthes

118
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

reproduce asexually mostly

include tiny animals found in aquatic and terrestrial enviroments

include rotifers

119
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

include snails, sugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squid

soft bodied but may have hard shell

120
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

include segmented worms

121
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

include insects and arachnids

A

Arthropoda

122
Q

Phylum of animalia that:

includes roundworms

not segmented

important parasites

123
Q

2 phyla of supergroup Excavata

A

Metamonda and Euglenozoa

124
Q

7 phyla of supergroup Chromalveolata

A

Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Phaeophyta (Brown algae), Chyrsophyta (Golden algae), Bacillariophyta (Diatoms), Oomycota

125
Q

10 phyla of land plants

A

Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerophyta (Hornworts), Bryophyta (Mosses)

, Lycopodiaphyta (Clubmosses/relatives), Monilophyta (Ferns/relatives)

Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta (Gymnosperms)

Anthophyta (Flowering plants)

126
Q

3 phyla of supergroup Rhizaria

A

Radiolaria, Foraminifera, Cercozoa

127
Q

2 phyla of supergroup Unikonta

A

Amoebozoa and Opisthokonts

128
Q

5 phyla of Fungi

A

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Asomycota, Basidiomycota

129
Q

13 phyla of animals

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, Platyhelinthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Nematoda

130
Q

One of 4 main land plant groups that:

lack vascular tissue

have dominate gametophyte

include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

A

Mosses and relatives

131
Q

One of 4 main land plant groups that:

have xylum and phloem

have dominant gametophyte with large complex plant body

includes clubmosses and ferns

A

Ferns and relatives

132
Q

One of 4 main land plant groups that:

are vascular with dominate sporophyte

produce seeds and transfer sperm by pollination

reproductive structure is cone or conelike

includes ginkgos, cycads, pines

A

Gymnosperms

133
Q

One of 4 main land plant groups that:

are vasular with dominant sporophyte

produce seeds and transfer sperm by pollination

reproductive structure is flower and is animal pollinated

includes anthophydas

A

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

134
Q

4 phyla of supergroup Archaeplastida

A

Rhodophyta (Red algae), Chlorophyta (Green algae), Charophyta, Land plants

Biology (7 decks)

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