Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

Subphyum: Craniata
Order: Myxiniformes
Hagfish
- Terminal mouth surrounded by barbles
- no dorsal fins
- no paired fins
- diphycercal tail
- vestigial eyes
- mucus glands

Vertebrata (new usage)
Order: Petromyzontiformes
lamprey
- large, ventral, toothed funnel around mouth without barbels
- one or two dorsal fins
Class: Osteostraci
extinct
- Dorso-ventrally flattend
- head and anterior body covered by bony shield
- ventral mouth
- heterocrercal tail

Class: Anaspida
extinct
- covered by small bony plates
- terminal mouth
- hypocercal tail

Class: Heterostraci
extinct
- Bony shiled covering head and anterior body
- hypocercal tail

Superclass : Gnathostomata
Class: Placodermi
Order: Antiarchi
extinct
- Small ventral mouth
- very large pectoral fins
- heavily armored anteriorly

Superclass : Gnathostomata
Class: Placodermi
Order: Arthodira
extinct
- large terminal mouth
- small pectoral fins
- heavily armored anteriorly

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Cladoselachiformes
- Broad based immovable pectoral fins
- no claspers
- superficially homocercal tail

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Holocephali (fleshy operculum covering gills)
Order Chimaeriformes
Chimaeras
- large head
- large eyes
- elongate tail
- large spine anterior to first dorsal fin
- Cephalic “clasper”in males
- Claspers on Pelvics

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Order Xenacanthiformes
extinct
- elongate paired fins
- diphycercal tail

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Galeoomorpha
Order Heterodontiformes
Horn Sharks
- Dorsal fins with heavy spines
- anterior teeth pointed
- posterior teeth flattened
- fin spines

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Galeoomorpha
Order Carcharhiniformes
Requiem Sharks
- Dorsal fins spineless
- nicticting membrane below eye
- side teeth usually largest and seperated from front teeth by short gap

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Squalomorpha
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Squaliformes
- spines anterior to dorsal fins
- body notdorso-ventrally flatterned

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Galeomorpha
Order Lamniformes
White Shark, Mako Shark
- dorsal fins spineless
- front teeth largest and separated from side teeth by toothless gap or series of smaller teeth

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Squalomorhpha
Superorder Squatinomorphi
Order Squatiniformes
- pectoral fins enlarged
- head and body dorso-ventrally flattened
- gill slits opening laterally
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Squalomorpha
Order Rhinobatiformes
Guitar fish
- tail relativly thick
- two dorsal fins
- caudal fin well developed
- spines on back and tail
- no sting

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Squalomorpha
Order Rajiformes
Skates
- Tail very thin
- two small dorsal fins
- caudal fin reduced or absent
- spines present or absent
- no sting

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Infraclass Squalomorpha
Order Myliobatiformes
Rays
- Tails usually very thin
- no caudal or dorsal fin (if caudal fin is present then tail relatively thick and dorsal fin)
- no spines
- elongate sting (midway down dorsum of tail present)

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elastombranchii
Order Torpediniformes
electric rays
- tail relativly thick
- caudal fin well developed
- two dorsal fins
- no spines or sting

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Acanthodii
extinct
Spiny Sharks
- Not armored
- small ganoid scales
- series of spiny projections along side

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Sarcopterygii
Infraclass Coelacanthini
- all fins lobed except first dorsal
- unique three lobed tail

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Sarcopterygii
Infraclass Dipnoi
Order Lepidosireniformes
lung fish
- paired fins filamentous
- diphycercal tail

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Sarcopterygii
Infraclass Dipnoi
Order Osteiolepiformes
extinct
- heterocercal tail
- two dorsal fins
- paddle like paired fins (fleshy badal lobes)
- true internal nares

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Polypteriformes
Bichirs
- Heavy ganoid scales
- numerous dorsal finlets
- diphycercal tail
- lobe at bases of paired fins

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Acipenseriformes
Surgeons and paddle fish
- plankton feeders
- few large ganoid scales or scaleless
- heterocercal tail
- broad and flattened snout

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Lepisosteiformes
gars
- long thoothed snout
- weakly heterocercal tail
- ganoid scales

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Amiiformes
bowfins
- blunt snout
- weakly heterocercal tail
- cycloid scales
- single elongate dorsal fin extending to caudal fin

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Osteoglossiformes
Bony Tounged fishes
- main biteis b/w bony tongue and roof of mouth
- maxilla included in gape
- swim bladder open to pharynx
- pelvics, adominal
- no spiny rays

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Elopiformes
Tarpons
- elongate mouth with numerous teeth
- deeply forked tail
- abdonimal pelvics
- no spiny rays

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Anguilliformes
- elongate body
- dorsal and anal fins elongate and continuous
- small caudal fin
- no pelvics, spiny rays
- pectorallateral or absent

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Clupeiformes
- silvery and shiny
- deep body laterally compressed
- abdominal pelvics
- no spiney rays
- deeply forked tail
- maxilla included in gape
- unique ear-gas bladder connection
- neurocranium
- caudal fin skeleton

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Cypriniformes
Minnows
- enlarged
- sickle-shaped
- toothed
- lower pharyngeal bones (hyals) bite against posterior extension of the basiooccipital
- jaws toothless
- short barbers around mouth
- dorsal fin present

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Characiformes
Characins
- opposing pharyngeal teeth
- teeth on jaws
- adipose fin
- dorsal fin present

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Siluriformes
Catfishes
- no true scales
- spinous rays
- anterior to dorsal and pectoral fins
- long fleshy barbels around mouth
- adipose fin

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Gymnotiformes
Knife fishes
- no dorsal fin
- no adiposefin
- caudal and pelvic fins usually absent
- anus far forward
- anal fin usually elongate
- electrogenic

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Osmeriformes
Smelts
- maxilla included in gape
- adipose fin present or absent
- dorsal fin originates opposite to or posterior to pelvics

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Salmoniformes
Salmon or trout
- pectoral fins usually ventral
- adipose fin
- dorsal fin orginates anterior to pelvics
- caudal fin large without much posterior emargination
- maxilla included in gape

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Myctophiformes
Latern fish
- maxilla excluded form gape
- swim bladder absent
- photophores
- pectoral fins lateral
- adipose fin
- nocturnal

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Lampriformes
- soft rayed
- laterally compressed

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Batrachoidiformes
midshipmen
- pelvic fins jugular
- short spinous dorsal fin procedes long soft dorsal fin
- broad head
- wide mouth
- scaleless with lare lateral line pits

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Lophiiformes
Anglers
- spinous anterior dorsal fin modified into a lure (illicium)
- gill opening reduced to small elongate, tube-like opening adjacent to pectoral fin
- pelvic fins jugular or absent

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Gadiformes
Cods
- no spines in fins
- pelvics thoracic, jugular, or absent
- dorsal and anal fin elongate or subdivived into 2+fins
- posterior dorsal and posterior anal unite with small caudal to form single large “caudal” fin
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Ophidiiformes
- few or no spines in fin
- pelvics jugulars mental or absent
- dorsal and anal fin elongate fused with small caudal

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Mugiliformes
Mullets
- elongate with abdominal pelvics
- two widely separated dorsal fins

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Atheriniformes
Silversides
- two dorsal fins with soft spines
- no beak

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Cyprinodontiformes
Killifishes
- one dorsal fin with soft rays
- no beak

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Beloniformes
needle fishes
- flying fishes
- one dorsal fin with soft rays
- elongate beak that opens widely

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Gasterosteiformes
Sticklebacks
- 2+ free spines anterior to dorsal fin
- pelvic fins pecular spikes
- bony plates on side of body

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Syngathiformes
pipefish
- tubular snount with small gape
- body encased in bony plates
- no pelvic fins
- males incubate eggs in brood pouch
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Scorpaeniformes
rockfish and sculpins
- bottom dwelling fishes
- bony “suborbitial stay” extending under skin from ventral to eye posteriorly to operculm
- freq with spines on various parts of body

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Pleuronectiformes
flatfishes
- adults lie on one side or the other with both eyes on the up side
- juvenile resembles ordinarly perciformes but metamorphoses into adult lying on bottom

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Tetraodontiformes
triggerfish and puffers
- small gill openings
- small mouth with strong teeth
- scales modified into plates or spines
- pelvic fins usually absent

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Serranidae
Seabasses
- 3+spiny rays in anal fin
- 2-3 short spines on operculum
- maxilla exposed when mouth closed
- caudal fin flexible and only slightly indented posteriorly

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Centrarchidae
Sunfishes
- 3+spiny rays in anal fin
- maxilla exposed when mouth closed
- caudal fin flexable and only slightly indented posteriorly

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Percidae
Perches
- 1-2 spiny rays in anal fin
- maxilla exposed when mouth closed
- caudal fin flexable and only slightly indented posteriorly
4.2-3 short spines on operculum

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Echeneididae
Remoras
- spiny rays of dorsal fin modified to form sucking disk

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Carangidae
Jacks
- cresent shaped
- stiff caudal fin
- two anterior rectangle anal fin spines isolated form anal fin
- no more thatn two finlet posterior to dorsal and anal fin
- no keels on caudal peduncle (narrow)

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Sciaenidae
Croakers
- lateral line extends to middle of caudal fin
- dorsal fin elongate with notch b/w spiny and soft rays
- 1-2 anal fin spines

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Embiotocidae
Surf Perches
- sheath of scales over base of dorsal fin and dorsal deep furrow
- elongate pectoral fin

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Pomacentridae
Damsel fishes
- lateral line terminates at posteriorend of dorsal fin
- dorsal andanal fins with elongate posterior lobes
- 1-2 anal fin spines

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Labridae
Wrasses
- protruding teeth in both jaws
- jaws protrude even when mouth closed

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Stichaeidae
Prickle backs
- elongate with relativly long anal and dorsal fins
- mostly/ entirely spiny
- tail longer than head and body
- small, seperate caudal fin

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Uranoscopidae
Star gazers
- eyes on top of head
- laterally flattened
- electrogenic

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Clinidae
Kelpfishes
- moderately elongated fishes with spiny rayed part of dorsal fin longer than soft rayed part

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Gobiesocidae
Clingfishes
- pelvic fins jugular and modified to form a sucking disk
- no spine in the fins
- no scales

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Gobiidae
Gobies
- pelvic fins united to form a sucking disk
- no spine in the fins
- no scales
- two dorsal fins

Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Order Perciformes
Family Sphyraenidae
Barracudas
- very elongate jaws with lower more than upper
- large teeth
- 2 widely seperated dorsal fins

Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Superorder Acanthopterygii (pelvics thoracic or absent, lateral pectoral fins, spines in dorsal)
Percomorpha (pelvics attached to pectoral girdle)
Order Perciformes
Family Scombridae
Tunas and Mackerels
- 1-3 lateral keelson caudal peduncle
- dorsal and anal fin followed by 5+ small finlets
- caudal fin very stiff and often deeply indented

Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Teleostei
Superorder Acanthopterygii (pelvics thoracic or absent, lateral pectoral fins, spines in dorsal)
Percomorpha (pelvics attached to pectoral girdle)
Order Perciformes
Family Stromateidae
Butterfishes
- no pelvic fins
- latteraly compressed
- oval in shape
- one dorsal fin