lab exam Flashcards
what were the four reagents used for the tonicity lab
NaCl 0.15 and 0.8, ethlyene glycol 0.3, and distilled water
which reagents lysed the rbc
the ethylene glycol and distilled water
which solutions were isotonic
The NaCl since there was no net movement
which solutions were hypotonic to the RBC
the ethlyene glycol and the distilled water since they both lysed the rbc
which solutions were hypertonic to the RBC
NaCl 0.8, because there was a conc gradient but the NaCl was not permeable so the water had to leave the cell
how come NaCl 0.15M did not lyse the cell but ethlyene glycol did
because from the lab it can be deducted that the cell membrane is not permeable to NaCl, so no matter the concentration it will not be able to enter the cell, however ethlene glycol is so it can enter the cell
how were the RBC’s in the NaCl behaving?
when we are changing the temperature why is a negative control important
this helps us differentiate whether the cell lysed because of the permeability due to the temperature change or if it lysed due to the denaturing of the cell at high temperatures, so in part b if the control lysed this indicated that the results are not valid because the control should not lyse
what are the independent and dependant variables when changing temp to see effects on the cell permeability?
the independent variable is temp because we control it, and the dependant is the cell permeability because it depends on the temperature
what is a good negative control solute
NaCl, because we know that it should not lyse since it is not permeable so it should not be able to enter the cell even if the temp is increased unless the cell is denatured
what is a good solute for the treatment
ethylene glycol, because this allows us to gain an insight on the cell permeability, wheres in water it lyses at a really fast rate and through osmosis so we do not learn much about the effect of temp on cell permeability
what is the partion coefficient
it is the ratio of the solute to the water so the higher it is the higher the membrane permeability is increased
what are the different pipette sizes
p20: 2-20 ul
P200: 20-200 ul
P1000: 100-1000ul
what are two benefits of loading dyes
they make the DNA visible, making it easier to track in the gel, they also weigh the sample down so it does not float away
what does a serological pipette do
it used to pipette exact amounts, 1ml, 2ml, 5ml, 10ml, and 25ml
what does a pasteur pipette do
it is used to pipette large amounts where preciseness is not important
which part of the DNA is negatively charged
the phosphate group
how does a gel work
there is a negative and positive side, the DNA is repelled my the negative side and is attracted to the positive side, the smaller the DNA fragment the faster it moves and closer it gets to the positive side
what bond connects the two nucleotides
phosphdiester bond
what do you find at the 5-3 end and the 3-5 end
OH (hydroxyl) and OPO3 (phosphate)
where are h bonds found
in between the nitrogenous bases
what is the difference between major and minor grooves
major grooves are when the back bones are far apart
minor grooves are when they are close together
how can you distinguish adenine and guanine
guanine has a double bonded oxygen, also has a triple hydrogen bond, adenine has a NH2 group, also has a double hydrogen bond
what is the purpose of the DNA ladder
it is used as a reference to compare the other DNA samples by comparing the migration of the samples to the ladder, it can also be used to verify whether the DNA gel is working effectively
what is the enzyme found in the mitochondria used for the citric acid cycle in photosynthesis
succanic dehydrognease
what does it do
changes succanic acid into fumaric acid by taking away to H+
where do the H+ go
they go and bound to FAD to become FADH2
what indicator do we do use
methylene blue
what does it mean if the indicator becomes colourless
the H+ binded to it indicating that the reaction happened
what if there is no colour change
this indicates that there is an inhibitor and the reaction did not happen
what is the photosynthesis equation
6H20 + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + O6
what are three different pigments and what is the main one
chloryophyll a (main), chlorophyll b, xanthophyll
what is a chromophores
these are pigments found in plants used to capture visible light and convert it into glucose for storage and energy by photosynthesis
what are the two pathways in photosynthesis
light dependant and light independent
where and what does the light dependent happen
in the thykakoid membrane, it absorbs the emr and converts it into ATP, NADPH and O2
What about the light independent
the calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and uses the products of the light dependant reaction and CO2 to make carbohydrates
what products are produces
with the 200 billion tons of carbs produced by plants daily they use them for wood, fiber, and other structural materials, the carbs can get converted into simple sugars, that can become polysaccharides and disaccharides (starch) that is used for energy storage. And lastly O2 which is used by other plants and organisms
when is a bar graph useful
when you are comparing averages and have categorical independent variables and a quantitive dependent variable
when are histograms useful
when showing frequency distribution, looks similar to a bar graph, it represents continuous data
pie chart
used to show percents, comapares data but does not show effects of variables
line graph
data points plotted connected by a line, shows the effects of a variable, both of the variables have to be quantatative
scatter plot
data points plotted that are not connected, not really a pattern unlike the line graph, can draw a best fit line to show the trend
what are error bars
the error bars show the variability of the data, so how similar or similar the data is
what is standard deviations
show how far the points are from the mean, so how spread out all of the data is from each other and the average
what are hydrophytes
plants adapted to wet environments
what are xerophytes
plants adapted to dry environments
what are the field of magnifications for all of the magnifications
x40- 5mm, x100- 2mm, x400- 0.5mm
what is the formula to calculate the drawing magnification
drawing size/actual size
what are bulliform cells
found in sand dune grass (ammophila arenaria), when turgid from water pressure the leaf is open, when under water stress the leaf rolls up to protect the. stomata and creates a humid environment
what are some adaptations of agave
thick cuticle, shrunken stomata, parenchyma cells, thin wall used primarily to store water in the middle of the leaf
what have cacti done
they have gotten rid os stomata, decreased sa- so pines and needles as leaves, use cortical cells for water storage
what is digestion
process of large molecules of carbs proteins and lipids being broken down into smaller molecules to be absorbed by the blood stream
what do the salivary glands do
release salivary amylase to break down starch in the mouth
mastication
chewing, breaking down food, increase SA
zymogen
unactivated form of pancreatic enzymes, which activated by the broad-brush enzymes
what triggers the pancreatic juices to be released
the hormones secretin and CCK
what are all of the accessory organs
gallbladder
intestinal mucosa
where the brush broader enzymes activiate the pancreatic enzymes
intestinal epithelium
where the protein products are absorbed
what is the order of the excretory system
adrenal glands release the hormone aldosterone telling the kidney to absorb to take away things from the blood, renal artery bring unfiltered blood, the waste and extra water gets turned into urine which is transported to the urinary bladder by the ureter, it is stored in the bladder until urination, the filtered deoxygenated blood is taken back to the inferior vena cava by the renal vein
explain the male urogenital system
seminal vesicle located on top of the urinary bladder have two seminal glands that produce most of the fluid for semen, prostate glands located below the urinary bladder produce some of the seminal fluid and push the semen from the vas deferens and glands to the urethra to be transported to the glans penis and secreted, the head of the epididymis has unmature sperm that goes to the testes when ready for maturation, then stores in the tail of the epididymis which then gets transported to the urethra by the vas deferens which is a coiled tube
explain the female urogenital system
there are two ovaries which have ovarian arteries and veins that take away and bring blood, the are to circles lateral to the kidneys that produce eggs
respiration path
trachea bring air to the bronchi to the bronchioles to the avioli, the pulomenary artery bring deoxygenated blood and the venules bring the oxygentated to the vein back to the left atrium to be pumped to the body
