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lab exam Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a serological pipette used for?

A

dispensing volumes of liquid accurately

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2
Q

what are Pasteur pipettes used for?

A
  • to dispense liquids when accuracy is less important
  • can be used to gently mix liquid
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3
Q

how do you prep wet mounds?

A
  1. place a small drop of sample to the middle of the glass slide
  2. place cover slip on the slide (make sure that the cover slip touches)
  3. use a tissue to soak up excess liquid
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4
Q

what is the iodine test used for and how do you prep it?

A
  • used to determine if a solution contains starch
    1. add 2-3 drops of sample into depression plate
    2. add 2 drops of iodine to the same depression
  • purple/blue = contains iodine
  • the binding of iodine to starch causes this
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5
Q

what are cheese-clothes used for

A

to filter out large solids while allowing liquids and small particles to pass through

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6
Q

what is a compound microscope used for?

A

to view object at 40x, 100x, or 400x magnification

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7
Q

what is a spectrophotometer used for and how do you use it?

A
  • the measure how much light is absorbed by sample
  • a prism is used to split the light so you can test one wavelength at a time across a wide range of possible wavelengths
  1. transfer sample to a blank cuvette
  2. put blank cuvette into the spectrophotometer (make sure to wipe the fingerprints off)
  3. reset the machine
  4. calibrate the machine
  5. remove the blank cuvette
  6. insert the sample cuvette
  7. press “collect” and then click “stop”
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8
Q

why do you use a eppendorf centrifuge?

A

to separate particles within a mixture of layers according to their densities by spinning the mixtures at high speeds. the densest stuff is found at the bottom

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9
Q

what is an independent variable?

A
  • things that are set in the experiment
  • a variable that causes a change in another variable
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10
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

variable that “depends” on the independent variable

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11
Q

how do we graph independent and dependent variables?

A

independent = x-axis
dependent = y-axis

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12
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A
  • variables that affect the dependent variable
  • they are hard to predict and hard to rule out
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13
Q

what are controls used for?

A
  • to establish a baseline
  • help troubleshoot
  • help to identify confounds
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14
Q

what are negative control groups ?

A
  • handled the same as the treatment group
  • does not receive experimental treatment
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15
Q

what are positive control groups?

A
  • groups that receive treatment, however this is not the treatment that you are curious about
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16
Q

what is tonicity?

A

tonicity describes that ability of the extracellular solution to make water passively move into or out of the cell

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17
Q

what is a hypotonic solution and what is the net movement of water in these solutions?

A
  • one that has less solute than a cell in the solution
  • the net diffusion of water will be into the cell
  • cell may lyse
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18
Q

what is a hypertonic solution and what is the net movement of water in these solutions?

A
  • one that has more solute than a cell in the solution
  • the net diffusion of water will be out of the cell
  • cell will shrivel up
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19
Q

what is in an isotonic solution and what is the net movement of water in these solutions?

A
  • one where the concentration is equal between cell and solution
  • no net movement of water
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20
Q

what are the 3 steps of mRNA processing?

A
  1. 5’ cap is ended to start the binding process
  2. poly A tail is added to say the mRNA is valid
  3. non-coding regions are removed
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21
Q

describe initiation (transcription)

A
  • transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind properly @ the start point
  • TATA box is found in promoter area and helps indicate where transcription begins
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22
Q

describe elongation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase builds mRNA from DNA’s template strand based on complementary base-pairing

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23
Q

describe termination (transcription)

A
  • RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence on DNA
  • pre mRNA is made
24
Q

describe mRNA processing (transcription)

A
  • 5’ cap is added to pre-mRNA
  • RNA splicing occurs, introns are removed, exons joined together
  • poly A tail is added @ the 3’ end
25
Q

describe initiation (translation)

A
  • small ribosomal subunit binds with initiator tRNA carrying methionine-anticodon @ p -site
  • complex scans mRNA from 5’ unit until it reaches the start codon
  • large ribosomal subunit joins the complex
26
Q

describe elongation (translation)

A
  • 3 base codon exposes the a-site
  • tRNA carrying the new amino acid goes to the a-site
  • tRNA with polypeptide moves to p-site
27
Q

describe termination (translation)

A
  • stop codon is reached
  • release factor binds to stop codon
  • a-site, p-site, e-site are emptied
  • polypeptide leaves the ribosomal subunit
  • last tRNA exits e-site
28
Q

what do the purple atoms in the 3d model represent?

A

phosphorus atoms

29
Q

what do the blue atoms in the 3d model represent?

A

nitrogen atoms

30
Q

what do the white atoms in the 3d model represent?

A

hydrogen atoms

31
Q

what do the red atoms in the 3d model represent?

A

oxygen

32
Q

what are the purines and how can you identify them?

A
  • A and G
  • double ring
33
Q

what are the pyrimidines and how can you identify them?

A
  • C and T
  • single ring
34
Q

how do enzymes work to increase reaction rates?

A

they act as catalysts that lower the activation energies of chemical reactions

35
Q

what are the two types of chemical inhibitors?

A
  • competitive
  • non-competitive
36
Q

what are competitive inhibitors and how do they work?

A
  • binds to the active side of an enzyme
  • slows down the reaction by competing with the substrate
  • reaction rate depends on the concentration of substrate relative to competitive inhibitor
37
Q

what are non-competitive inhibitors and how do they work?

A
  • bind to any other site but the active site
  • changes the shape of the active site to prevent substrate to bind to it
  • causes enzyme to no longer function
38
Q

when do you use a bar graph?

A
  • when you want to compare data
  • useful when you have categorical independent variable for each bar (BARS DON’T TOUCH)
  • used when talking about averages
39
Q

when do you use a histogram?

A
  • used in groups of continuous numerical data (ex. age)
  • y - axis often shows frequency of data
40
Q

when do you a pie graph?

A
  • shows a percent of a whole
  • used to compare data but cannot be used to see how a manipulated variable affects a responding variable
41
Q

when do you use a line graph?

A
  • show trends
  • only used when both variables are quantitative
42
Q

identify all the markings on this rat

A
43
Q

what does the mouth do and what enzyme does it contain?

A

-mechanical and chemical processing of food
- enzymes: salivary amylase and salivary lipase

44
Q

what does the esophagus do?

A

transports food

45
Q

what does the stomach do and what enzymes does it contain?

A
  • mechanical and chemical processing
  • digests proteins
  • enzyme: pepsin
46
Q

what does the small intestine do and what enzymes does it contain?

A
  • chemical processing and absorption of nutrients
  • a bunch of enzymes
47
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A

absorbs water

48
Q

what does the liver do?

A

creates molecules needed to digest fats (bile)

49
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores the secretions from the liver and empties it into the small intestine

50
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

secretes enzymes and other materials into the small intestine

51
Q

what are the 3 main tubes that are connected to each kidney?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. renal vein
  3. ureter
52
Q

what does the renal artery do and what does it contain?

A
  • contains oxygenated blood
  • comes from the heart and goes to the kidney
53
Q

what does the renal vein do and what does it contain?

A
  • contains deoxygenated blood
  • comes from the kidney and goes to the inferior vena cava
54
Q

what does the ureter do and what does it contain?

A
  • contains urea
  • comes from the kidney and goes to the bladder
55
Q

what is the flow of blood through the heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through two large veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These veins carry blood from the body to the heart’s right atrium.
  2. The right atrium contracts and pumps the deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
  3. The right ventricle contracts and pumps the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve.
  4. The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
  5. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which enter the left atrium.
  6. The left atrium contracts and pumps the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
  7. The left ventricle contracts and pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta through the aortic valve.
  8. The aorta carries the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen and nutrients and picks up waste products.
56
Q
A

bisc 101 (1 decks)

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