lab exam

Question 1

5 factors that influence VO2 max:

Answer 1

genetics = health conditions, stroke volume
body size = different lung capacities may impact aerobic capacitiy - no necessarily VO2 max
sex = males often have greater SV and HB content, less HR variation
mode of exercise = long distance runner would have higher aerobic capacity than others
environmental factors = temperature (cold temp irritates lungs), altitude (less O2 @higher) , motivations (music, fans)

Question 2

do the lungs and ventilation limit VO2 max?

Answer 2

not if healthy

Question 3

ventilation perfusion mismatch:
causes?

Answer 3

inadequate airflow/bloodflow to lungs for match O2 needs
- high HR
- asthma/ inflamed bronchioles
- allergies
- smoking
- humidity
- temp

Question 4

pulmonary diffusing capacity

Answer 4

as CO rises, not enough time for gas exchnage in alveoli in lungs

Question 5

main limiting factor in O2 delivery?

Answer 5

poor delivery due to poor ingestion causes limited VO2

Question 6

central cardiac factors:

Answer 6

cardiac output = HR x stroke volume

Question 7

how does training alter HR and SV?

Answer 7

• SV increases
• max HR shows less variance

Question 8

peripheral factors of CO:
what do they affect?

Answer 8

fiber type distribution = higher slow twitch allows for more O2 utilization, higher mitochondrial density
capillary density

muscles ability to take up and use oxygen

Question 9

how does training alter fiber type and capillary density?

Answer 9

• aerobic training = shift type IIa to act like type I
• increase density around muscle, increase transit time (more O2 gets taken up)

Question 10

oxygen deficit:

Answer 10

Difference between O2 uptake in the first minutes of exercise and uptake during an equal period of time after steady state has been obtained

caused by time between activation of ATP-PC and aerobic activation

Question 11

EPOC aka excess post exercise oxygen consumption:

Answer 11

occurs during recovery post exercise - body requires additional O2 to recover and fuel bodys increased metabolic rate
increased body temp, HR, BR, Circulating epi and norepi

Question 12

does EPOC change depending on exercise intensity? why?

Answer 12

yes = as intensity increases, magnitude and duration of EPOc increases bc
- higher body temp
- greater depleted PC - require more O2 for resynthesis
- higher blood lactate levels = require O2 for conversion to glucose
- epi and norepi levels rising

Question 13

rapid epoc

Answer 13

• resynthesis of stored PC
• muscle and blood O2 stores replensished

Question 14

slow epoc

Answer 14

due to
Elevated body temperature and elevated blood levels of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
ii. heart rate and breathing, remain elevated to meet energy needs (ATP
production)
iii. O2 required to convert lactate to glucose

Question 15

why is RER high post exercise and doesnt drop like VO2?

Answer 15

VCO2 takes longer to go down bc buffering system is working to remove H+ and buffer lactatee

Question 16

how many kcal is a pound of body fat?

Answer 16

3500kcal

Question 17

what happens to HR and VO2 as power output is inceased?

Answer 17

HR = increases (increased blood flow, ATP production, CO, sympathetic activity)
VO2 = increases (O2 demand increases, RER)

Question 18

how would increase in body temperature and blood acidity alter oxygen delivery ?

Answer 18

weakens bonds between O2 and Hb, increased unloading to active tissues
- dissociation curve would shift right

Question 19

ventilatory threshold (Tvent)

Answer 19

Tvent is the inflection point when there is no longer a linear relationship between Ve and
VO2. When it becomes exponential, the Tvent has been surpassed
- high ventilation rate cannot match O2 demand

Question 20

tvent for trained

Answer 20

• minimal slope prior (dominant aerobic metabolism longer), but more substantial inflection
• better at buffering acidosis

Question 21

lactate threshold (Tlactate)

Answer 21

when blood lactate levels begin rising exponentially during incremental exercise:
caused by:
i. Increased rate of glycolysis (from increased levels of epinephrine)
ii. Decreased removal of blood lactate
iii. Decreased muscle oxygen content
iv. Switch over from predominant usage of Type I fibers to predominant usage of Type II fibers.

Question 22

how does mood and illness impact HRV?

Answer 22

mood = depressed people have lower HRV
illness = decreased

Question 23

chronic exercise on HRV:

Answer 23

increases
lower resting HR

Question 24

when does VO2 drift occur?

Answer 24

when body can’t dissapate heat during exercise = ventilation and catecholamine circulation are enhanced - further enhancing the sympathetic response and inhibiting the acquisition of steady state. With this, VO2, heart rate, and ventilation continue to increase.

Question 25

cardiovascular drift:

Answer 25

i. drift due to increase in body temperature with dehydration and reduction in plasma volume
ii. This reduction in plasma volume causes decreased SV as there is reduced venous return
iii. HR increases to compensate for decreased SV
iv. While this occurs during prolonged exercise, increased HR and decreased
stroke volume will be exaggerated during hot/humid environments

Question 26

heat acclimation

Answer 26

Physiological adjustments produced by exposure to artificial conditions in experimental chambers or natural environments (acclimatization) -
typically 10-14 day exposure.
- increased plasma volume

Question 27

cardiopulmonary factors related to fatigue

Answer 27

cardiopulmonary Factors:
i. Increase with exercise
- Heart Rate - not at max, genetics factor
- Stroke volume - reached max (b/c Vo2 went above 40-50%)
- Cardiac Output - not at max b/c HR not maxed, therefore cardiac
output reserve
- Blood pressure - not a noticeable difference - Vo2 - not at max

Question 28

hyperaemic response post occlusion

Answer 28

Fundamental stimulus with occlusion is tissue hypoxia
Buildup of vasodilatory metabolites (NO, CO2, prostaglandins etc.)
Flow becomes elevated after occlusion d/t action of metabolites resulting in
decreased vascular resistance

Question 29

what happens during and after occlusion?

Answer 29

During occlusion there was a build up of metabolites that then quickly
reperfused the active tissue (reactive hyperemia) this excess of vasodilation may allows for blood flow that allow for enhanced performance in the vertical jump after occlusion
- Tissues that were occluded have high o2 demand which is replenished by reactive hyperemia - however, as there is no cardiac demand since occlusion is passive, this would explain why post-exercise reactive hyperemia is more pronounced than occlusion-hyperemia as after exercise there is cardiac demand that helps re-perfuse the area

Question 30

If the participant were to repeat the intervals with active recovery, how might results differ

Answer 30

• increased removal of lactate and wastes during recovery
• decreased VO2 changes between exercise and rest
• spike ctive recovery increases total workload and utilization of aerobic pathways so this may slowly increase aerobic pathways usage throughout exercise, instead of the spike in VO2 and HR we observed