LAB EXAM

Question 1

steps of scientific method

Answer 1

observation 
hypothesis
experimentation 
collection and analysis of data
conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis 
leading to theory

Question 2

experimental physiology

Answer 2

branch of physiology where the various body functions are studied in a laboratory setting commonly with animals but sometimes with human subjects

Question 3

prospective vs retrospective studies

Answer 3

enroll and follows a group of individuals (cohort) over time

looks backwards at a cohort, often to identify risk factors

Question 4

case-control

Answer 4

matches sick population with healthy controls

Question 5

longitudinal studies vs cross sectional studies

Answer 5

individuals repeatedly sampled over time

study conducted at a single point in time

Question 6

meta-analysis

Answer 6

quantitative approach to reviewing literature in a specific area. integrates data from related studies; attempts to resolve differences

Question 7

genetics

Answer 7

deletions
insertions
translocations
SNPs

Question 8

experimentation in physiology

Answer 8

biochemical

cell-molecular (in vitro)

animal studies (in vivo):
many classic physiological studies 

translational research
(“Bench to Bedside”)

Question 9

tissue and cell structure visualization

Answer 9

staining

microscopy

Question 10

RNA visualization

Answer 10

northern blot

RT PCR

microarray

in situ hybridization

Question 11

protein visualization

Answer 11

western bot

immunohistochemistry

ELISA

Question 12

autoradiography visualization

Answer 12

radioactive label

Question 13

animal studies

Answer 13

ADVANTAGES:
short gestation
short lifespan
genetic manipulations; introduce disease gene and knock-in, knock-out, transgenic

DISADVANTAGES:
not human
difficult to assess human traits, i.e. cognition and emotion
don’t spontaneously develop human disease
species specific isoforms
inbreeding

Question 14

types of scientific graphs

Answer 14

x- and y- axes

bar graph

histogram

line graph and rate

scatter blot and best fit line

Question 15

diabetes is a worldwide epidemic

Answer 15

affects 285 million people worldwide

Question 16

diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasic, and weight loss and random plasma glucose >200mg/dL)

fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dL

two hour post glucose loads (75g) plasma glucose >200mg/dL, and confirmed by repeat test

Question 17

diagnosing diabetes

Answer 17

A1C: measure of glycated Hb in blood; measures the average blood glucose for the past 2-3 months

FPG: fasting plasma glucose after and overnight fast

OGTT: after an overnight fast, a solution known amount of glucose is given, and blood samples taken 2 hours after drinking the solution

Question 18

physical findings of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 18

central obesity
hypertension
eye-hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization
skin-acanthosis nigricans (particularly in darker complexioned patients); candida infections
neurologic-decreased or absent light touch, temperature sensation, and proprioception; loss of deep tendon reflexes in ankles
feet-dry, muscle atrophy, claw toes, ulcers

Question 19

risk factors for type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

older than 45
weight is greater than 120% of desirable weight
family history of diabetes in a sibling or parent
hispanic, native American, African American, asian, or Pacific Islander descent
history of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
hypertension (140/90), or dyslipidemia
history of gestational diabetes or of delivering baby weighing more than 9lbs
polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 20

cellular effects of insulin

Answer 20

constantly recycled transporters; insulin maintains the cycle and transporter numbers are high in the plasma membrane