LAB EXAM Flashcards
steps of scientific method
observation hypothesis experimentation collection and analysis of data conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis leading to theory
experimental physiology
branch of physiology where the various body functions are studied in a laboratory setting commonly with animals but sometimes with human subjects
prospective vs retrospective studies
enroll and follows a group of individuals (cohort) over time
looks backwards at a cohort, often to identify risk factors
case-control
matches sick population with healthy controls
longitudinal studies vs cross sectional studies
individuals repeatedly sampled over time
study conducted at a single point in time
meta-analysis
quantitative approach to reviewing literature in a specific area. integrates data from related studies; attempts to resolve differences
genetics
deletions
insertions
translocations
SNPs
experimentation in physiology
biochemical
cell-molecular (in vitro)
animal studies (in vivo): many classic physiological studies
translational research
(“Bench to Bedside”)
tissue and cell structure visualization
staining
microscopy
RNA visualization
northern blot
RT PCR
microarray
in situ hybridization
protein visualization
western bot
immunohistochemistry
ELISA
autoradiography visualization
radioactive label
animal studies
ADVANTAGES:
short gestation
short lifespan
genetic manipulations; introduce disease gene and knock-in, knock-out, transgenic
DISADVANTAGES:
not human
difficult to assess human traits, i.e. cognition and emotion
don’t spontaneously develop human disease
species specific isoforms
inbreeding
types of scientific graphs
x- and y- axes
bar graph
histogram
line graph and rate
scatter blot and best fit line
diabetes is a worldwide epidemic
affects 285 million people worldwide
diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasic, and weight loss and random plasma glucose >200mg/dL)
fasting plasma glucose >126mg/dL
two hour post glucose loads (75g) plasma glucose >200mg/dL, and confirmed by repeat test
diagnosing diabetes
A1C: measure of glycated Hb in blood; measures the average blood glucose for the past 2-3 months
FPG: fasting plasma glucose after and overnight fast
OGTT: after an overnight fast, a solution known amount of glucose is given, and blood samples taken 2 hours after drinking the solution
physical findings of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
central obesity
hypertension
eye-hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization
skin-acanthosis nigricans (particularly in darker complexioned patients); candida infections
neurologic-decreased or absent light touch, temperature sensation, and proprioception; loss of deep tendon reflexes in ankles
feet-dry, muscle atrophy, claw toes, ulcers
risk factors for type 2 diabetes
older than 45
weight is greater than 120% of desirable weight
family history of diabetes in a sibling or parent
hispanic, native American, African American, asian, or Pacific Islander descent
history of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
hypertension (140/90), or dyslipidemia
history of gestational diabetes or of delivering baby weighing more than 9lbs
polycystic ovarian syndrome
cellular effects of insulin
constantly recycled transporters; insulin maintains the cycle and transporter numbers are high in the plasma membrane
