Lab exam 1 review

Question 1

Phylum Chordata- chordates

(3 subphyla)

Answer 1

Chracteristics:

1. notochord
2. nerve cord (connected to brain)
3. pharyngeal gill slits (space btw. gills)
4. postnatal tail
5. 5 segmented muscle bands
6. endostyle
7. ventral heart, closed circulatory system

Question 2

Subphyla Urochordata (turnicates)

Answer 2

Common name: sea squirts 
Characteristics: 
1. blob like mucous membrane
2. least fishy looking
3. notocord (absent in adult)
4. predominantly sedentary as adults
5. Larval stage free-swimming
6. Two body openings: Inlet and Outlet
Distribution: worldwide

Question 3

Subphyla Cephalochordata (lancelets)

Answer 3

Common name: Amphioxus/amphioxi
Chracteristics:
1. small, eel-like
2. tiny long-ish worms
3.mouth, atriopore, anus
4. ventral heart
5.notocord 
6.myomeres
Distribution: worldwide. marine waters along continental shelve areas

Question 4

Subphyla Vertebrata (vertebrates)

Answer 4

Characteristics:
1. notochord
2. w-shaped myomeres
3. cranium
**this group includes cyclostomes and gnathostomes
Distribution: aquatic and terrestrial envoronments

Question 5

Myomeres

Answer 5

Blocks of striated muscle seperated by sheets of cennective tissue

Question 6

Operculum

Answer 6

gill cover

Question 7

Nictitating membrane

Answer 7

covers eyes

Question 8

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Answer 8

electrophotoreceptors

Question 9

Spiracle

Answer 9

remnant of the 2nd gill slit

Question 10

Rudimentary eyes

Answer 10

incompletely developed

Question 11

Barbels

Answer 11

whisker like organs covered in sensory receptors

Question 12

Cyclostomes (higher group)

Answer 12

Extant jawless (agnathous) fishes
Characteristics:
1. 1 median nostril
2. pouched gills
3. velum (membranous flap in pharynx)
4.keratinous teeth-like structures
5. no jaws

Question 13

Eptatretus sp.

Answer 13

Common name: Hagfish
Order: Myxiniformes
Family: Myxinidae
Characterisitcs: (part of cyclostomes)
1. no fins
2.gnarly teeth
3.eel-like
4. mouth sorrounded by barbels
5. keratin teeth in rows
6.2-6 gill pores
7.single median nostril
Distributiion: BENTHIC MARINE VERTS., scanvenge sefloor for carcasses. produce large amount of slime

Question 14

Ichthyomyzon castaneus

Answer 14

Common name: Chestnut lamprey
Order: Petromyzontiformes
Family: Petromyzontidae
Characterisitcs: 
1. oral disk-suction cup-like
2. well-developed eyes
3. small nasal opening
4.eel-like (angulliform)
5.no jaw
6. 7pairs of gill pouches
7.no scales
8.keratin teeth
9. body dull brown
10. hemophagus (parasite-feed on blood)
Distribution: Marine and freshwater

Question 15

Gnathostomata (higher group)

Answer 15

Characterisitcs:

1. jawed vertebrates
2. 2 pairs of appendages
3. 3 semicircular canals in innner ear

Question 16

Class Chondrichthyes

Answer 16

cartilaginous fishes
Characterisitcs:
1. placoid scales
2.ampullae of lorenzini (electrosensory organs mostly on snout)

Question 17

Subclass Holocephali

Answer 17

Includes chimaeras, rabbitfishes, and ratfishes
Order: Chimaeriformes
Family: Chimaeridae

Question 18

Hydrolagus sp.

Answer 18

Common name: large-eyed ratfish
Order: Chimaeriformes
Family: Chimaeridae
Characteristics:
1. rubbery feel
2. placoid scales
3. males have head cephalic clasper
4.ribbon-like tail
5. teeth modified (beak-like form)
6. gills covered by operculum- appear like only one gill
7. no spiracle
Distribution: marine

Question 19

Subclass Elasmobranchii

Answer 19

Includes sharks and rays
Characteristics:
1. 5-7 gill slits
2. polyphyodont dentation with multiple cohorts of replacement teeth

Question 20

Selachii

Answer 20

Sharks
Characteristics:
1. gill slits ono lateral surface of head

Question 21

Galeomorphii

Answer 21

Typical sharks
Order: Carcharhiniformes- ground sharks
Family: Sphyrnidae - hammer head sharks

Question 22

Sphyrna tiburo

Answer 22

Common name: bonnethead shark
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Sphyrnidae
Characteristics:
1. hammer head
2. nictitating eyelid
3. blade-like teeth
4. no spiracle
5. 5 gill slits
6. heterocercal caudal fin
7. 2 dorsal fins ( one triangular)
Distribution: marine

Question 23

Squalomorphii

Answer 23

atypical sharks
Order: Squaliformes
Family: Squalidae

Question 24

Squalus sp.

Answer 24

Common name: Dogfish
Order: Squaliformes
Family: Squalidae

Question 25

Batoidea

Answer 25

Includes skates, rays, relatives
Order: Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
Family: Dasyatidae (stingrays)
Characteristics:
1. enlarged pectoral fiins fused to the side of the head
2. abscence of anal fin
3. having gill slits on ventral surface of head