Lab Exam 1: Excercise 2-5

Question 1

What is the scanning, low, and high power on the microscope and what it is used for

Answer 1

Scanning power is the 4x objective lens and it is used to locate specimen
Low power is the 10x objective lens and is used to see the whole or large portions of the specimen
High power is the 40x objective lens and used to see small, detailed parts of the specimen

Question 2

How do you calculate the total magnification

Answer 2

Objective lens x ocular lens

Question 3

Exercise 2: Activity 3 the letter e

Answer 3

• you can see the letter e in the scanning power
• the letter e got bigger in low power
• for high power you cannot see the letter e but some part

Question 4

Exercise 2: Activity 4 the thread slide (red, blue, green)

Answer 4

• use the fine adjustment knob to move the slide counterclockwise until all the threads become blurry and slightly out of focus
• turn the fine adjustment knob clockwise, watch the crossed threads until the first thread comes into focus

Question 5

Exercise 2: Activity 6

Answer 5

whitefish blastula slide:
- set the lens to low power
- it has many small cells

ox spinal cord slides:
- set the lens on low power
- you can see the entire specimen

Question 6

How did we make the cheek cells and how does it look like

Answer 6

1. We grab a toothpick and a slide
2. Scape and collect the sample inside the cheek
3. Wipe the toothpick on the slide
4. Add 1 drop of methylene blue stain
5. Then add the cover slips

• to me it looks like a lot of bacteria along with a nucleus and some cells were darker than others

Question 7

Exercise 3: table 3.1 important cell structures and organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, vesicles, lysosome, cytoskeleton, flagella and cilia, ribosomes, centrioles, microvilli)

Answer 7

Nucleus: a spherical membrane shell that houses DNA and makes RNA for use in directing protein synthesis. It controls most cellular functions

Mitochondria: converts molecular energy from sugars to ATP

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): is dotted with ribosomes and is often an industrial complex for protein production

Smooth ER: some of the proteins produced do their jobs and also where detoxification, materials processing, and lipid synthesis occur

Golgi apparatus: site for packaging and special processing for molecules, mainly proteins for export out of the cell

Vacuole: a large bubble membrane used for storage inside a cell

Vesicle: small membrane spheres, with various storage or transport functions

Lysosome: vesicles or small vacuole containing digestive enzymes

Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers and tubules that support and moves the cell

Flagella and cilia: composed of contractile proteins that move a cell

Ribosomes: mixture of RNA and proteins; worksite for protein synthesis

Centrioles: part of the larger of the centrosome, responsible for directing many aspects of cell division in most animal cells

Microvilli: fold in the plasma membrane to increase surface area 

Question 8

Exercise 3: table 3.4 slide of the kidney tubules

Answer 8

structure:
- simple cuboidal epithelial
- consist of a single layer of cube like shape

Question 9

Exercise 3: figure 3.5 identify sperm cells

Answer 9

• they look like little tadpole babies swimming around

Question 10

Exercise 3: figure 3.6 know the muscles from the slide and photograph

Answer 10

• they look striped or striated

Question 11

Exercise 3: box 3.1 characteristics and functions of the tissues found in the box (kidney, sperm, skeletal muscle, neuron)

Answer 11

Kidney:
- characteristics: the shape reminds me of a brain because of the lines and blob
- functions: absorption and secretion

Sperm:
- Characteristics: they look like baby tadpoles
- Functions: movement through fluid

Skeletal muscle :
- Characteristics: very little dots with some lines
- Functions: contraction

Neuron
- Characteristics: an egg shell membrane
- Functions: communication

Question 12

Exercise 4: figure 4.1 know the material for the distance due moved over time

Answer 12

• a drop of methylene blue solution
• a drop of potassium permanganate solution
• cork or sturdy drinking straw (making holes)
• ruler
• china marker
• Petri dish with agar gel

Question 13

Simple squamous epithelial

Answer 13

• is made from a single layer of flat cells
• important for the air sacs of the lungs and blood capillaries so that oxygen can easily diffuse through this layer of cells

Question 14

Stratified squamous epithelial

Answer 14

• made of many layers of flat cells
• provides protection from friction and is a good barrier
• found lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina, and the epidermis of the skin

Question 15

Simple cuboidal epithelial

Answer 15

• made of one layer of rounded or cube shape cells
• provides an absorption or secretory in organs like kidneys
• found in many of the glands of the human body like thyroid

Question 16

Areolar connective tissue

Answer 16

• made of irregular arrangement of fibers with fibroblasts (fiber-producing cells) and other cells sprinkled in between them
• it permits flexible attachment and makes a good, loose packaging material
• found below the skin, between muscles, and around various organs

Question 17

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 17

• made of thick, rough collagen fibers glued and packed so densely that the matrix appears smooth
• found between ribs and sternum
• has chondrocytes (mature cartilage-producing cells) in holes called lacunae