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Biology 3 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

galls

A

abnormal growths on plants induced by another organism

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2
Q

how are galls formed?

A

eggs are laid > eggs hatch > galls form around larva

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3
Q

what kind of predators attack galls?

A

predators that may eat gall insects OR parasitoids that may lay their eggs in/on larva

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4
Q

inquillines

A

uses galls for food or shelter

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5
Q

microevolution

A

changes in genetic frequency

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6
Q

two characteristics of microevolution

A
  1. patterns are changes in genetic frequency within a group

2. processes cause change in genetic frequency (genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection)

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7
Q

hardy-weinberg theorem

A

genetic frequencies remain constant if only process of inheritance present, assumes no evolution

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8
Q

strong directional selection

A

reaches fixation/loss in fewer generations

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9
Q

weak direction selection

A

reaches fixation/loss in more generations or never reaches

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10
Q

high initial frequency = ? fixation time

A

low fixation time

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11
Q

high population size = ? fixation time

A

high fixation time

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12
Q

genetic drift

A

random flunctuations in allele frequencies

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13
Q

selection

A

survival and reproduction of individuals based on traits

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14
Q

natural selection

A

non-random changes of heritable variation with differential fitness, based on current environment

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15
Q

natural selection leads to

A

adaptations

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16
Q

adaptations

A

traits that enhance fitness

17
Q

sexual selection

A

differential reproduction based on traits to attract mates

18
Q

sexual selection leads to

A

sexual dimorphism

19
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

traits that differ between males and females

20
Q

advantages of simulations

A

safe, inexpensive, can test multiple or certain variables, can be done anytime and multiple times

21
Q

disadvantages of simulations

A

many unknown variables left out when creating simulation, quenstional accuracy

22
Q

4 conditions of natural selection

A

reproduction of offspring surpasses than what can survive, heredity allows traits of fittest to be passed down, organisms have varying fitness, variation among individuals of population

23
Q

role of environment in natural selection

A

pressure to push species to adapt, resulting in evolution

24
Q

chi-square critical value

A

catergories - 1

25
Q

if below critical value

A

accept null hypothesis

26
Q

if above critical value

A

don’t accept null hypothesis

27
Q

DNA analysis process

A

DNA isolation and preparation > pcr amplification > gel electrophoresis > analysis and interpretation

28
Q

boiling method

A

dna isolation and preparation = centrifuge, discard supernatant, add lysis buffer, heat, centrifuge, transfer supernatant to new tube

29
Q

pcr amplification

A

millions of copies of specific DNA segments, similar to DNA replication, continues for total of 40 cycles

30
Q

pcr amplification steps

A

denaturation at 94C = helicase in DNA replication (cycle 1) > anneal primers at 60C = primase in DNA replication (cycle 2) > extension at 72C = DNA polymerase in DNA replication (cycle 3)

31
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

sorts DNA fragments, DNA has negative charge, smaller fragments closer to positive-charge side

32
Q

removing metal ions by chelating

A

removing Mg that is cofactor for DNase

33
Q

needed from cells for PCR

A

genomic DNA

34
Q

structures needed to break down in order to release DNA

A

cellular and nuclear membranes

35
Q

having primer on both sides of DNA

A

both sides of helix used as template

36
Q

nucleotide bases in master mix

A

nucleotides used by Taq polymerase for complementary DNA strands

37
Q

intron

A

does not code for protein sequence, taken out of mRNA before it leaves nucleus

38
Q

exon

A

codes for protein sequence, stays in mRNA, transported out of nucleus and translated into proteins

Biology 3 (2 decks)

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