Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
Structures we need to identify and their function.
Anatomy: Hypothalamus
Shaped like a flattened funnel below the thalamus nucleus, makes up the floor and walls of third ventricle
Anatomy: Pituitary Gland/hypophysis
is suspended from floor of hypothalamus by infundibulum housed in sphenoid bone, looks like a kidney bean. Composed of two structures with independent origins and separate functions.
Adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary
bigger of the two lobes contains ¾ of pituitary. Linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal system w/ connecting capillaries. Hypothalamus regulates cells in pituitary.
Neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary
¼ of the posterior portion of pituitary. Made of nervous tissue not a true glands. Hormones made by neuroendocrine cells that pass down hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe. Hormones are stored in and secreted from this lobe.
Thyroid gland location and structure
largest gland that is purely endocrine w/ thyroid follicles lying adjacent to trachea below larynx shaped like butterfly joined inferiorly by isthmus. Receiving highest rate of blood flow for a tissue making red color. Composed of follicle sacs containing follicular cells that are protein-rich collagen w/ simple cuboidal epithelium.
Parathyroid Gland structure
Dots located on parathyroid gland usually four posteriorly embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland: can be found as high as hyoid bone to as low as aortic arch
Adrenal Gland/suprarenal glands structure, location, and origin
cap on superior on kidneys, located retroperitoneal in body behind peritoneum and posterior body wall merge of two fetal glands of medulla and cortex (largest portion yellow).
pancreatic isles structure and function
elongated, spongy gland behind stomach, retroperitoneal. Exocrine digestive gland w/ 1-2 million islets of langerhans responding directly to blood nutrient levels of glucose
Atria
two that sit on top of ventricles, w/ most of mass posteriorly, not seen as much anteriorly, and are receiving chambers for blood returning to heart by great veins. Have earlike flaps increasing volume called auricles. Have thin flaccid walls because of light workload pumping blood into ventricles below and separated by interatrial septum w/ internal ridges called myocardium pectinate muscles
What are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
myocardium
Myocardium- muscle layer of heart, thickest layer performing work of heart w/ its proportion based on workload of individual chambers organized into spiraling bundles around heart making twisting or wringing motion enhancing the ejection of blood.
epicardium
visceral pericardium outer membrane serous layer of external heart surface, but inner layer of sac between heart and pericardium. Consisting of simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar tissue and some area w/ really thick fat or adipose tissue. Blood vessels going through this.
endocardium
Inner layer of heart, lines inferior chambers of heart simple squamous epithelium overlying thin areolar tissue w/ no adipose and it covers valve surfaces continuous w/ endothelium of blood vessels.
Ventricles how many? purpose? shape? function?
2 on bottom below atria. Pumps that eject blood into arteries and keep it flowing around body. Right ventricle more anterior C shape pumping only to lungs so moderately muscular, w/ most of left ventricle more posterior forming apex and inferoposterior aspect more circular 2-4 times thicker bearing greatest workload of the chambers pumping throughout entire body. Ventricles separated by thick muscular wall interventricular septum.
trabecular carneae location? function?
internal ridges of ventricles w/ ridges serving to keep ventricular walls from clinging to each other when heart contracts allowing chambers to expand more easily when refilling.
sulci how many? where are they? what are they called? what do they do?
Three Sulci (grooves)-filled by fat and coronary blood vessels consisting of the: coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus encircling heart near base and separates atria above from ventricles below. extending obliquely in front and back from coronary sulcus toward apex are anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus overling interventricular septum w/ all sulcia harboring largest of coronary blood vessels.
The Valves
- help w/ blood flow to be one-way and stop blood from flowing backwards the wrong way into one of the chambers or vessels. Valve found between each atrium and ventricle and at exit from each ventricle into great artery w/ each valve consisting of two or three fibrous flaps called cusps or leaflets that are covered by endocardium.
Atrioventricular valve? What are the names of the two main ones? Describe their structure and function?
(AV) regulate opening between atria and ventricles w/ the right side having three cusps (tricuspid) and the left having two (mitral/bicuspid valve). Has stringy tendinous cords (chordae tendineae) resembling shroud lines of parachute, connect valve cusps to conical papillary muscles (2-3 basal attachments to trabeculae carneae) on floor of ventricle preventing valves from flipping inside out or bulging into atria. This governs the timing of electrical excitation of papillary muscles, distributing mechanical stress, w/ redundancy protecting AV valve from mechanical failure should one attachment fail.
Semilunar valve
(pulmonary and Aortic Valve)- regulate the flow of blood from ventricles to great arteries w/ three cusps. When blood is ejected from ventricles pushes through valves from below and presses cusps against arterial walls. When ventricles relax arterial blood flows backward toward ventricles, filling cusps w/ inflated pockets meeting at the center sealing the opening so a little blood flows back into ventricles. Pulmonary valve- controls opening from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk. Aortic valve- controls opening from left ventricle into aorta
Blood Flow through the Chambers describe the tract
Blood that has been through systemic circuit returns by superior & inferior venae cavae to right atrium through AV (tricuspid) valve into right ventricle. When right ventricle contracts, ejects blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk or artery (only arteries in body carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs) exchanging CO2 and O2 at lungs. Blood returns from lungs by two pulmonary veins (only veins carrying oxygenated blood) on left and two on right where they empty into left atrium. Blood flows through left AV (mitral valve) to left ventricle w/ contraction ejecting blood through aortic valve into ascending aorta and through systemic circuit.
Coronary Circulation what is it why is it needed? what are the two branches? how do they further split off?
5% of blood is pumped to itself to supply its own function through cardiac/coronary arteries and veins needing a high amount of blood, oxygen and nutrients to pump blood through rest of body. After aorta leaves ventricle gives off right and left coronary arteries in deep pockets formed by two of aortic valve cusps. Left coronary artery travels through coronary sulcus under left auricle dividing into: anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch. Right coronary artery- supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) continues along coronary sulcus under right auricle becoming right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch: right marginal branch, posterior inter ventricular branch
Anterior interventricular branch (AIB)
what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?
(left anterior descending branch)- travels down anterior interventricular sulcus to apex, rounds to the posterior side of heart where it meets posterior interventricular branch. Supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior 2/3rds of interventricular septum
Circumflex branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?
continues around left side of heart in coronary sulcus giving off left marginal branch as it passes down left margin of heart and furnishes blood to left ventricle w/ it ending at the posterior side supplying blood to left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle.
Right marginal branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?
runs towards the apex of heart supplying lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle
Posterior interventricular branch (PIB) what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?
right coronary artery goes around right side of heart to posterior, sending small branch to atrioventricular node, then giving off PIB. branch travels down corresponding sulcus supplying posterior walls of both ventricles to posterior portion of interventricular septum joining AIB of LCA.
Venous drainage
route by which blood leaves an organ. After flowing through capillaries of heart wall 5-10% of coronary blood empties from multiple tiny vessels, smallest cardiac veins, directly into heart chambers especially right ventricle by three routes: great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein, left marginal, and coronary sinus.
Great cardiac vein
collects blood from anterior aspect of heart and travels alongside anterior interventricular artery. Carries blood from apex toward coronary sulcus, arcing around left side of heart and empties into coronary sinus
Posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein-
found in posterior interventricular sulcus, collects blood from posterior aspect of heart, carrying blood from apex upward and drains into same sinus
Left marginal vein-
travels from point near apex up left margin, empties into coronary sinus
Coronary sinus
large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart, collects blood from all three of aforementioned veins and smaller ones empties blood into right atrium
right common carotid artery
anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying right side of head. medial outcropping from brachiocephalic trunk. divides into internal and external carotids
External carotid supplies most external head structures
left common carotid artery
splits off from aorta most medial vessel on right side pointing straight up goes to the anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying left side of head. divides into internal and external carotids
External carotid supplies most external head structures
right & left subclavian artery
supplying shoulders and upper limbs
right is part of brachial plexus laterally, left is lateral to left common carotid
brachiocephalic trunk
splits off on left of aortic arch to become Right common carotid
Right subclavian
aortic arch
curves to the left splitting off w/ brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian still aortic arch till it passes through aortic hiatus where it becomes descending/abdominal aorta
ascending aorta
directly from left ventricle only branches are the right and left coronary arteries that supply heart afterward becomes aortic arch
right coronary artery
…
descending aorta
downward posterior to heart differently named in chest and abdomen
Thoracic aorta above diaphragm
Abdominal aorta below diaphragm
inferior phrenic artery
supply inferior surface of diaphragm arising from aorta or celiac trunk artery depending on person issuing two or three suprarenal arteries
aortic hiatus
space that the abdominal aorta passes through from thorax
celiac trunk
supplies upper abdomen viscera three headed artery off of abdominal aorta. hepatic artery (liver), gastroduodenal artery, (stomach and two upper portions of small intestine), pancreatic (pancreas), gastric (stomach), splenic (spleen)
suprarenal (superior, middle, inferior)
to adrenal gland
superior mesenteric artery
supplies nearly all of small intestine and proximal half of large intestine arise medially from upper abdominal aorta
lumbar artery
arise from lower aorta in four pairs supplying posterior abdominal wall (muscles, joints, and skin) spinal cord and other tissues in vertebra
gonadal artery
are ovarian arteries in female and testicular arteries in male are extremely long because of original evolution of gonads being i in shoulders from time of fish.
inferior mesenteric artery
.supplies distal end of large intestine
common iliac artery
arise as aorta forks at inferior end
internal iliac artery
to gluteal muscles on medial aspect of thigh, urinary bladder, rectum, prostate, and ductus deferent in male and uterus and vagina in female
median sacral artery
tiny median artery at inferior end of aorta supplying sacrum and coccyx
subclavian artery
rising over lung base of neck superior to clavicle branching at shoulder to supply shoulder and lower limb
axillary artery
as subclavian passes first rib becomes axillary artery through the region w/ small thoracic branches and beyond humeral artery becomes brachial artery
brachial artery
down medial and anterior sides of humerus ending distal to elbow, supplying anterior flexor muscles of brachium
radial artery
descends forearm laterally, alongside radius, nourishing lateral forearm muscle place for pulse
ulnar artery
descends medially through forearm, alongside ulna, nourishing medial forearm muscles
palmer arches
anastomosis of radial and ulnar arteriess at wrist to palmar region and fingers
axillary vein
(not on model) forms by union of brachial and basilica veins at lower margin of trees major passing through axillary region picking up cephalic to subclavian
cephalic vein
arises from lateral side of network, traveling up lateral side of forearm and arm to shoulder joining axillary vein there
basilic vein
(not on model) arises from medial side traveling up posterior side of forearm continuing into arm midway up arm joining brachial vein
median cubital vein
short anastomosis between cephalic and basilica veins obliquely crossing cubital fossa (anterior bend of elbow)
palmar vein
receive blood from fingers and palmar region anastomoses joining radial and ulnar veins
femoral artery
passes through femoral triangle of upper medial thigh,
great saphenous vein
(not on model). longest vein in body arising from medial side of arch traveling up leg and thigh tio inguinal region emptying into femoral vein inferior to inguinal
popliteal artery and vein
continuation of femoral artery in political fossa at rear of knee where femoral emerges from opening in tendon of adductor magnus muscle ending where it becomes anterior and posterior tibial arteries
posterior tibial artery and vein
pass up leg embedded deep in calf muscles, covering like inverted Y out into a single vein 2/4 of way up tibia
anterior tibial artery and vein
travels up anterior side compartment of leg between tibia and fibula arising from medial side of dorsal venous arch converging distal to knee flow into popliteal vein
dorsal venous arch vein
visible on surface of foot, superficial collects blood from toes and proximal part of foot
arcuate artery
sweeps across foot from medial to lateral giving rise to vessels supplying toes.
dorsalis pedis artery
transverses the ankle and upper medial surface of foot giving rise to arcuatee artery
small saphenous vein
(not on model) arises from lateral side of arch and passes up that side of leg as far as knee draining into political vein
Carotid bodies:
chemoreceptors- near common carotid innervated by glossopharyngeal for adjusting breathing for monitoring stabilizing pH, oxygen, and CO2 receptors
Aortic bodies:
chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve
Aortic bodies:
chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve
Veins:
64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation
Veins:
Kinds organized from smallest to largest
64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation
post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses
Veins:
Kinds organized from smallest to largest
64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation
post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses
large veins
Post-capillary venule-
smallest receiving from capillary w/ small tunica interna and some fibroblasts around but no muscle, surrounded by pericytes, more porous than capillary, exchanging fluid w/ surrounding tissues allowing leukocytes.
Muscular venules-
receive from postcapillary venule 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica externa
Medium veins
- ex. Radial, ulnar, great saphenous. Tunica interna w/ endothelium (infoldings meeting in middle of lumen forming valves using skeletal muscle pump), basement membrane, loose connective tissue, thin internal elastic lamina, and thinner tunica media than arteries w/ bundles of smooth muscle w/ collagenous, reticular, and elastic tissue and thick tunica externa.
Venous sinuses
-veins w/ thin walls, large lumens and no muscle ex coronary sinus of heart (posterior side of heart close to left atria), and dura of brain sacs of blood.
Large veins
- more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.
Large veins
- more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.
Major Systemic Veins-
deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses
Major Systemic Veins-
deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses
Venous drainages-
in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein
Venous drainages-
in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein
Venous drainages-
in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein
Nasal bone
- medial nasal bones and maxillae laterally. Sphenoid and ethmoid bone compose roof of nasal cavity, hard palate is the floor w/ vomer forming inferior part of septum
Lateral cartilage-
two cartilage inferior to nasal bone meeting at middle surrounding bridge of nose
Septal nasal carilage
- line of cartilage in the middle between the lateral cartilages forming bridge of nose
Minor alar cartilages
- two small cartilages below septal nasal cartilages posterior to the major alar cartilages
Major alar cartilages-
below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side
Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose
Major alar cartilages-
below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side
Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose
Vestibule
beginning of nasal cavity w/ small dilated chamber inside nostril bordered by tip of nose, ala nasi, lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium w/ stiff guard hairs or vibrissae, which block debris from entering the nose.
Nasal conchae
superior inferior and middle (turbinates)- project from lateral walls toward septum, below each concha is narrow air passage meatus making sure air contacts mucous membrane on way through catching dust etc. and in turn picking up moisture and heat
Olfactory epithelium
- odors detected by sensory cells covering small area of roof of nasal fossa, adjacent parts of septum and superior concha. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ immotile cilia serve to bind odor molecules
Respiratory epithelium
rest of nasal cavity. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium mobile cilia propelling mucous towards pharynx w/ goblet cells secreting mucus, w/ captured and inhaled dust, pollen, bacteria, and other foreign matter sticking to it and swallowed for digestion
Pharynx-
muscular funnel extending from posterior nasal apertures to larynx w/ nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Muscles necessary in swallowing and speech split into three parts
Nasopharynx
passes only air, distal to posterior nasal apertures and above soft palate, receives auditory tubes from middle ear housing pharyngeal tonsil, large particles cannot enter sticking to near tonsil because of curve lines by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx
space between posterior margin of soft palate and epiglottis, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx-
lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx-
lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx
Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.
Larynx
Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.
Epiglottis
- resting sits vertically, when swallowing extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward toward epiglottis while tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it closing airway directing food to esophagus behind it.
Cartilages in Throat:
epiglottic (spoon-shaped supportive plate), thyroid cartilage (shield-like shape covering anterior and lateral aspects of larynx w/ tip Adam’s apple stimulated by testosterone), cricoid cartilage (ringlike of cartilage above trachea), arytenoid (posterior to thyroid cartilage attached to the vocal cords. cricoid and thyroid cartilage constitute the “box of voice box”.
Extrinsic Ligaments in throat
thyrohyoid ligament- suspends larynx from hyoid bone above, cricotracheal ligament- below suspends trachea from cricoid cartilage
Intrinsic ligaments of throat
vestibular folds inferior wall of larynx has two fold stretching from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages in back close larynx during swallowing supported by vestibular ligaments. Inferior vocal cords (folds) produce sound when air passes between them containing vocal ligaments covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium enduring vibration and contact between cords the opening between them is the glottis.
Sound produced by.?
Intrinsic muscles pull on arytenoid causing cartilages to pivot abduct or adducting cord. Air forced between adducted vocal cords vibrates producing high pitched sounds when taut and lower-pitched when slack. Males- longer and thicker cords, vibrate slower and produce lower-pitched sounds. Loudness determined by force of air passing between
Trachea
- windpipe anterior to esophagus made of hyaline cartilage rings that reinforce trachea keeping from collapsing when inhaling w/ an open part in back (allows food to pass) spanned by trachealis muscle that contracts and relaxes controlling for airflow. Are pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ mucus-secreting goblet cells, ciliated, and short basal stem cells trapping inhaled particles and upward beating drives debris-laden mucus toward pharynx where it is swallowed
Carina
- trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.
Carina
- trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.
Anatomy of the Lungs-
lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).
Anatomy of the Lungs-
lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).
Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?
branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.
Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?
branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.
Alveoli-
bronchioles divide into 2-10 elongated, thin walled alveolar ducts w/ alveoli along walls made of nonciliated simple squamous epithelium where they end in sacs or clusters of alveoli around central atrium. Pulmonary artery follow bronchial tree to alveoli. Other arteries dont reach alveoli. Exchanged CO2 and O2 through capillaries and alveolar sacs across membrane
Pathway of air:
nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.
Pathway of air:
nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.
Pleura-
serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.
Pleura-
serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.
prime mover of air in lungs? tell me how it works
Prime mover is diaphragm contractions flatten diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity pushing sternum and ribs outward, lowering air pressure to take lung in by suctioning air in pulling diaphragm down. relaxation allow diaphragm to bulge upward compressing lungs expelling air accounting for 2/3 of air flow.
Internal intercostal
muscles go up praying going up and together, and external goes down as us leaving w/ hands in pockets. Accounts for about 1/3 of air. they intercostal stiffen thoracic cage during respiration preventing it from caving inward when diaphragm descends, enlarging and contracting thoracic cage.
Scalene & sternocleidomastoid-
accessory muscles of respiration of neck fix ribs 1 & 2, helping lift thoracic cavity while external muscles pull others pull down Also elevates ribs during forced inspiration.
Other accessory breathing muscles:
Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.
Other accessory breathing muscles:
Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.
Cervical lymph nodes
deep and superficial groupings in head and neck
Axillary lymph nodes
armpit upper limb and female breast monitoring from upper limb and breast
Thoracic lymph nodes
embedded in thoracic cavity in mediastinum receiving lymph from lungs and airway
Abdominal
-posterior abdominal pelvic wall monitoring from urinary and reproductive systems
Intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes
- found in mesentery adjacent to appendix and intestine monitoring lymph from digestive tract
Inguinal lymph nodes
found in groin receiving from groin and lower limb
Popliteal lymph nodes
back of knee receive from from lower legs
Right Lymphatic Duct what convergences make it up?
formed by convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks in the right thoracic cavity. receives lymphatic drainage from the right arm and the right side of the thorax and head and empties into the right subclavian vein.
Thoracic Duct: what convergences make it up?
on the left, larger and stronger. Begins just below diaphragm anterior to vertebral column at the level of second lumbar. Lymph from below diaphragm join it w/ the turning into duct cisterna cilli. Thoracic duct passes through diaphragm with the aorta and ascends the mediastinum adjacent to vertebral column. While passing thorax, it receives additional lymph from the left bronchomediastinal, left subclavian and left jugular trunks, then empties into the left subclavian vein. Collectively drains all of the body below the diaphragm and upper left limb, left side of head, neck and thorax.
