Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 1st half > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

Structures we need to identify and their function.

1
Q

Anatomy: Hypothalamus

A

Shaped like a flattened funnel below the thalamus nucleus, makes up the floor and walls of third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy: Pituitary Gland/hypophysis

A

is suspended from floor of hypothalamus by infundibulum housed in sphenoid bone, looks like a kidney bean. Composed of two structures with independent origins and separate functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary

A

bigger of the two lobes contains ¾ of pituitary. Linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal system w/ connecting capillaries. Hypothalamus regulates cells in pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary

A

¼ of the posterior portion of pituitary. Made of nervous tissue not a true glands. Hormones made by neuroendocrine cells that pass down hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe. Hormones are stored in and secreted from this lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thyroid gland location and structure

A

largest gland that is purely endocrine w/ thyroid follicles lying adjacent to trachea below larynx shaped like butterfly joined inferiorly by isthmus. Receiving highest rate of blood flow for a tissue making red color. Composed of follicle sacs containing follicular cells that are protein-rich collagen w/ simple cuboidal epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parathyroid Gland structure

A

Dots located on parathyroid gland usually four posteriorly embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland: can be found as high as hyoid bone to as low as aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adrenal Gland/suprarenal glands structure, location, and origin

A

cap on superior on kidneys, located retroperitoneal in body behind peritoneum and posterior body wall merge of two fetal glands of medulla and cortex (largest portion yellow).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pancreatic isles structure and function

A

elongated, spongy gland behind stomach, retroperitoneal. Exocrine digestive gland w/ 1-2 million islets of langerhans responding directly to blood nutrient levels of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atria

A

two that sit on top of ventricles, w/ most of mass posteriorly, not seen as much anteriorly, and are receiving chambers for blood returning to heart by great veins. Have earlike flaps increasing volume called auricles. Have thin flaccid walls because of light workload pumping blood into ventricles below and separated by interatrial septum w/ internal ridges called myocardium pectinate muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myocardium

A

Myocardium- muscle layer of heart, thickest layer performing work of heart w/ its proportion based on workload of individual chambers organized into spiraling bundles around heart making twisting or wringing motion enhancing the ejection of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

epicardium

A

visceral pericardium outer membrane serous layer of external heart surface, but inner layer of sac between heart and pericardium. Consisting of simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar tissue and some area w/ really thick fat or adipose tissue. Blood vessels going through this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endocardium

A

Inner layer of heart, lines inferior chambers of heart simple squamous epithelium overlying thin areolar tissue w/ no adipose and it covers valve surfaces continuous w/ endothelium of blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ventricles how many? purpose? shape? function?

A

2 on bottom below atria. Pumps that eject blood into arteries and keep it flowing around body. Right ventricle more anterior C shape pumping only to lungs so moderately muscular, w/ most of left ventricle more posterior forming apex and inferoposterior aspect more circular 2-4 times thicker bearing greatest workload of the chambers pumping throughout entire body. Ventricles separated by thick muscular wall interventricular septum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

trabecular carneae location? function?

A

internal ridges of ventricles w/ ridges serving to keep ventricular walls from clinging to each other when heart contracts allowing chambers to expand more easily when refilling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sulci how many? where are they? what are they called? what do they do?

A

Three Sulci (grooves)-filled by fat and coronary blood vessels consisting of the: coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus encircling heart near base and separates atria above from ventricles below. extending obliquely in front and back from coronary sulcus toward apex are anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus overling interventricular septum w/ all sulcia harboring largest of coronary blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Valves

A
  • help w/ blood flow to be one-way and stop blood from flowing backwards the wrong way into one of the chambers or vessels. Valve found between each atrium and ventricle and at exit from each ventricle into great artery w/ each valve consisting of two or three fibrous flaps called cusps or leaflets that are covered by endocardium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atrioventricular valve? What are the names of the two main ones? Describe their structure and function?

A

(AV) regulate opening between atria and ventricles w/ the right side having three cusps (tricuspid) and the left having two (mitral/bicuspid valve). Has stringy tendinous cords (chordae tendineae) resembling shroud lines of parachute, connect valve cusps to conical papillary muscles (2-3 basal attachments to trabeculae carneae) on floor of ventricle preventing valves from flipping inside out or bulging into atria. This governs the timing of electrical excitation of papillary muscles, distributing mechanical stress, w/ redundancy protecting AV valve from mechanical failure should one attachment fail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Semilunar valve

A

(pulmonary and Aortic Valve)- regulate the flow of blood from ventricles to great arteries w/ three cusps. When blood is ejected from ventricles pushes through valves from below and presses cusps against arterial walls. When ventricles relax arterial blood flows backward toward ventricles, filling cusps w/ inflated pockets meeting at the center sealing the opening so a little blood flows back into ventricles. Pulmonary valve- controls opening from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk. Aortic valve- controls opening from left ventricle into aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood Flow through the Chambers describe the tract

A

Blood that has been through systemic circuit returns by superior & inferior venae cavae to right atrium through AV (tricuspid) valve into right ventricle. When right ventricle contracts, ejects blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk or artery (only arteries in body carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs) exchanging CO2 and O2 at lungs. Blood returns from lungs by two pulmonary veins (only veins carrying oxygenated blood) on left and two on right where they empty into left atrium. Blood flows through left AV (mitral valve) to left ventricle w/ contraction ejecting blood through aortic valve into ascending aorta and through systemic circuit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Coronary Circulation what is it why is it needed? what are the two branches? how do they further split off?

A

5% of blood is pumped to itself to supply its own function through cardiac/coronary arteries and veins needing a high amount of blood, oxygen and nutrients to pump blood through rest of body. After aorta leaves ventricle gives off right and left coronary arteries in deep pockets formed by two of aortic valve cusps. Left coronary artery travels through coronary sulcus under left auricle dividing into: anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch. Right coronary artery- supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) continues along coronary sulcus under right auricle becoming right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch: right marginal branch, posterior inter ventricular branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anterior interventricular branch (AIB)

what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

A

(left anterior descending branch)- travels down anterior interventricular sulcus to apex, rounds to the posterior side of heart where it meets posterior interventricular branch. Supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior 2/3rds of interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Circumflex branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

A

continues around left side of heart in coronary sulcus giving off left marginal branch as it passes down left margin of heart and furnishes blood to left ventricle w/ it ending at the posterior side supplying blood to left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Right marginal branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

A

runs towards the apex of heart supplying lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Posterior interventricular branch (PIB) what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

A

right coronary artery goes around right side of heart to posterior, sending small branch to atrioventricular node, then giving off PIB. branch travels down corresponding sulcus supplying posterior walls of both ventricles to posterior portion of interventricular septum joining AIB of LCA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Venous drainage

A

route by which blood leaves an organ. After flowing through capillaries of heart wall 5-10% of coronary blood empties from multiple tiny vessels, smallest cardiac veins, directly into heart chambers especially right ventricle by three routes: great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein, left marginal, and coronary sinus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

collects blood from anterior aspect of heart and travels alongside anterior interventricular artery. Carries blood from apex toward coronary sulcus, arcing around left side of heart and empties into coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein-

A

found in posterior interventricular sulcus, collects blood from posterior aspect of heart, carrying blood from apex upward and drains into same sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Left marginal vein-

A

travels from point near apex up left margin, empties into coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Coronary sinus

A

large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart, collects blood from all three of aforementioned veins and smaller ones empties blood into right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

right common carotid artery

A

anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying right side of head. medial outcropping from brachiocephalic trunk. divides into internal and external carotids
External carotid supplies most external head structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

left common carotid artery

A

splits off from aorta most medial vessel on right side pointing straight up goes to the anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying left side of head. divides into internal and external carotids
External carotid supplies most external head structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

right & left subclavian artery

A

supplying shoulders and upper limbs

right is part of brachial plexus laterally, left is lateral to left common carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

splits off on left of aortic arch to become Right common carotid
Right subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

aortic arch

A

curves to the left splitting off w/ brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian still aortic arch till it passes through aortic hiatus where it becomes descending/abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ascending aorta

A

directly from left ventricle only branches are the right and left coronary arteries that supply heart afterward becomes aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

right coronary artery

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

descending aorta

A

downward posterior to heart differently named in chest and abdomen
Thoracic aorta above diaphragm
Abdominal aorta below diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

inferior phrenic artery

A

supply inferior surface of diaphragm arising from aorta or celiac trunk artery depending on person issuing two or three suprarenal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

aortic hiatus

A

space that the abdominal aorta passes through from thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

celiac trunk

A 
supplies upper  abdomen viscera three headed artery off of abdominal aorta. 
hepatic artery (liver), gastroduodenal artery,  (stomach and two upper portions of small intestine), pancreatic (pancreas), gastric (stomach), splenic (spleen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

suprarenal (superior, middle, inferior)

A

to adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

supplies nearly all of small intestine and proximal half of large intestine arise medially from upper abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

lumbar artery

A

arise from lower aorta in four pairs supplying posterior abdominal wall (muscles, joints, and skin) spinal cord and other tissues in vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

gonadal artery

A

are ovarian arteries in female and testicular arteries in male are extremely long because of original evolution of gonads being i in shoulders from time of fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

.supplies distal end of large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

common iliac artery

A

arise as aorta forks at inferior end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

internal iliac artery

A

to gluteal muscles on medial aspect of thigh, urinary bladder, rectum, prostate, and ductus deferent in male and uterus and vagina in female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

median sacral artery

A

tiny median artery at inferior end of aorta supplying sacrum and coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

subclavian artery

A

rising over lung base of neck superior to clavicle branching at shoulder to supply shoulder and lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

axillary artery

A

as subclavian passes first rib becomes axillary artery through the region w/ small thoracic branches and beyond humeral artery becomes brachial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

brachial artery

A

down medial and anterior sides of humerus ending distal to elbow, supplying anterior flexor muscles of brachium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

radial artery

A

descends forearm laterally, alongside radius, nourishing lateral forearm muscle place for pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

ulnar artery

A

descends medially through forearm, alongside ulna, nourishing medial forearm muscles

55
Q

palmer arches

A

anastomosis of radial and ulnar arteriess at wrist to palmar region and fingers

56
Q

axillary vein

A

(not on model) forms by union of brachial and basilica veins at lower margin of trees major passing through axillary region picking up cephalic to subclavian

57
Q

cephalic vein

A

arises from lateral side of network, traveling up lateral side of forearm and arm to shoulder joining axillary vein there

58
Q

basilic vein

A

(not on model) arises from medial side traveling up posterior side of forearm continuing into arm midway up arm joining brachial vein

59
Q

median cubital vein

A

short anastomosis between cephalic and basilica veins obliquely crossing cubital fossa (anterior bend of elbow)

60
Q

palmar vein

A

receive blood from fingers and palmar region anastomoses joining radial and ulnar veins

61
Q

femoral artery

A

passes through femoral triangle of upper medial thigh,

62
Q

great saphenous vein

A

(not on model). longest vein in body arising from medial side of arch traveling up leg and thigh tio inguinal region emptying into femoral vein inferior to inguinal

63
Q

popliteal artery and vein

A

continuation of femoral artery in political fossa at rear of knee where femoral emerges from opening in tendon of adductor magnus muscle ending where it becomes anterior and posterior tibial arteries

64
Q

posterior tibial artery and vein

A

pass up leg embedded deep in calf muscles, covering like inverted Y out into a single vein 2/4 of way up tibia

65
Q

anterior tibial artery and vein

A

travels up anterior side compartment of leg between tibia and fibula arising from medial side of dorsal venous arch converging distal to knee flow into popliteal vein

66
Q

dorsal venous arch vein

A

visible on surface of foot, superficial collects blood from toes and proximal part of foot

67
Q

arcuate artery

A

sweeps across foot from medial to lateral giving rise to vessels supplying toes.

68
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

transverses the ankle and upper medial surface of foot giving rise to arcuatee artery

69
Q

small saphenous vein

A

(not on model) arises from lateral side of arch and passes up that side of leg as far as knee draining into political vein

70
Q

Carotid bodies:

A

chemoreceptors- near common carotid innervated by glossopharyngeal for adjusting breathing for monitoring stabilizing pH, oxygen, and CO2 receptors

71
Q

Aortic bodies:

A

chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve

72
Q

Aortic bodies:

A

chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve

73
Q

Veins:

A

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation

74
Q

Veins:

Kinds organized from smallest to largest

A

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation
post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses

75
Q

Veins:

Kinds organized from smallest to largest

A

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity.
Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
Collapse when empty, expand easily
Have steady blood flow
Merge to form larger veins
Subjected to relatively low blood pressure
Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation
post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses
large veins

76
Q

Post-capillary venule-

A

smallest receiving from capillary w/ small tunica interna and some fibroblasts around but no muscle, surrounded by pericytes, more porous than capillary, exchanging fluid w/ surrounding tissues allowing leukocytes.

77
Q

Muscular venules-

A

receive from postcapillary venule 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica externa

78
Q

Medium veins

A
  • ex. Radial, ulnar, great saphenous. Tunica interna w/ endothelium (infoldings meeting in middle of lumen forming valves using skeletal muscle pump), basement membrane, loose connective tissue, thin internal elastic lamina, and thinner tunica media than arteries w/ bundles of smooth muscle w/ collagenous, reticular, and elastic tissue and thick tunica externa.
79
Q

Venous sinuses

A

-veins w/ thin walls, large lumens and no muscle ex coronary sinus of heart (posterior side of heart close to left atria), and dura of brain sacs of blood.

80
Q

Large veins

A
  • more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.
81
Q

Large veins

A
  • more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.
82
Q

Major Systemic Veins-

A

deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

83
Q

Major Systemic Veins-

A

deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

84
Q

Venous drainages-

A

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

85
Q

Venous drainages-

A

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

86
Q

Venous drainages-

A

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

87
Q

Nasal bone

A
  • medial nasal bones and maxillae laterally. Sphenoid and ethmoid bone compose roof of nasal cavity, hard palate is the floor w/ vomer forming inferior part of septum
88
Q

Lateral cartilage-

A

two cartilage inferior to nasal bone meeting at middle surrounding bridge of nose

89
Q

Septal nasal carilage

A
  • line of cartilage in the middle between the lateral cartilages forming bridge of nose
90
Q

Minor alar cartilages

A
  • two small cartilages below septal nasal cartilages posterior to the major alar cartilages
91
Q

Major alar cartilages-

A

below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side
Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose

92
Q

Major alar cartilages-

A

below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side
Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose

93
Q

Vestibule

A

beginning of nasal cavity w/ small dilated chamber inside nostril bordered by tip of nose, ala nasi, lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium w/ stiff guard hairs or vibrissae, which block debris from entering the nose.

94
Q

Nasal conchae

A

superior inferior and middle (turbinates)- project from lateral walls toward septum, below each concha is narrow air passage meatus making sure air contacts mucous membrane on way through catching dust etc. and in turn picking up moisture and heat

95
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A
  • odors detected by sensory cells covering small area of roof of nasal fossa, adjacent parts of septum and superior concha. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ immotile cilia serve to bind odor molecules
96
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

rest of nasal cavity. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium mobile cilia propelling mucous towards pharynx w/ goblet cells secreting mucus, w/ captured and inhaled dust, pollen, bacteria, and other foreign matter sticking to it and swallowed for digestion

97
Q

Pharynx-

A

muscular funnel extending from posterior nasal apertures to larynx w/ nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Muscles necessary in swallowing and speech split into three parts

98
Q

Nasopharynx

A

passes only air, distal to posterior nasal apertures and above soft palate, receives auditory tubes from middle ear housing pharyngeal tonsil, large particles cannot enter sticking to near tonsil because of curve lines by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

99
Q

Oropharynx

A

space between posterior margin of soft palate and epiglottis, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

100
Q

Laryngopharynx-

A

lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

101
Q

Laryngopharynx-

A

lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

102
Q

Larynx

A

Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.

103
Q

Larynx

A

Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.

104
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • resting sits vertically, when swallowing extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward toward epiglottis while tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it closing airway directing food to esophagus behind it.
105
Q

Cartilages in Throat:

A

epiglottic (spoon-shaped supportive plate), thyroid cartilage (shield-like shape covering anterior and lateral aspects of larynx w/ tip Adam’s apple stimulated by testosterone), cricoid cartilage (ringlike of cartilage above trachea), arytenoid (posterior to thyroid cartilage attached to the vocal cords. cricoid and thyroid cartilage constitute the “box of voice box”.

106
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments in throat

A

thyrohyoid ligament- suspends larynx from hyoid bone above, cricotracheal ligament- below suspends trachea from cricoid cartilage

107
Q

Intrinsic ligaments of throat

A

vestibular folds inferior wall of larynx has two fold stretching from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages in back close larynx during swallowing supported by vestibular ligaments. Inferior vocal cords (folds) produce sound when air passes between them containing vocal ligaments covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium enduring vibration and contact between cords the opening between them is the glottis.

108
Q

Sound produced by.?

A

Intrinsic muscles pull on arytenoid causing cartilages to pivot abduct or adducting cord. Air forced between adducted vocal cords vibrates producing high pitched sounds when taut and lower-pitched when slack. Males- longer and thicker cords, vibrate slower and produce lower-pitched sounds. Loudness determined by force of air passing between

109
Q

Trachea

A
  • windpipe anterior to esophagus made of hyaline cartilage rings that reinforce trachea keeping from collapsing when inhaling w/ an open part in back (allows food to pass) spanned by trachealis muscle that contracts and relaxes controlling for airflow. Are pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ mucus-secreting goblet cells, ciliated, and short basal stem cells trapping inhaled particles and upward beating drives debris-laden mucus toward pharynx where it is swallowed
110
Q

Carina

A
  • trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.
111
Q

Carina

A
  • trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.
112
Q

Anatomy of the Lungs-

A

lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).

113
Q

Anatomy of the Lungs-

A

lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).

114
Q

Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?

A

branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.

115
Q

Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?

A

branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.

116
Q

Alveoli-

A

bronchioles divide into 2-10 elongated, thin walled alveolar ducts w/ alveoli along walls made of nonciliated simple squamous epithelium where they end in sacs or clusters of alveoli around central atrium. Pulmonary artery follow bronchial tree to alveoli. Other arteries dont reach alveoli. Exchanged CO2 and O2 through capillaries and alveolar sacs across membrane

117
Q

Pathway of air:

A

nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.

118
Q

Pathway of air:

A

nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.

119
Q

Pleura-

A

serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.

120
Q

Pleura-

A

serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.

121
Q

prime mover of air in lungs? tell me how it works

A

Prime mover is diaphragm contractions flatten diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity pushing sternum and ribs outward, lowering air pressure to take lung in by suctioning air in pulling diaphragm down. relaxation allow diaphragm to bulge upward compressing lungs expelling air accounting for 2/3 of air flow.

122
Q

Internal intercostal

A

muscles go up praying going up and together, and external goes down as us leaving w/ hands in pockets. Accounts for about 1/3 of air. they intercostal stiffen thoracic cage during respiration preventing it from caving inward when diaphragm descends, enlarging and contracting thoracic cage.

123
Q

Scalene & sternocleidomastoid-

A

accessory muscles of respiration of neck fix ribs 1 & 2, helping lift thoracic cavity while external muscles pull others pull down Also elevates ribs during forced inspiration.

124
Q

Other accessory breathing muscles:

A

Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.

125
Q

Other accessory breathing muscles:

A

Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.

126
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

deep and superficial groupings in head and neck

127
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

armpit upper limb and female breast monitoring from upper limb and breast

128
Q

Thoracic lymph nodes

A

embedded in thoracic cavity in mediastinum receiving lymph from lungs and airway

129
Q

Abdominal

A

-posterior abdominal pelvic wall monitoring from urinary and reproductive systems

130
Q

Intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes

A
  • found in mesentery adjacent to appendix and intestine monitoring lymph from digestive tract
131
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

found in groin receiving from groin and lower limb

132
Q

Popliteal lymph nodes

A

back of knee receive from from lower legs

133
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct what convergences make it up?

A

formed by convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks in the right thoracic cavity. receives lymphatic drainage from the right arm and the right side of the thorax and head and empties into the right subclavian vein.

134
Q

Thoracic Duct: what convergences make it up?

A

on the left, larger and stronger. Begins just below diaphragm anterior to vertebral column at the level of second lumbar. Lymph from below diaphragm join it w/ the turning into duct cisterna cilli. Thoracic duct passes through diaphragm with the aorta and ascends the mediastinum adjacent to vertebral column. While passing thorax, it receives additional lymph from the left bronchomediastinal, left subclavian and left jugular trunks, then empties into the left subclavian vein. Collectively drains all of the body below the diaphragm and upper left limb, left side of head, neck and thorax.

A&P 2 1st half (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions