LAB EXAM 1,2,3,4,7,11,12,14 Flashcards
Steps of scientific method
- Objective
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Data/Results/Analyze
- Conclusion
Characteristics of a good hypothesis?
- Must be able to account for all available data
2. Must be able to be tested
What is an ion and how many protons and electrons it has?
Ion: An ion is an atom that loses or gains an electron and therefore is negatively or positively charged.
Difference between IONIC and covalent bond?
Ionic bond: Opposite charges attract. usually between I metals and non metals.
Difference between Ionic and COVALENT BOND?
Covalent bond: Same charges attract. Usually between 2 non metals.
Know many covalent bonds the common atom make?
Carbon = 4 Nitrogen = 3 Oxygen = 2 Hydrogen = 1
What DIFFUSION and Osmosis are?
Diffusion: The movement of molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration.
What diffusion and OSMOSIS are?
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Selectively permeable:
A thin sheet of material that allows certain molecules to cross and prevents others from crossing.
What types of molecules can CROSS and what molecules can’t cross the plasma membrane?
CAN: Water, and small molecules can cross.
What types of molecules can cross and what molecules CAN’T cross the plasma membrane?
syrup, Sugar, protein and other big molecules.
What happens to cells In HYPERTONIC, hypotonic, isotonic.
Hypertonic:
Greater concentration of solutes outside of the cell.
Water goes outside of the cell therefore it shrinks.
What happens to cells In hypertonic, HYPOTONIC, isotonic.
Hypotonic:
Greater concentration inside of the cell.
Water flows inside the cell therefore the cell swells and burst.
What happens to cells In hypertonic, hypotonic, ISOTONIC.
Isotonic: Concentration of solutes is equal inside of the cell and outside of the cell.
Explain why the bags got heavier in our osmosis experiment:
Water flows inside of the cell.
or water molecules cross the membrane.
What is the effect of the TEMPERATURE and SYRUP CONCENTRATION on osmosis.
TEMPERATURE: As temperature increases the rate of osmosis increases.
SYRUP: The higher the concentration of syrup the higher the rate of osmosis.
Active transport: and when is it used of cells?
- The movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration.
- Requires energy from ATP
- Requires Transport protein/ carrier protein.
Functional groups:
CH3- Methyl group NH2- Amide PO4^2-= Phospate group COOH- Carboxylic group COH- Alcohol
What atoms are in a Carbohydrate?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Be able to draw an amino acid and recognize it:
NH2
ENZYMES:
Protein molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reaction without increasing the temperature.
usually end with -ase
Substrate:
The molecule that will be altered and it must be able to fit with enzyme to work in reaction.
End product:
The result when substrate bind to product.
or
The substrate is changed into a new product as a result of chemical reaction.
Specific names of the enzymes, substrate and product we used in lab?
- ENZYME
- SUBSTRATE
- PRODUCT
- TYRONASE
- PYROCATECHOL
- The amount of color
Color of substrate and product?
Substrate: Clear
Product: Yellow
How do hot and cold temperature effect enzyme activity? why is that the case?
- If the temperature is too high it could denature the enzyme because it could not live in a temperature that is too hot to too cold.
- Cold slows the reaction.
What effect do the extreme PH ranges have on enzyme activity? why?
-Denature the enzyme changing the shape and reaction. –Extremely high or low pH values generally result in COMPLETE LOSS OF ACTIVITY FOR MOST ENZYMES..
Describe what is happening to chromosomes in interphase, prophase, metaphase telophase.
Interphase: Decondenced
Prophase: Condensed
Metaphase: Chromosomes are lined up un the middle
Anaphase: Chromosomes let go of each other
Telophase: Chromosomes Decondenced
What is Cytokinesis and how is it different in plant and animal cells?
Cytokinesis:
Cytosol and Plasma membrane separate.
Plant cell: CELL PLATE: New plasma membrane and Cell Wall form in vesicles.
Animal Cell: Cleavage: Plasma membrane pinches off
Describe basic microscopic use, care, and storage procedure.
- When grabbing a microscope and walk with it grab the ARM with one hand and the BASE with the other.
- Never touch the lens with fingers.
- Make sure the lease does not touch directly to the glass
4.
How is MEIOSIS different from mitosis:
Meiosis: CELL DIVISION TURNS DIPLOID CELLS INTO HAPLOID CELLS.
CREATES GAMATES FOR REPRODUTION.
How is meiosis different from MITOSIS:
CELL SEPARATING THE CHROMOSOMES/ SISTER CHROMATIDS. PRODUCE IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS
What is Synapses and Crossing over?
SYNAPSES:
The pairing of homologous chromosomes.
What is Synapses and Crossing over?
CROSSING OVER?
Homologous recombination and cause trading of DNA sequences.
When do homologues separate?
ANAPAHSE 1 OF MEIOSIS
When do sister chromatids separate?
ANAPHASE 2 of meiosis
Allele:
Different versions of the same gene.
dominant:
Present trait. If present will determine the trait.
Recessive:
Hidden trait. If dominant is not present, will determine trait.
Homozygous
- Have 2 identical alleles.
- Purebred parents are homozygous.
Heterozygous:
Have different alleles.
- Hybrid parens are heterozygous.
Genotype:
List all alleles present.
ex: PP or Homozygous Dominant
Phenotype:
Describes trait.
example: white or Purple.
