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Bio 111 > Lab exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

parts of micropipette

A

plunger, volume adjustment, volume readout, tip attachment, tip eject button

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2
Q

sizes of micropipette

A

p20 –> 2-20uL ; yellow tip
p200 –> 20-200uL ; yellow tip
p1000 – 200-1000uL ; blue tip

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3
Q

uses of micropipette

A

volume transfer
loading samples

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4
Q

C1V1=C2V2

A

stock concentration (volume of solution needed to prepare 1mL) = final concentration (final volume)

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5
Q

dilution factor equation

A

volume transferred/total volume

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6
Q

spectrometry

A

measurement of how much a chemical substance absorbs or transmits light

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7
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures amount of photons (intensity of light) absorbed or transmitted after passing through sample solution

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8
Q

absorbance

A

measure of how much light was obstructed from reaching detector compared to how much was emitted through exit slit of spectrometer

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9
Q

bradford reagent

A

acified solution

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10
Q

bradford protein assay

A

time-tested colorimetric assay; changes color from red to blue; easily detected by spectrometer; concentration of protein can be measured; higher intensity of blue when higher protein concentration; 595nm absorbance max

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11
Q

R^2

A

regression coefficient; quality of standard curve; should be between 0.98-1.00

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12
Q

concentration equation

A

absorbance/slope

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13
Q

absorbance equation

A

slope times concentration plus the y-intercept absorbance value

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14
Q

protein concentration equation

A

mass of protein/total volume

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15
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions

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16
Q

substrates

A

molecules upon which enzymes act on to convert into different molecules called products

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17
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

when enzymes and substrate bind together’ lowers activation energy of reaction and promotes rapid progression

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18
Q

denaturing

A

an enzyme loses 3-D structure, rendering it unable to bind to its substrate and catalyze product formation; main causes is change in pH and temperature

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19
Q

B-Galactosidase

A

an enzyme produced by E.coli that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose to the monosaccharides galactose and glucose; lactose is natural substrate for B-gal

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20
Q

O-Nitrophenyl-B-Galactosidase (ONPG)

A

used to measure enzyme activity of B-gal; cleaved by B-gal to form galactose and ortho-nitrophenol

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21
Q

colors of ONPG, galactose, and Ortho-nitrophenol

A

colors of ONPG and galactose are colorless; ortho-nitrophenol is bright yellow with absorption of 420nm

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22
Q

molar concentration formula

A

C=(m/v)*(1/MW)

23
Q

lysis reagent

A

buffer solution used for purpose of breaking open cells

24
Q

assay buffer (z buffer)

A

eliminates error due to effects of different carbon sources in the growth median on B-gal enzyme activity; resist changes of pH in presence of internal and external influences

25
Q

dilution of E.coli

A

1:5

26
Q

lysis of E.coli

A

adding lysis reagent to E.coli causes E.coli to open and B-gal to be produced

27
Q

enzyme activity equation

A

(absorbance/elapsed time in seconds)*1000

28
Q

rate of reaction with enzyme concentration

A

concentration increases probability of enzyme and substrate coming together; after hydrolysis, substrate us permanently changed, therefore is limited

29
Q

Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 +H2O + Energy (ATP)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

30
Q

electron transport chain

A

oxygen is final electron acceptor; NADH and FADH is used by electron transport chain to pump protons outside mitchondria

31
Q

fermentation

A

oxidation of NADH back to NAD+; goal is to keep glycolysis running

32
Q

volumetric respirometer

A

measures volume of oxygen consumed; CO2 is absorbed by KOH in bottom of tube; measure O2 consumption of beans

33
Q

volumetric respirometer equation

A

2KOH (liquid) + CO2 (gas) = K2CO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid)

34
Q

Geissler burette

A

measure volume of CO2 gas produced by yeast

35
Q

sodium azide

A

inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain of eukaryotes

36
Q

visual protocol

A

read liquid level at bottom of meniscus

37
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6H2O + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

38
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

energy from sun is absorbed by pigments and that energy is converted into stored chemical reactions; “light energy”

39
Q

light-independent reactions

A

chemical energy harvested during light-dependent reactions drives assembly of sugar molecules; “Calvin cycle”

40
Q

photosystem II

A

energy from sunlight is used to extract electrons from water. electrons travel through the electron transport chain to photosystem I, which reduces NADP+ to NADPH

41
Q

NADPH

A

a product of first level of photosynthesis

42
Q

NADP+

A

final acceptor of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and receives electrons via the thylakoid membrane complex photosystem I (PSI) to synthesize NAPDH

43
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

contains pigments (molecules that absorbs light) responsible for initial interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up electron transport chain

44
Q

bleaching

A

energy levels higher than blue light will physically tear molecules apart

45
Q

light energy

A

initiates process of photosynthesis when pigments absorb specific wavelength of visible light

46
Q

what colors do to plants

A

visible violet - enhance plant taste, aroma, and color
blue - enhance production of chlorophyll
green - least efficient; plants reflect
yellow - minimal impact on plant growth
red - yields more leaves when mixed with blue

47
Q

best colors for plant growth

A

red and blue

48
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

used as buffer to sustain pH degrees

49
Q

light treatment

A

positive controls

50
Q

dark treatment

A

negative controls

51
Q

DCMU

A

inhibits photosynthesis; inhibits flow of electrons from PSII; metabolic poison

52
Q

sodium azide

A

inhibits electron transport chain of mitochondrion, therefore respiration; does not inhibit photosynthesis

53
Q

chlamydomas

A

algae used

54
Q

chlamydomas in metabolic poisons

A

sodium azide - cannot swim in this because cant produce enough ATP from sugar via mitochondira
DCMU - can swim because does not inhibit photosynthesis, however will eventually run out of sugar and die

Bio 111 (4 decks)

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