Lab - DNA Flashcards
who discovered DNA through bandage of pus (WBC)
Friedrich Miescher
He investigated the structures of DNA. Discovered the first order of the three major component of a nucleotide
Phoebus Levene
created the Chargaff’s rule
Erwin Chargaff
He discovered the carbohydrate component of DNA and RNA (ribose)
Phoebus Levene
Discivered the correct way how DNA and RNA are put together
Phoebus Levene
What is the most prominent among the Chargaff’s rule?
The total amount of purines is equal to the total amount of pyrimidines
Levene proposed that nucleic acid is composed of a series of ___ and that each of these is composed of ___
nulceic acid is composed of a series of nucleotides and each nucleotides is composed of one of the four nitrigenous bases, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group
Proposed the double helix structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
Who were the people behind the X-Ray crystallography that helped int he discovery of the 3D structure of the DNA
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Mapping of human DNA
Human Genome Project (HGP)
When was HGP proposed?
How many years was it expected to complete?
How many years was it completed?
Im what years did it happen
1987
15 years
13 years
1990-2003
According to the HGP, about how many base pairs are in the human genome?
3 billion chemical base pairs
What made “personalized medicine” possible
the Human Genome Project, specifically by the knowledge provided by the patient’s whole genome sequence can provide information for the most appropriate and effective care
DNA is a macromolecule composed of…
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
The basic structure of DNA is composed of what
nitrogenous base
pentose sugar (five carbon sugar)
phosphate group
True or False: Nucleic acid is a macromolecule that exist as dimers
False. It exist as polymers called polynucleotides
What are the monomers of nucleic acid called
Nucleotides- the building block
What structure is do nitrogenous bases attach and through what kind of bond
pentose sugar (five carbon sugar),
deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA, through phosphodiester bond
Differentiate purines and pyrimidines
Purines- double ring composed of 9 carbons
Adenine, and Guanine
Pyrimidines- single ring
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine
Difference of the pentose sugars of DNA and RNA
The C2 in DNA have a hydrogen atom (H)
The C2 in RNA have a hydroxyl group (OH)
Differentiate nucleoside and nucleotide
Nucleoside- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar
Nucleotide- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group
Which nitrogen atoms are covalently bonded to purines and pyrimidines, respectively?
N-9 (purines)
N-1 (pyrmidines)
Which is easier to cleave, AT or CG? Why?
AT because it only have 2 hydrogen bond, CG have 3 hydrogen bonds
What kind of bond is used in The C2 in DNA have an the phosphate group to the nucleoside
Phosphoester bond
The nucleotides in polynucleotide is joined by what bond
phosphodiester bond which involves a dehydration reaction which removes a molecule of water to the linkage of phosphoric acid and 2 sugars between the 5’ carbon of one sugar and 3’ carbon of another sugar
The formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strands of DNA is called what
hybridization
Chargaff’s Rule: two ong polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis forming a ___
right handed double helix (turns clockwise)
Chargaff’s Rule: the two DNA strands are ___
antiparallel- their 5’-3’ orientation runs in opposite directions
Chargaff’s Rule: the nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired as the result of the formation a ___ in DNA
hydrogen bond
the repeat distance of the DNA helix (each complete turn of the helix)
34 Angstrom
diameter of DNA
20 Angstrom
distance between adjacent nucleotide of DNA
3.4 Angstrom
Two regions in the DNA helix and its distance
major (22 Angstrom) and minor (12 Angstrom) grooves
how many base pairs in each turn of DNA
10
if >10, it is overwounded
if <10, it is underwounded
why are minor and major groups important
it is the site where the DNA can be easily denatured
Chargaff’s rule states that the sum of purines are equal to the sum of pyrimidines but
the percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal to the percentage of (A+T)
differentiate alternative forms of DNA
B-DNA
A-DNA
Z-DNA
what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA?
A = T ; G = C
what are the complimentary base pairs in RNA?
A = U ; G = C
which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
base
when the nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
attached to thymine
sites at which the tRNA molecules can bind
- A site receives the aminoacyl tRNA anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon
- P site it is where the amino acid is transferred from its tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain
- E site where the used tRNA is released back into the cytoplasm
main enzymes that catalyzes replication/transcription
RNA polymerase
responsible for the coupling of DNA replication which composed of DNA polymerase, sliding clamp, and clamp loader
replisome
G-rich strand is also at the ___
3’ end
factors of dna denaturation (in vitro)
- temperature (high)
- salt concentration (low)
- pH high
endonucleases that recognize specific base sequences and break or restrict the DNA polymer at the sugar-phosphate backbone
restriction enzyme
identify what enzyme is involved?
- analysis of gene arrangements
- mutation detection
- DNA recombination in vitro
- mapping of a DNA ligament
restriction enzymes
catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3’ hydrozyl and 5’ phosphoryl nucleotide ends
dna ligase
unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds
helicase
enzyme that degrade DNA from 3’ hydrozyk to - 5’ phosphate ends. the uses is DNA manipulation in vitro
nucleases (exonuclease)
the enzyme that relieves the tension created by helicase
topisomerases
process of separating dna into single strands
denaturation
the alternative form of DNA dehydrated under high salt right bounded shorter 24.65A length 11 BP
A-DNA
an alternative form of DNA that is 92% in relative humidity right handed 10 BP 34A
B-DNA
the longer and narrower DNA that is 45.6 A length 12 BP left handed
Z-DNA
enzyme that builds new DNA strand
DNA polymerase III
also know as the spot welder enzyme
ligase
lagging strand is the discontinuous synthesis which has the presence of?
okazaki fragments
