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MolBio > Lab - DNA > Flashcards

Lab - DNA Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered DNA through bandage of pus (WBC)

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

He investigated the structures of DNA. Discovered the first order of the three major component of a nucleotide

A

Phoebus Levene

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3
Q

created the Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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4
Q

He discovered the carbohydrate component of DNA and RNA (ribose)

A

Phoebus Levene

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5
Q

Discivered the correct way how DNA and RNA are put together

A

Phoebus Levene

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6
Q

What is the most prominent among the Chargaff’s rule?

A

The total amount of purines is equal to the total amount of pyrimidines

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7
Q

Levene proposed that nucleic acid is composed of a series of ___ and that each of these is composed of ___

A

nulceic acid is composed of a series of nucleotides and each nucleotides is composed of one of the four nitrigenous bases, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group

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8
Q

Proposed the double helix structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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9
Q

Who were the people behind the X-Ray crystallography that helped int he discovery of the 3D structure of the DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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10
Q

Mapping of human DNA

A

Human Genome Project (HGP)

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11
Q

When was HGP proposed?
How many years was it expected to complete?
How many years was it completed?
Im what years did it happen

A

1987
15 years
13 years
1990-2003

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12
Q

According to the HGP, about how many base pairs are in the human genome?

A

3 billion chemical base pairs

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13
Q

What made “personalized medicine” possible

A

the Human Genome Project, specifically by the knowledge provided by the patient’s whole genome sequence can provide information for the most appropriate and effective care

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14
Q

DNA is a macromolecule composed of…

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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15
Q

The basic structure of DNA is composed of what

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar (five carbon sugar)
phosphate group

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16
Q

True or False: Nucleic acid is a macromolecule that exist as dimers

A

False. It exist as polymers called polynucleotides

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17
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acid called

A

Nucleotides- the building block

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18
Q

What structure is do nitrogenous bases attach and through what kind of bond

A

pentose sugar (five carbon sugar),
deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA, through phosphodiester bond

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19
Q

Differentiate purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines- double ring composed of 9 carbons
Adenine, and Guanine

Pyrimidines- single ring
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

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20
Q

Difference of the pentose sugars of DNA and RNA

A

The C2 in DNA have a hydrogen atom (H)
The C2 in RNA have a hydroxyl group (OH)

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21
Q

Differentiate nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar
Nucleotide- nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group

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22
Q

Which nitrogen atoms are covalently bonded to purines and pyrimidines, respectively?

A

N-9 (purines)
N-1 (pyrmidines)

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23
Q

Which is easier to cleave, AT or CG? Why?

A

AT because it only have 2 hydrogen bond, CG have 3 hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What kind of bond is used in The C2 in DNA have an the phosphate group to the nucleoside

A

Phosphoester bond

25
Q

The nucleotides in polynucleotide is joined by what bond

A

phosphodiester bond which involves a dehydration reaction which removes a molecule of water to the linkage of phosphoric acid and 2 sugars between the 5’ carbon of one sugar and 3’ carbon of another sugar

26
Q

The formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strands of DNA is called what

A

hybridization

27
Q

Chargaff’s Rule: two ong polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis forming a ___

A

right handed double helix (turns clockwise)

28
Q

Chargaff’s Rule: the two DNA strands are ___

A

antiparallel- their 5’-3’ orientation runs in opposite directions

29
Q

Chargaff’s Rule: the nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired as the result of the formation a ___ in DNA

A

hydrogen bond

30
Q

the repeat distance of the DNA helix (each complete turn of the helix)

A

34 Angstrom

31
Q

diameter of DNA

A

20 Angstrom

32
Q

distance between adjacent nucleotide of DNA

A

3.4 Angstrom

33
Q

Two regions in the DNA helix and its distance

A

major (22 Angstrom) and minor (12 Angstrom) grooves

34
Q

how many base pairs in each turn of DNA

A

10
if >10, it is overwounded
if <10, it is underwounded

35
Q

why are minor and major groups important

A

it is the site where the DNA can be easily denatured

36
Q

Chargaff’s rule states that the sum of purines are equal to the sum of pyrimidines but

A

the percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal to the percentage of (A+T)

37
Q

differentiate alternative forms of DNA

A

B-DNA

A-DNA

Z-DNA

38
Q

what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA?

A

A = T ; G = C

39
Q

what are the complimentary base pairs in RNA?

A

A = U ; G = C

40
Q

which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

A

base

41
Q

when the nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

A

attached to thymine

42
Q

sites at which the tRNA molecules can bind

A
  • A site receives the aminoacyl tRNA anticodon that pairs up with the mRNA codon
  • P site it is where the amino acid is transferred from its tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain
  • E site where the used tRNA is released back into the cytoplasm
43
Q

main enzymes that catalyzes replication/transcription

A

RNA polymerase

44
Q

responsible for the coupling of DNA replication which composed of DNA polymerase, sliding clamp, and clamp loader

A

replisome

45
Q

G-rich strand is also at the ___

A

3’ end

46
Q

factors of dna denaturation (in vitro)

A
  • temperature (high)
  • salt concentration (low)
  • pH high
47
Q

endonucleases that recognize specific base sequences and break or restrict the DNA polymer at the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

restriction enzyme

48
Q

identify what enzyme is involved?

  • analysis of gene arrangements
  • mutation detection
  • DNA recombination in vitro
  • mapping of a DNA ligament
A

restriction enzymes

49
Q

catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent 3’ hydrozyl and 5’ phosphoryl nucleotide ends

A

dna ligase

50
Q

unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds

A

helicase

51
Q

enzyme that degrade DNA from 3’ hydrozyk to - 5’ phosphate ends. the uses is DNA manipulation in vitro

A

nucleases (exonuclease)

52
Q

the enzyme that relieves the tension created by helicase

A

topisomerases

53
Q

process of separating dna into single strands

A

denaturation

54
Q

the alternative form of DNA dehydrated under high salt right bounded shorter 24.65A length 11 BP

A

A-DNA

55
Q

an alternative form of DNA that is 92% in relative humidity right handed 10 BP 34A

A

B-DNA

56
Q

the longer and narrower DNA that is 45.6 A length 12 BP left handed

A

Z-DNA

57
Q

enzyme that builds new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase III

58
Q

also know as the spot welder enzyme

A

ligase

59
Q

lagging strand is the discontinuous synthesis which has the presence of?

A

okazaki fragments

MolBio (8 decks)

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