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Mycology > Lab Diagnosis Of Fungi > Flashcards

Lab Diagnosis Of Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What class of BSC should be used?

A

Class II biological safety cabinet

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2
Q

True or false

Petri dishes are not recommended since it is hazardous to use

A

True

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3
Q

Used to eliminate the hazards of open gas flames and contain particles emitted when loops or needles are incinerated

A

Enclosed electric incinerator

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4
Q

It has a larger surface area for colony isolation and are easier to manipulate when making preparations for microscopic examination

A

Petri dish

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5
Q

Cite 3 advantages of using screw top tubes

A

Release of airborne conidia is less likely
Show less media dehydration
More easily handled and stored

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6
Q

Cite 5 Most common spx

A 
Respiratory secretions 
Hair 
Skin 
Nails 
Blood

Bone marrow

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7
Q

Primary criterion for accurate diagnosis of mycotic infections

A

Collection of appropriate spx

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8
Q

True or false

Spx submitted for systemic culture are generally contaminated with bacteria, rapidly growing fungi or both

A

False

Dermatophyte culture (hair, skin, nails)

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9
Q

Primary isolation medium should contain

A

Antimicrobial agent

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10
Q

Wood’s lamp emits UV at what wavelength

A

> 365 nm

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11
Q

Useful in identifying infected hair

A

Wood’s lamp

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12
Q

Hair can either be pulled or cut. Using what equipments?

A

Sterile forceps and scissors

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13
Q

True or false

Cutting the hair close to the scalp is a less useful method.

A

True

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14
Q

Fungal medium with hair is incubated at what temp?

A

Room temp. 22 - 30 degree celsius

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15
Q

Skin samples are scraped from?

A

Outer edge of surface lesions

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16
Q

Skin must be cleaned with

A

70% isopropyl alcohol

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17
Q

It breaks down the tissue to view fungal hyphae.

A

Potassium hydroxide

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18
Q

Nail spx may be submitted as

A

Scrapings or cuttings or complete nail

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19
Q

True or false

Deeper scrapings are necessary to prepare KOH prep

A

True

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20
Q

What medium is used when suspecting malasezzia furfur

A

SDA w/ olive oil

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21
Q

Concentration of KOH in hair culture

A

10 - 20% KOH

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22
Q

Percentage of KOH for skin and nails

A

10% KOH

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23
Q

It is the most sensitive method for the recovery of some fungi from blood and bone marrow

A

Lysis centrifugation system

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24
Q

A system which contains both agar and broth culture media

A

Biphasic system

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25
Q

This spx should be directly plated at culture medium for blood and bone marrow spx

A

Heparinized bone marrow

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26
Q

True or false

Blood culture bottles are not recommended for blood and bone marrow.

A

True

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27
Q

Using dissecting microscope, one can examine abscess fluid and exudate for the presence of what?

A

Sulfur granules

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28
Q

Grinding of tissue may destroy fragile fungal elements particularly if _______ is present

A

Zygomycete

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29
Q

Abscess fluid , wound exudates and tissue samples are collected through

A

Needle aspiration or biopsy

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30
Q

Respiratory spx

A

Sputum, endotracheal lavage / transtracheal lavage, bronchoalveolar lavage

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31
Q

______ is routinely performed for CSF and other sterile body fluids

A

Gram stain

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32
Q

Csf and other sterile body fluids are concentrated by ______ before incoulation

A

Centrifugation

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33
Q

A drop of CSF ( or sterile fluid) concentrate is used for what test ? Aids in identifying Cryptococcus

A

Latex agglutination or india ink prep

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34
Q

True or false

CSF spx should be inoculated in a medium with antimicrobial agent to avoid contaminants.

A

False

It is no longer needed since csf is normally sterile

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35
Q

Culture medium for blood and bone marrow spx

A

BHI, tryptic soy broth,

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36
Q

Optimum spx for respiratory

A

Deep cough and early morning (first morning spx)

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37
Q

It is used to induce sputum

A

Nebulizer

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38
Q

All sputum spx should be collected into a

A

Sterile, screw top container

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39
Q

Example of viscous materials

A

Thick tracheal aspirate

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40
Q

Viscous materials can be inoculated onto media using

A

Dacron swab

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41
Q

Viscous materials are preferably digested with what mucolytic agent

A

N-acetyl-L-cysteine

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42
Q

Abscess and lesions should be…

A

Homogenized or gently minced

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43
Q

Selective chromogenic agar that provides a rapid preliminary identification of Candida spp

A

CHROMagar Candida

Candida ID

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44
Q

Nasal spx obtainedsurgically can be plated directly onto media containing antimicrobial agents except for…

A

Cycloheximide

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45
Q

Theoat, vaginal and cervical spx requires how many swab

A

Two

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46
Q

Urogenital and fecal spx occasionally grow what fungi

A

Yeast

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47
Q

Type of urine spx submited for fungal culture

A

First morning urine spx

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48
Q

This often qifts the first evidence of infections with bacteria and yeast

A

Gram stain

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49
Q

Types of direct examination used in identification of fungal infxn include:

A

KOH, india ink and calcofluor white

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50
Q

A yeast important cause of hospital acquired infections and can also be a part of normal biota

A

Candida albicans

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51
Q

Steps in KOH prep

A 
Drop of KOH on slide 
Nail, skin scales, or think slices of tissue are added to drop 
Cover slip is added 
Slide is gently heated 
Cooled for approx. 15 mins
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52
Q

KOH breaks down what to see fungi present more easily

A

Keratin and skin layers

53
Q

Modified KOH test has incorporated what substances

A

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stain

54
Q

It binds to the polysaccharides present in chitin

A

Calcofluor white

55
Q

Facilitates more rapid breakdown of cellular debris without requiring heat while the stain is taken up by fungal elements

A

DMSO

56
Q

Calcofluor white fluoresces what color

A

Blue white or apple green

57
Q

A drop of calcofluor white can be added to what prep

A

KOH preparation

58
Q

This stain shows a budding yeast surrounded by a large clear area against a black background

A

India ink or nigrosin

59
Q

This test is more specific and can be used in place of india ink

A

Cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination for system (CALAS)

60
Q

Stains specifically the melanin content of phaeoid fungi

A

Fontana Masson

61
Q

LPCB is used in what medium

A

Aman medium

62
Q

Stains the fungal morphology

A

LPCB

63
Q

Binds to the polysaccharide cell wall

A

PAS

64
Q

Postive color of PAS

A

Purplish red or pink

65
Q

Giemsa stain is used to detect specifically what fungi in blood and bone marrow spx

A

H. capsulatum

66
Q

Cite 3 types of standard media

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar
Potato dextrose agar
BHI with blood and antimicrobial

67
Q

Gentamicin and chloramphenicol inhibit what

A

Bacterial growth

68
Q

Cycloheximide inhibit what

A

Bacteria and environmental fungi

69
Q

Mediums for primary isolation method

A

BHI, SDA, BHI-CC, Mycosei or mycobiotic Agar, Dermatophyte test medium (Pfizer)

70
Q

pH indicator of DTM

A

Phenol red

71
Q

This medium is used to isolate c. Neoformans, and contains phenol oxidase (black brown colonies)

A

Birdseed (niger seed) agar

72
Q

Used to isolate B. Dermatitidis and induces its conversion from mold to yeast

A

Cotton seed agar

73
Q

Components of hair baiting test

A

Use sterile + water w/ 10% yeaat extract

74
Q

Trichophyton agar are 7 agars with what base

A

Casein or Ammonium nitrate

75
Q

Diferential test medium used for species identification of aspergilli

A

Czapek’s

76
Q

Induces pigment production of T. Rubrum and stimulates conidia production

A

Potato dextrose agar

77
Q

Medium used to differentiate microsporum spp

A

Rice medium

78
Q

Detects urease activity of cryptococcus neoformans and differenctiates T. Rubrum from T. Mentagrophytes

A

Christensen’s urea agar

79
Q

It is a candida differential agar

A

Chromogenic agar

80
Q

It is probably the most important and easiest test to perform for the identification of yeasts

A

Germ tube test

81
Q

Spx used for germ tube

A

Plasma or serum

82
Q

Germ tube identifies what species of candida

A

C. Albicans and c. Dubliensis

83
Q

Serum is incubated at what temp and how many hrs to exhibit germ tubes

A

36-37 degree celsius; 3 hrs

84
Q

C. Dubliensis is differentiated from albicans by what

A

Inability to grow at 42 degree celsius

85
Q

Medium used to assess utilisation of carbon and nitrogen

A

Yeast assimilation media

86
Q

It is used to identify the ability of yeast to ferment carbohydrates

A

Yeast fermentation broth

87
Q

What fermentation broth test is most commonly used

A

API 20C

88
Q

Media that Stimulates conidia and chlamydospore production of candida

A

Cornmeal agar wt tween 80

89
Q

It is present in most cell wall of yeast and molds

A

(1-3)-beta-D-Glucan

90
Q

Positve rxn of (1-3)-b-D-glucan detection assay?

A

Yellow

91
Q

What does (1-3)-b-D-glucan activates?

A

Coagulation cascade in limulus amebocyte lysate

92
Q

What the growth requirements

A

Nutrient and mositure, temperature and time

93
Q

Nutrional requirements

A

Nitrogen, carbon, vitamins and minerals

94
Q

Time requirement for growth

A

2-4wks for mold

2-3 days for yeast

95
Q

Methods for examination for growth

A

Cellophane tape mount
Tease mount
Slide culture

96
Q

This antifungal agent is used to threat life threatening fungal infxn and belongs to what family

A

Amphotericin B

Polyene family

97
Q

Commonly used to threat thrush and vaginitis

A

Fluconazole

98
Q

The largest family commonly used to treat infxn

A

Azole

99
Q

This antifungal agent targets cell wall synthesis

A

Caspofungin

100
Q

Broth microdution for yeast

A

M27-A3

101
Q

Disk diffusion for yeast

A

M44-A

102
Q

Broth microdilution for mold

A

M38-A2

103
Q

Fast growing fungi

A

Mucor and rhizopus spp

104
Q

Growth time for phialophora or Fonsecaea

A

2 wks or longer

105
Q

Most common procedure for microscopic exam

A

Direct mount of fungal isolate

106
Q

Tape and tease mount disturb what

A

Conidia

107
Q

This method provides a more intact spx and conidial arrangement are better observed

A

Slide culture

108
Q

This stain is used to fix and stain tease or tape mount from cultures

A

LPCB

109
Q

Cellophane tape prep should be read within ? (Time)

A

30 mins

110
Q

True lr false

Conidial arrangement is retained using cellophane tape prep

A

True

111
Q

True or false

Slide culture are useful for demonstrating the natural morphology of fungal structures and for encouraging conidiation

A

True

112
Q

The single most useful nutritional test fordermatophytes

A

Thiamine requirement

113
Q

These germ tubes lack constriction at their bases

A

True germ tube

114
Q

Constricted germ tubes sre called

A

Pseudo-germ tubes

115
Q

Recognition of 4 diff types of morpholog, important clue to yeast identification (cornmeal)

A

Arthroconidia
Chlamydoconidia
Pseudohyphae
Blastoconidia

116
Q

Produced when blastoconidia germinate to form filamentous mat

A

Pseudohyphae

117
Q

These structure helps to determine true hyphae or pseudohyphae

A

Cross walls

118
Q

Begins as true hyphae but breaks apart

A

Arthroconidia

119
Q

Separate clinically significant yeasts

A

Potassium nitrate assimilation

120
Q

Positive result of potassium nitrate

A

Blue - cryptococcus albidus

121
Q

Negative result of KNO3

A

Yellow - candida albicans

122
Q

Amphotericin B resistance

A

Pseudallescheria boydii and paekilomyces lilacinus

123
Q

Fluconazole resistance

A

C. Glabrata

124
Q

Susceptible dose dependent And prescribed for mold infection

A

Itraconazole, posaconzaole and voriconazole

125
Q

Itraconazole treats what

A

Aspergilli and phaeoid

126
Q

Improved activity against aspergilli

A

Voriconazole

127
Q

Newest azole &best activity against fungal spp

A

Posaconazole

128
Q

Fungi infection in blood

A

Histoplasmosis

129
Q

Fungi infection in the bone

A

Blastomycosis

Mycology (1 decks)

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