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Microbiology RR > Lab Diagnosis > Flashcards

Lab Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Name some examples of Gram-positive cocci.

A

• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus
• Pneumococcus
• Enterococcus

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2
Q

Name some examples of Gram-positive bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria).

A

• Spore-containing:
• Bacillus
• Clostridium

•	Corynebacterium
•	Mycobacterium

• Filamentous:

•	Actinomyces
•	Nocardia

•	Listeria (differential motility)
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3
Q

Name some examples of Gram-negative cocci.

A

• Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis)
• Gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

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4
Q

What are some examples of Gram-negative coccobacilli?

A

• Haemophilus
• Brucella
• Bordetella
• Acinetobacter

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5
Q

Name some examples of Gram-negative Enterobacterales.

A

• Escherichia (E. coli)
• Klebsiella
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Yersinia
• Proteus
• Citrobacter

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6
Q

Name examples of Gram-negative spirochetes.

A

• Treponema
• Borrelia
• Leptospira

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7
Q

What are some special groups of Gram-negative bacteria?

A

1.Oxidase positive:
• Vibrio
• Pseudomonas
• Campylobacter
• Helicobacter

  1. Non-cultivable:
    • Rickettsia
    • Chlamydia
    • T. pallidum
  2. Atypical pneumonia
    • Mycoplasma
    • Legionella
    • Chlamydia
  3. Miscellaneous
    • HACEK group
    • Gardnerella vaginalis
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8
Q

Capsulated bacteria?

A

• Pneumococcus

• Meningococcus

• Hemophilus influenzae

• Bacillus anthracis

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9
Q

Anaerobic

A

CAG

• Clostridium

• Actinomyces

• G. vaginalis

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10
Q

Intracellular bacteria?

A

• Neisseria

• Mycobacteria

• Rickettsia

• Chlamydia

• G. vaginalis

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11
Q

Lab Diagnosis of bacteria?

A

Microscopy : Gram stain, special stain.
Culture : Selective culture media.

Test : Special biochemical/Immunological test.

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12
Q

Fungi classified?

A

Yeast
Yeast like
Mold
Dimorphic

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13
Q

Yeast with example.

A

• Replicate by budding.

• Organism : Cryptococcus.

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14
Q

Yeast like with examples?

A

• Both yeast cells & hyphae simultaneously.

• Organism :

  • Candida.
  • Malassezia
  • Trichosporon.
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15
Q

Mold classification and examples?

A

Filamentous cell, have hyphae.
1. Aseptate mold : Obtuse & right angle hyphae.

Mucormycetes

• Rhizopus
• Absidia
• Mucor
2. Septate mold

A. Irregular hyphae

• Dermatophytes

• Madurella mycetomatis

• Dematiaceous (Pheoid)

B. Acute angle & dichotomous hyphae : Aspergillus.

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16
Q

Dimorphic fungi with example?

A

• Sample : Always yeast.

On culture:
• Yeast at 37°C
• Hyphae (Septate) at 25°C

• Organism :

  • Histoplasma.
  • Blastomyces.
  • Coccidioides.
  • Paracoccidioides.
  • Sporothrix schenckii.
  • Talaromyces marneffei.
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17
Q

What are the main laboratory diagnostic methods for fungi?

A

Sample microscopy : Check form of fungi on KOH wet mount

Culture microscopy : Check spores on SDA agar with LPCB stain

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18
Q

Yeast & yeast like dx?

A

Sample microscopy & Culture tests
No spores

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19
Q

Mold & dimorphic dx?

A

Sample microscopy & Culture Microscopy (LPCB)
Spores+

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20
Q

Important aseptats molds (Mucormycosis)?

A

• Rhizopus

• Absidia

• Mucor

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21
Q

Important dimorphic fungi?

A

• Histoplasma

• Blastomyces

• Coccidioides

• Paracoccidioides

• Sporothrix schenckii

• Talaromyces marneffei

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22
Q

Important markers for invasive mycosis?

A

• Beta-D-Glucan : Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis

• Galactomannan : Aspergillus

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23
Q

DNA viruses examples?

A

Enveloped: HHP

• Hepadna : HBV.

• Herpes : HHV.

• Pox : Biggest.

Non-enveloped : PAP
• Papova virus :
- HPV.
- JC.
- BK.

• Adenovirus.

• Parvo virus : - ssDNA.

  • Smallest.
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24
Q

RNA viruses examples?

A

Non enveloped: PCR
Picornavirus:
HAV,Polio,Coxsackie,Entero
Calicivirus:
HEV,Sapo,Noro
Reo:
Rota

Enveloped:
Tetro: HIV
Flavivirus:

  • HCV.
  • JE.
  • YF.
  • KFD.
  • Dengue.
  • ZIKA.

TOGAVIRUS:

Chikungunya

• Matona : Rubella

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25
Q

What are some examples of RNA enveloped viruses?

A

• Orthomyxovirus: Influenza virus
• Arenavirus: Lassa fever virus
• Rhabdovirus: Rabies virus
• Filovirus: Ebola, Marburg virus
• Bunyavirus: Hantavirus, CCHF (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) virus
• Delta virus: Hepatitis D (HDV)
• Paramyxovirus: Nipah virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus
• Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV

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26
Q

What are the main molecular methods for virus diagnosis?

A

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Most common method for detecting viral genetic material.

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27
Q

How are diagnostic tests for viruses categorized based on the duration of symptoms?

A

• ≤7 days:
• PCR > Antigen detection > Symptoms-based diagnosis (Microscopy, culture)
• >7 days:
• Antibody detection

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28
Q

Diagnostics tests for virus if duration from symptoms unknown?

A
  1. PCR: HIC
    Herpes
    Influenza
    Corona
  2. Ag detection

Hepatitis: blood
Polio & Rota: stool
Rabies: Skin (Nape of neck) (Ag-DIF)

  1. Ab detection : Most of the other viruses
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29
Q

What are the characteristic shapes of certain viruses?

A

• Rabies virus: Bullet-shaped
• Ebola/Marburg virus: Filamentous
• Pox virus: Box-shaped
• Adenovirus: Satellite-shaped
• Corona virus: Crown-shaped (due to spike proteins)

30
Q

Which viruses have circular nucleic acid?

A

• HBV (Hepatitis B virus): Partially double-stranded
• HPV (Human papillomavirus): Completely double-stranded

31
Q

Which viruses have segmented nucleic acid?

A

• Rota virus (dsRNA): 11 segments
• Influenza virus: 8 segments

32
Q

Which virus has 2 copies of RNA?

A

HIV

33
Q

What is the cytopathic effect of Enterovirus?

A

Crenation

34
Q

What is the cytopathic effect of HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus)?

A

Ballooning

35
Q

What is the cytopathic effect of Adenovirus?

A

Granular clumping

36
Q

What is the cytopathic effect of Measles virus?

A

Syncytium formation

37
Q

What is an example of a virus with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies?

A

• Rabies: Negri bodies

38
Q

What are examples of viruses with intranuclear inclusion bodies?cowdry A

A

• HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus): Lipschutz bodies
• CMV (Cytomegalovirus): Owl eye appearance
• YFV (Yellow Fever Virus): Torres bodies

39
Q

What are the main virus culture methods?

A

• Animal inoculation.
• Embryonated egg culture.
• Tissue cell culture (M/c).

40
Q

What are the viral assays used for viruses?

A

• Pock assay : Embryonated egg culture.

• Plaque assay : Tissue culture.

41
Q

What are examples of blood and tissue protozoa?

A

• Blood and tissue sporozoa: Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma
• Blood and tissue flagellates: Leishmania, Trypanosoma

42
Q

What are examples of vaginal protozoa?

A

• Vaginal flagellates: Trichomonas vaginalis

43
Q

What are examples of free-living amoeba?

A

• Free-living amoebas:
• Naegleria
• Acanthamoeba
• Balamuthia
• Sappinia

44
Q

What are examples of intestinal protozoa?

A

• Intestinal ciliates: Balantidium coli
• Intestinal amoebas: Entamoeba histolytica
• Intestinal flagellates: Giardia lamblia
• Intestinal sporozoa: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cysto-isospora

45
Q

What are the different types of protozoa based on their motility structures?

A

• Ciliates: Use cilia (e.g., Balantidium coli)
• Amoeba: Use pseudopodia (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica)
• Flagellates: Use flagella (e.g., Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis)
• Sporozoa/Coccidia: Non-motile (e.g., Plasmodium, Toxoplasma)

46
Q

How are blood and tissue protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?

A

• Sample tested: Peripheral blood smear
• Forms observed: Trophozoite and other different forms depending on the protozoa

47
Q

How are vaginal protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?

A

• Sample tested: Vaginal discharge
• Forms observed: Trophozoite (active form)

48
Q

How are free-living protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?

A

• Sample tested: Typically CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
• Forms observed: Trophozoite (active form)

49
Q

How are intestinal protozoa diagnosed by microscopy?

A

• Sample tested: Stool
• Forms observed: Trophozoite and cyst

50
Q

What are the three main classifications of helminths?

A

• Cestodes (Tape worms)
• Trematodes (Flukes)
• Nematodes (Round worms)

51
Q

What are examples of cestodes (tapeworms) and their associated organs?

A

• Intestinal tapeworms:
• Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
• Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
• Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
• Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish tapeworm)
• Tissue tapeworm:
• Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)

52
Q

What are examples of trematodes (flukes) and their associated organs?

A

• Intestinal flukes:
• Fasciola buski

•	Liver flukes:

• Clonorchis sinensis
• Opisthorchis
• Fasciola hepatica

• Lung fluke:
• Paragonimus westermani
• Blood fluke:
• Schistosoma

53
Q

What are examples of nematodes (roundworms) and their associated organs?

A

• Intestine :

  • Strongyloides stercoralis :

Parthenogenic

  • Ancylostoma duodenale
  • Necator americanus
  • Ascaris lumbricoides: Round worm.
  • Enterobius vermicularis :

Pin worm.

  • Trichuris trichiura : whipworm

• Tissue :

  • Filarial worm.
  • Trichinella spiralis :

Spiral worm.

  • Dracunculus medinensis : Guinea worm.
54
Q

How are viviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?

A

• Morphological form: Larva
• Sample: Tissues
• Organisms:
• Filarial worm
• Trichinella spiralis
• Dracunculus medinensis

55
Q

How are ovoviviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?

A

• Morphological form: Larva
• Sample: Stool
• Organisms: Strongyloides stercoralis

56
Q

How are oviparous helminths diagnosed in the lab?

A

• Morphological form: Egg
• Sample: Stool
• Organisms: All other helminths (except those with larvae)

57
Q

Morphological forms of parasites?

A

2 forms : Worm & larva

• Filarial worm.

• Trichinella spiralis.

• Dracunculus medinensis.

3 forms : Worms, egg & larva

Remaining.

58
Q

Infective forms of parasites?

A

Egg :

• E. granulosus.

• H. nana.

• Ascaris.

• Trichuris.

• E. vermicularis

Larvae : Remaining all

59
Q

Which parasites penetrates skin for their transmission?

A

• Schistosoma
• Strongyloides
• Ancylostoma/Necator.

60
Q

Opportunistic infection parasites?

A

• Giardia.

• Protozoa: Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Cysto-isospora

• Toxoplasma.

• Strongyloides (Helminth).

61
Q

Auto infection parasites?

A

Cestodes
• T. solium.

• H. nana.

.

Nematodes

• Enterobius.

• Strongyloides.

.

62
Q

Parasites causing anemia?

A

• Megaloblastic : D. latum.

• Iron deficiency :
- Ancylostoma & Necator.
- Trichuris trichiura.

63
Q

Carcinoma causing parasites?

A

• Bladder : Schistosoma hematobium.
• Colon : Schistosoma japonicum.
• Cholangio Ca : Clonorchis sinensis.

64
Q

Cutaneous Larva migrans?

A

• Animal nematodes (M/c)
- Ancylostoma braziliensis.
- Ancylostoma caninum

• Human nematodes (Rare)

  • Strongyloides stercoralis.
  • Ancylostoma duodenale.
65
Q

Visceral Larva migrans?

A
  • Toxocora canis (M/c).
  • Ascaris lumbricoides (rare)
66
Q

Loeffler’s pulmonary eosinophilia/Loeffler’s syndrome?

A

• All larvae migrans causing.

• Visceral (M/c) > Cutaneous.

67
Q

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia?

A

Weingarten’s syndrome : Filarial worm

68
Q

Non-bile stained eggs?

A

NEHA

• Necator americanus.

• Enterobius vermicularis.

• H. nana.

• Ancylostoma duodenale.

69
Q

Parasitic Eggs Float in saturated salt solution?

A

• Trichuris trichiura.

• Enterobius vermicularis.

• H. nana.

• A. duodenale/N. americanus.

• Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized).

70
Q

Operculated eggs?

A

COPD F

• Clonorchis.

• Opisthorchis.

• P. westermani.

• D. latum.

• Fasciola hepatica.

• Fasciola buski.

Microbiology RR (2 decks)

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