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Accounting > Lab Bio 150 > Flashcards

Lab Bio 150 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a character state?

A

e.g # of petals in a flower might be a character, but state would be stating 3,4, or 5 petals

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2
Q

Convergent similarity (convergence)

A

Results from a similar character appearing independently in unrelated evolutionary lineages. Ex/ Wings on birds and insects
–> Convergent trait called HOMOPLASY

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3
Q

Derived similarity

A

Happens when a new trait evolves and is then shared by the descendants. Results from a shared evolutionary history, but it differs from the ancestral trait. Ex/ mammals developing fur and their descendants followed.
–> Derived traits are also called SYNAPOMORPHIES (new shape)

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4
Q

Homologous (Homologies)

A

Similar structures or traits have been modified to have different functions in different lineages, such as whale flippers, bat wings, and human arms
–> Homologous traits can also be synapomorphies

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5
Q

Ancestral similarity

A

The presence of a character that is shared by all descendants of the group of organisms under study, also as a consequence of a shared evolutionary history. Ancestorial characters found on ALL members of group, so not much insight on relationships among a group.
–> Ancestral characters that don’t provide evolutionary meaningful information called PLESIOMORPHIES (old shape)

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6
Q

Monophyletic group (one race)

A

group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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7
Q

Polyphyletic group (many race)

A

an investigator groups organisms based on convergent traits. Ex/ Wings

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8
Q

Paraphyletic group (beside race)

A

group that includes the most recent common ancestor and most BUT NOT ALL of its descendants

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9
Q

Outgroup

A

group of organisms that is related to the group we suspect is monophyletic but not part of that group. The outgroup allows us to determine directionality of changes in character states.
Ex/ most mammals give live birth, but few lay eggs. If birds or reptiles are used as outgroup, conclude that egg laying is ancestral since birds and reptiles lay eggs along with some (but not all) mammals.

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10
Q

Ingroup

A

All members of the ingroup are more closely related to each other than to the outgroup. The ingroup is the focus of the phylogenetic study.

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11
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

states that the simplest among competing hypotheses is more likely to be correct

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12
Q

Gram +

A
  • LOW cell wall complexity
  • Peptidoglycan layer THICK
  • No presence of outer membrane
  • PURPLE
  • Description of Cell Wall: Simple, couple layers of peptidoglycan
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13
Q

Gram -

A
  • HIGH cell wall complexity
  • Peptidoglycan layer THIN
  • Presence of outer membrane
  • PINK
  • Description of Cell Wall: complex, Lipopolysaccharides (outer layer?), Porin
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14
Q

Colony Shape

A
  • Punctiform (looks like dots)
  • Round (“perfect” circle)
  • Filamentous (looks like ink dropped on page)
  • Irregular (more circular shaped but not “perfect”)
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15
Q

Colony Margin

A

Edge of shape:
- Smooth
- Circled (mini ridges/dents)
- Wavy
- Lobate (uneven dents/ridges)
- Filamentous (looks like fireworks, ink)

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16
Q

Colony Surface

A
  • Punctiform (all around same texture, “perfect”)
  • Concentric (Rings, Hypnosis)
  • Wrinkled
  • Contoured (Uneven, warped looking rings)
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17
Q

Basic Forms of Bacteria

A
  • Bacilli (Rod-shaped)
  • Cocci (Spherical, mini circles)
  • Spirilli (Spiral-shaped)
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18
Q

Amoebozoa

A

Amoeboid form ALL BELOW:
- Loboses amoebae
- Cellular slime molds
- Plasmodial slime molds (Supercell)

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19
Q

Opisthokonta

A
  • Fungi
  • Choanoflagellates
  • Animals
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20
Q

Excavata

A

Loss of mitochondria ALL BELOW:
- Parabasalids
- Diplomonads
- Euglenids
- Kinetoplastids

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21
Q

Plantae

A

Chloroplasts ALL BELOW:
- Glaucophyte algae
- Red algae
- Green algae (Green plants)
- Land Plants (Green plants)

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22
Q

Rhizaria

A

Rhizarian amoeboid form ALL BELOW:
- Actinopods
- Foraminiferans
- Chlorarachniophytes

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23
Q

Alveolata

A

Alveoli ALL BELOW:
- Ciliates
- Dinoflagellates
- Apicomplexans

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24
Q

Stramenopila

A

“Hairy” flagellum ALL BELOW:
- Water molds
- Diatoms
- Brown algae

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25
Q

Amoebozoa

A

CLADE: Amoebozoa
LOCOMOTION: Cytoplasmic streaming
HABITAT: Freshwater, soil, animal intestines, and animal nasal passages
MODE OF NUTRITION: Heterotroph

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26
Q

Stramenopila

A

CLADE: Stramenopila
LOCOMOTION: Flagella
HABITAT: Marine
MODE OF NUTRITION: Autotroph

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27
Q

Alveolata

A

CLADE: Alveolata
LOCOMOTION: Flagella (Dinoflagellates) & Cilia (Stentor)
HABITAT: Marine (Dinoflagellates) & Freshwater (Stentor)
MODE OF NUTRITION: Autotroph (Dinoflagellates) & Heterotroph (Stentor)

28
Q

Excavata

A

CLADE: Excavata
LOCOMOTION: Flagella
HABITAT: Freshwater
MODE OF NUTRITION: Mixotroph (both autotrophic and heterotrophic)

29
Q

Mosses

A
  • Avascular
  • Gametophyte-dominant
  • Other members are hornworts and liverworts
30
Q

Monilophytes

A
  • Seedless
  • Vascular
  • Sporophyte-dominant
31
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Seeds, pollen
  • No flower or fruit
32
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • Seed, pollen
  • Flowers and fruit
  • Animal pollination
33
Q

Red Algae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Mostly marine but some in freshwater
    –> Deep water
  • Contains pigment phycoerythrin
    –>Reflects red light and absorbs blue light
  • Great to eat
    –> Very high in vitamins and protein
33
Q

Green Algae

A
  • Aquatic
  • Chlorophyll A and B
  • Single celled and multicellular
34
Q

Mosses

A
  • Also known as bryophytes
  • Gametophyte-dominant
  • Avascular
    –> Rule of thumb: generally shorter than your thumb
  • Don’t have roots!
35
Q

Monilophytes

A
  • Psilotu (Green sticks, with yellow specks)
  • Equisetum (Sticks with mini-straw looking leaves)
  • Ferns (curled then fan out)
36
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Cycad (cylindrical trunk, bush looking plant with big thing in the middle)
  • Ginkgo (green or yellow hand-held fan, looks cute)
  • Conife (pine cone trees, long leaf with mini ones shooting out)
  • Gnetophyt (close to the floor, leaves look droopy with the fruit/flower part in the middle)
37
Q

Angiosperms (Flowers)

A
  • Monocot (Single Cotyledon, Parallel veins, Vascular Bundles Scattered, Multiples of 3)
  • Eudicot (Two Cotyledon, Network of veins, Vascular Bundles in a Ring, Multiples of 4 or 5)
38
Q

Anther (Tip of the long stem in the middle)

A

The pollen sacks at the tip of a stamen. Meiosis occurs here to make the microspores and male gametophyte (pollen grain)

39
Q

Carpel

A

The inner most whorl of the flower. The carpel is the vessel that contains the seeds.
- The carpel base (the ovary)
- A little stalk on the top (the style)
- Tip receives pollen (stigma)

40
Q

Fruit

A

A mature ovary. Often aids in protection and dispersal of the seeds.

41
Q

Ovary

A

That part of flower that surrounds and protects the ovules at fertilization. After fertilization, the ovary protects the developing seeds. Ovaries develop into fruit

42
Q

Ovule

A

An immature seed, found inside of an ovary. The ovule gets fertilized by the pollen.

43
Q

Petals

A

The big showy flat parts of a typical flower. The shapes, colors and markings of petals are important signals to pollinators.

44
Q

Sepals

A

The outer most whorl of the flower. They usually protect the flower in bud. Sepals are often, but not always, green.

45
Q

Stamen

A

A stamen consists of a stalk and an anther. The “male” parts of a flower are stamens

46
Q

Leaf Attachment

A
  • Alternate
  • Opposite
  • Whorled
47
Q

Leaf Form

A
  • Pinnate = feather-like
  • Palmate = palm-like
48
Q

Leaf Form pt2

A
  • Simple (leaf directly on stem, no craziness)
  • Pinnately Compound (long leaf with many leaflets)
  • Bipinnately Compound (primary leaf with multiple groups of leaflets on the same leaf)
49
Q

Palmately Compound

A

Multiple leaflets in a palm-shaped leaf

50
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • most species rich
  • ~80% of animal species belong to the Phylum Arthropoda
51
Q

Crustacea (Two pairs of antennae)

A
  • Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Isopods, Copepods, Barnacles, Brine shrimp, Remipedes
52
Q

Hexapoda (Loss of one pair of antennae)

A

Insects

53
Q

Myriapoda (Single pair of antennae)

A
  • Centipedes
  • Millipedes
54
Q

Chelicerata (Chelicerae and pedipalps)

A
  • Sea spiders, Mites, Ticks, Horseshoe crabs, Scorpions, Spiders
55
Q

Arthropod Characters

A

1) Body Segments
–> Allow for wide range of specializations
–> Tagma: fused body segments with one unified purpose
2) Ecdysis: molting of exoskeleton
–> Exoskeleton made of chitin (with CaCO3 in many marine species)
3) Paired, jointed appendages

56
Q

Species

A
  • Coleoptera (beetles)
  • Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
  • Diptera (flies and allies)
  • Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)
57
Q

Tetrapod

A

means “four feet” and includes all species alive today that have four limbs BUT this group also includes many animas that don’t.

58
Q

What makes reptile a reptile?

A
  • Amniotic egg
    –> Prevents offspring from dying out
    –> Membrane system
  • Scales
    –> Made of keratin
    –> Feathers are modified scales
  • Ectothermy-“cold blooded”(excluding birds and dinosaurs)
  • Nucleated blood cells
59
Q

Five Extant Reptile Orders

A
  • Squamata: (‘scaly’) Snakes, Lizards, Worm lizards
  • Testudines: (“shells”) Turtles, Tortoises, Terrapins
  • Crocodylia: (“Shingle/pebble worm”) Crocodiles, Alligators, Gharials
  • Rhynchocephalia: (“beak-head”) Tuatara
  • Aves: (“bird”) Birds
60
Q

Squamata

A
  • Most diverse retile group
  • Found on every continent except Antartica
  • Three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle)
  • Can be parthenogenic
  • Venom homologous to clade Toxicofera
  • Variable diets: Snakes - entirely carnivorous; Lizards- mixed diets
  • Distinguished by comparing external ear openings and the cloaca placement
61
Q

Testudines

A
  • Shell of two parts: carapace + plastron
  • Gas exchange through lungs and cloaca
  • Marine, freshwater and terrestrial
  • Variable diets (carnivorous, herbivorous or omnivorous)
  • Approximate age by counting their rings on their scutes
  • Much disputed phylogeny due to unique skull structure
62
Q

Skull Structure

A

Anapsid: skull lacks one or more skull openings near the temples
Synapsid: skull with a single temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye orbit, leaving a bony arch beneath each.
Diapsid: reptile with two fenestrae (holes) behind the eye on each side of its skull

63
Q

Crocodylia

A
  • Four-chambered hearts
  • Parental care
  • Secondary palate (separates oral cavity from nostrils)
  • Marine or freshwater
  • All carnivorous
64
Q

Rhychocephalia

A
  • 1 SPECIES LEFT
  • Unchanged for the past 220 million years
  • Lives on several small islands in New Zealand
  • Critically endangered
  • Live well over 100 years (some say 200 in captivity)
  • Lay eggs every 3-4 years

Accounting (2 decks)

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