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Flight Medic CCT > Lab Analysis & Diagnostic > Flashcards

Lab Analysis & Diagnostic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for sodium (Na)?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the normal range for potassium (K)?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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3
Q

What is the normal range for chloride (Cl)?

A

96-106 mEq/L

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4
Q

What is the normal range for Carbon dioxide (C02)?

A

22 - 26 mEq/L

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5
Q

What is the normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A

8 - 23 mg/dL

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6
Q

What is the normal range for creatinine (Cr)?

A

0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL

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7
Q

What is the normal range for glucose?

A

70 - 110 mg/dL

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8
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

<135 mEq/L

Caused By:
CHF 
Liver Disease 
Heavy Exercise 
Dehydration

[ Below 125 mEq/L can cause behavioral problems, muscle twitching, cardiac abnormalities]

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9
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

> 5.0 mEq/L

Caused By:
Tissue breakdown
Drug administration
Metabolic acidosis
Acute renal failure

[EKG will show tall peaked T waves]

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10
Q

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

Push K into the cells:
Bicarb, insulin, D 50, albuterol

Get rid of excess K:
Lasix, Kayexalate (poop it out)

[Calcium Gluconate to prevent VTach]

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11
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

<3.5 mEq/L

Caused By:
Cellular shift via insulin or hypothermia
Too much Lasix

Causes:
Malaise, weakness, poor dietary intake

[EKG will show depressed, inverted, or flattened T waves]

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12
Q

What is the treatment for hypokalemia?

A

Oral potassium 60 mEq
IV potassium 10 mEq

[NEVER bolus, rapid administration is fatal]

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13
Q

What are two facts about chloride?

A
  1. It is a Extracellular anion

2. It’s shifts with sodium Na

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14
Q

What are two facts about carbon dioxide?

A
  1. It’s the same as HC03 on an ABG

2. It’s important for maintaining the acid base balance

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15
Q

What are two facts on blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A
  1. Helps provide a picture of renal clearance

2. BUN tends to increase with age

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16
Q

What is a fact about creatinine?

A

High levels can result in permanent kidney damage

17
Q

What is a fact about glucose?

A

High levels can potentially result in coma and death

18
Q

What is Chvostek’s Sign?

A

The cheek muscle spasms when the facial nerve (CN VII) is tapped
[CN VII is located in front of the ear]

19
Q

What is Trousseau’s Sign?

A

Forearm tetany when BP cuff is inflated

[Treat with Calcium Gluconate]

20
Q

What is anion gap acidosis and how is it factor?

A

It’s the “Poor man’s ABG“

Sodium, chloride, bicarb are factor together to determine the anion gap

21
Q

What is a normal anion gap?

A

12 (+/-4)

[If >15 the patient has an anion gap metabolic acidosis]

22
Q

What is MUDPILES?

A 
Methanol 
uremia 
DKA 
Propylene glycol
Isoniazid iron
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates
23
Q

What is GOLDMARK?

A 
Glycols
Oxyproline
L-Lactate
D-Lactate
Methanol
Aspirin
Renal Failure
Ketoacidosis
24
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

Red blood cells
5 million

Hemoglobin
15 g/dL

Hematocrit
45%

White Blood cells
4500/uL - 11,000/uL

Platelets
150K/uL - 400K/uL

25
Q

What are some additional lab values?

A

Total protein
6.0 - 8.0 g/dL

Albumin
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL

Lactate
0.5-1 mmol/L

Amylase
25-125 Units/L

Lipase
5-60 Units/L

Osmolality
275 - 295 mOsm/L

Urine Output “2/1/0.5”
Infant 2 ml/kg/hr 
Child 1 ml/kg/hr
Adult 0.5 ml/kg/hr
[Average for adults is 30 - 50 ml/hr]
26
Q

What triggers intrinsic pathways?

A

Endothelial damage with collagen exposure

27
Q

What triggers extrinsic pathways?

A

Damaged tissue/organs

28
Q

What drugs affect the coagulation panels?

A

Heparin (Lovenox) and Coumadin (Warfarin)

29
Q

What is a liver function test?

A

It measures the levels of protein enzymes in Bilirubin in your blood

30
Q

What does a liver function test consist of?

A 
Alanin transaminase (ALT)
7 - 55 units/L
Aspartame transaminase (AST)
8 - 48 Units/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
45 - 115 Units/L

Albumin
3.5 - 5.5 g/L

Bilirubin
0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL

31
Q

How low is pH, when a patient is in severe shock?

A

pH <7.2

32
Q

How bad is your CO2 during ventilatory failure?

A

CO2 >55

33
Q

How bad is your PaO2 during an Oxygenation Failure?

A

PaO2 <60

34
Q

What is the pH in CO2 formula?

A

For every 10mmHg of ETCO2, the pH will change 0.08 the OPPOSITE direction

35
Q

What is the pH and bicarb formula?

A

For every 0.15 in pH, the HCO3 will change 10 mmol/L the SAME direction

36
Q

What is the pH and potassium formula?

A

Every PH change of 0.10, the K will shift 0.6 the OPPOSITE direction

37
Q

What is the CO2 and potassium formula?

A

Every see CO2 change of 10 mmHg, changes K by 0.5 mEqs in the SAME direction

38
Q

If your PAO2 is 40, What is your SAO2?

A

70

Flight Medic CCT (2 decks)

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