LAB 9: URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
- clean the blood and rid the body of waste
- works with the respiratory system and blood buffers to regulate ph, BP in Blood vessels & heart, stimlate RBC production
WHAT IS URINE
it is a fluid of variable concentration and requires specialized structures to remove it form the body safely and efficently, it is stored untill there is a good time for excretion
- blood is filtered and the filtrate turns into urine at a constant rate throughout the day
EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
- surrounded by a fibrous capsule made of dense irregular connective tissue
- located on either sides of the spine in the retoperitoneal space, between parietal peritoneum and pos. abdominal wall
- contains a shock absorbing adipose layer, encompassed by fascia
- contains a fascia which helps anchor kidney to posterior abdominal wall
- left kidney located at T12-L4, right is more inferior due to displacement by liver
WHAT IS PTOSIS?
- can be caused by rapid fat loss or in very skinny people, is when kidneys fall to a more inferior position due to a reduction in the fat layer which helps support the kidneys on the abdominal wall in the retroperitoneal space
WHAT ARE SOME THINGS THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF URINE DUE BESIDES STORING WASTE?
- protects tissue from damage due to a wide range of ph and osmolarity of urine
- prevents infection
- in males provides reproductive functions
EXPLAIN BLOODFLOW IN THE KIDNEY
renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar arteries > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > affarent arteriole
EXPLAIN BLOOD FLOW INTO THE KIDNEY
Renal arteries –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> pass through renal colums and cortex –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries (Supply blood into cortex) –> affarent arterioles (serve the nephrons)
WHAT ARE NEPHRONS, AND THE 3 STEPS OF URINE CONVERSION?
are the functional units of the kidney, they take the filtrate and convert it into urine
- Filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
WHERE DO GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND TUBULAR SECRETION OCCUR?
- filtration: glomerulus: 10-20% of plasma filtered in the filtration slits
- reabsorption: mostly proximal (70-80%) but also distal convoluted tubule: absorb glucose and, Cl-, Na+, the collecting duct reabsorbs the most water (Osmosis)
- excretion: Process of taking blood from the peritubular capillaries through the tubular cells into thr diltrate and then converting to urine (H+, K+, creatine, drug metabolites)
EXPLAIN HOW EACH ONE OF THESE SUBSTANCES ARE ALMOST, OR SELECTIVLEY REABSORBED, OR JUST PASSED INTO URINE
- glucose
- water
- amino acid
- other ions
- urea, drug metabolites, H, K
- glucose, water, amino acids entirely reabsorbed
- other ions are selevtivey reabsorbed depending on needed ph
- urea, drug metabolites, H and K considered waste
HOW IS URINE DRAINED INTO THE BLADDER FROM THE URETERS?
peristalsis, it is not a passive process. then they pierce the bladder obliquely creating a 1 way valve/sphincter
WHAT ARE CORTICAL AND JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS?
- Cortical: have a shorter loop of henle and are located majorily in the renal cortex
- juxtamedullary: are located at the border of the renal cortex and have long loops of henle that penetrate into the renal medulla. very important for concentrating urine but only make up 15% of nephrons
IS THE GLOMERULUS HIGH OR LOW PRESSURE? WHY?
- high pressure
- affarent arteriole much larger than the efferent, causing a pressure build up which forces fluid and components smaller than proteins out of glomerulus into glomerular capsule
EXPLAIN THE ANATOMY OF THE GLOMERULUS
- glomerular capsule has a parietal layer (simple squamous) and a visceral layer clinging to blood capilaries, this layer also contains podocytes
- podocytes contian foot processess that interdigigate to create filtration slits
- the fenstrae an the fultration slits are seperated only by a fused basement membranr called the filtration membrane
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CAPILLARY NETWORKS IN CORTICAL AND JUXTAMEDULLAR NEPHRONS?
Cortical: efferent arteriole leads into the peritubular capillary bed whichw eaves through renal tubules
juxtamedullary: efferent arteriole leads into vasa recta, vessels that run parallel to the nephrone loops which is needed to concentrate urine
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF EPITHELIA LOCATED IN THE BLADDER AND PROXIMLAL/DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES
- bladder: transitional epithelium. it contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle (for peristalsis) and a loose adventital layer with collagen and fat for anchoring.
- P/D tubules: simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli modifications (brush border) for reabsorbing Na, Glucose, Cl-
WHAT ARE THE RUGAE IN THE BLADDER? WHAT ARE THE CRISS- CROSSING BANDS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CALLED?
- the rugae are folds of the mucosal layer which allows the bladder to strech
- the criss crossing bands of smooth muscle are called detrusor muscle
WHAT IS THE PROPER TERM FOR URINAITON? WHAT ARE THE SPIHINCTERS MADE OF AND WHAT HAPPENS IF U LOSE CONTROL OF THEM?
- proper term is micturition
- the** internal urethral sphincter** is made of smooth muscle and is involtunary, the external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary
- loss of control causes incontinence, it is normal in ages < 2 and during pregnancy.
WHAT ARE NORMAL COMPONENTS OF URINE
- urobilin
- ammonia smell and cloudly if left there (bacteria or diet caused- onion)
- CO2, urea, uric acid, creatinine, Nacl, ammonia
WHAT IS THE REGULAR PH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE
- Fresh is 6.0, samples is 4.5-8, too acidic= respiratiry or metabolic acidosis, too alkaline= respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
- specific gravity is usuall 1.015-1.025
WHAT IS IT CALLED IF THERE IS GLUCOSE OR ALBUMIN IS FOUND IN URINE
- glucose= glycosuria. diabetes mellitus or pregnancy
- albumin= albuminura. glomerular damage or severe hypertension
WHAT IF THERE ARE KETONES OR BLOOD PRESENT IN URINE
- ketones= ketonuria. diabetes mellitus
- blood: hemolysis of blood found= hemaglobinuria, whole RBC= hematuria. kidney stones. false positive test is when woman is on period
WHAT HAPPEBS IF BILIRUBIN OR LEUKOCYTES ARE FOUND IN URINE?
- billirubin= bilirubinuria. hepatitis or cirrhosis
- leukocytes= pyuria
