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genetics > Lab 8 - DNA Extraction > Flashcards

Lab 8 - DNA Extraction Flashcards

1
Q

Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism is used to…

A

Predict
Bitter-Tasting Ability
& DNA Extraction

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2
Q

what does the genomic DNA carry?

A

Genetic material

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3
Q

Genetic DNA contains:

A

All information of the cell structure and function of the organism

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4
Q

What does the genetic DNA code for?

A

All processes necessary for cell life (ex. Protein synthesis)

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5
Q

Is protein synthesis necessary for cell life?

A

yes

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6
Q

Why does genetic DNA replicate accurately?

A

So that progeny cells has the same information as parental cells.

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7
Q

What does the genetic materials of most living organisms (and many viruses) consist of?

A

Double stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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8
Q

Chemical composition of DNA

A

DNA is a linear polymer made up of 4 different nucleotides.

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9
Q

A nucleotide consists of 3 components:

A

Deoxyribose
four nitrogenous bases
phosphate group

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10
Q

How are carbon atoms in pentose sugar numbered?

A

1’ to 5’

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11
Q

What is the (‘) called?

A

Prime

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12
Q

What is the prime used to distinguish?

A

Carbon atoms in the sugar ring from the carbons of the nitrogenous base ring

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13
Q

How do DNA and RNA sugars differ?

A

By chemical groups attached to the 2’ carbon.

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14
Q

What is the 2’ in DNA connected to?

A

Hydrogen atom as deoxyribose.

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15
Q

What is the 2’ in RNA connected to?

A

Hydroxyl group as ribose

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16
Q

In DNA and RNA, Nitrogenous Bases are always attached to the 1’ carbon
atom of the pentose sugar by what type of bond?

A

Covalent Bond

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17
Q

Covalent bond

A

Involved the sharing of pairs of electrons.

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18
Q

In DNA and RNA, Phosphate Group is always attached to what carbon atom?

A

5’ carbon atom of the pentose sugar

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19
Q

In DNA and RNA, Nitrogenous Bases are always attached to what carbon atom?

A

1’ carbon atom of the pentose sugar

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20
Q

In DNA there are 2 types of nitrogenous bases:

A

Pyrimidine (cytosine and thymine) and Purine (guanine and Adenine)

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21
Q

RNA Nitrogenous bases:

A

Pyrimidine (Cytosine and uracil)
and Purine (Guanine and Adenine)

22
Q

What carbon atom is the phosphate group attached to?

A

5’ carbon of the sugar

23
Q

Nucleoside is a molecule that contains:

A

Sugar and Base

24
Q

What is Nucleoside converted to?

A

Nucleotide

25
Q

How is nucleoside converted to nucleotide?

A

By attachment of the phosphate group to th 5’ carbon of the sugar.

26
Q

A nucleotide is also called:

A

Nucleoside Phosphate

27
Q

Nucleotides bind together to form:

A

Polynucleotide chain of DNA

28
Q

Covalent bonds that link between subsequent nucleotides are called:

A

Phosphodiester bonds

29
Q

The First Nucleotide in the chain has
a free 5’-Phosphate group called:

A

5’ Phosphate end terminus

30
Q

The last Nucleotide in the chain has
free 3’-Hydroxyl group called:

A

3’ Hydroxyl end terminus

31
Q

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?

A

A single nucleotide base change in DNA sequence

32
Q

Polymorphism is known as

A

changed ‘bit state’ at a nucleotide address

33
Q

SNPs are ‘conserved’ across the genome, often in patterns called:

A

Haplotype blocks or linked SNP’s

34
Q

Most simple form of genetic polymorphism in the human genome:

A

SNP

35
Q

How often does SNP occur in the intron region of genes and exons?

A

2/3 introns and 1/3 exons

36
Q

SNPs may be harmful (true or false)

A

true

37
Q

SNP may be harmful and lead to..:

A

amino acid substitution in a protein, mutation, and can lead to cancer

38
Q

SNP can result from

A

DNA replication errors

39
Q

Association genetics

A

to correlate SNP with a certain trait or disease

40
Q

All resistant people have

A

A at position 4

41
Q

All susceptible people have

A

T at position 4

42
Q

genetic DNA variations

A

SNP polymorphisms
deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation
transposition
change in chromosomal numbers.

43
Q

genetic polymorphism is common but mutations are rare (true or false)

A

true

44
Q

types of mRNA universal genetic codon SNPs:

A

Synonymous
nonsynonymous

45
Q

two types of nucleotide base substitutions that lead to SNPs

A

Transition substitution
transversion substitution

46
Q

Why do we have taste? Sugar:

A

To identify energy-rich sugar

47
Q

Why do we have taste? Salt:

A

Ensure proper dietary electrolyte balance.

48
Q

Why do we have taste? Sour and bitter:

A

Warning against the intake of possibly harmful or poisonous substances.

49
Q

Why do we have taste? Umami

A

Recognizes amino acids and proteins

50
Q
A

genetics (2 decks)

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