Lab 7 Biotech Flashcards
Biotechnology
The use of organisms or their components to make or modify products
Traditional Biotechnology
Selective plant and animal breeding and the use of yeast in fermentation to produce cheese bread beer and wine
Modern biotechnology
Manipulation of DNA sequences in genes and the transfer of genes between organisms
Advances in biotechnology in the fields of
Forensics, medicine, agriculture, pollution control, evolutionary biotech
DNA is …
- A double stranded molecule
- Composed of NITROGENOUS BASE, DEOXYRIBOSE, and PHOSPHATE BACKBONE (negative charge)
- nucleotides are held together by covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
DNA Extraction
Accomplished by lysing
Saline Solution
Isotonic to the solution inside the cheek cell so the cell doesn’t burst and release the cell prior to collection
The Solution carry a positive charge that neutralizes the negotiate charge on the DNA
Lyses Solution
Destroys the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane by disrupting the bonds of the lipids and protines
Alcohol Solution
DNA is insoluble in alcohol so it precipitates out of Solution into alcohol
Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR
Process that rapidly makes identical copies of DNA sequences
4 ingredients required in PCR
- DNA extract
- Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates dNTP
- Primers initiation
- DNA polymerase (taq) elongates
3 steps in PCR
Denaturation
Anneal primers
Extended primers
Denaturation
Heat is added to separate strands
Anneal Primers
Cool so that primers can bond to a single strands of DNA
Extended Primers
Heat to allow DNA polymerase to add dNDPs to the end of the primers
At what rate is the DNA being made
Exponentially billions within hours
Restriction fragment analysis
Enables an indirect comparison of nucleotide sequences in different amplified DNA samples through the use of restriction enzymes which cut DNA within specific recognition sequences/ restriction sites
Restriction fragments
Resulting lengths of DNA
Steps in restriction fragmentation analysis
Restriction Digest
Gel electrophoresis
Restriction digest
A restriction enzyme is added to the PCR product and the Solution is put in an incubator.
The enzyme cuts DNA Into specific fragment sizes and numbers
Gel Electrophoresis
Separate restriction fragments into ordered groups based on size differences
What charge does DNA have
Negative
What stain did we use in the lab
Fast blast
What allowed the DNA to move
Porous
Principles of obtaining DNA
Biological samples are collected
DNA is extracted
Differences in nucleotide sequences between the samples are determined
Recombinant DNA
DNA from two different sources is combined into one molecule
Why is Recombinant DNA engendered
Engineered to facilitate the manufacture of numerous medically and agriculturally important proteins
GMO or Transgenic organizm
An organism that acquired genes through an artificial process
Name a type of enzyme
EcoR1
The principe of gel electrophoresis is based on the negative charge of the —– and the differences in —– of the DNA fragments.
DNA , sizes
—– fragments travel further in the gel
Smaller
—— fragments don’t travel far in the gel
Larger
Why do they submerged the gel in a salt bath
Conducts electricity
Restriction enzymes are used in
Paternity testing, recombinant DNA production
