Lab Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the structure
Physiology
Study of the function
Gross anatomy
What we can see (I.e. trunk, extremities, head)
Microscopic anatomy
What we can’t see (I.e. cells, atoms, tissue)
Regional
Head and abdomen
Surface
Skin
Systemic
11 systems of the human body Nervous Skeletal Muscular Digestive Urinary Respiratory Lymphatic (works with immune) Immune Integumentary Endocrine Reproductive
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissue
Homeostasis
The stable internal environment. To survive every organism must maintain homeostasis.
Anatomical position
Medical terminology; The body standing legs together, arms down by side, palms faced outward.
Superior/ Inferior
Above
-The knee is superior to the foot
Below
-The hand is inferior to the head
Anterior (Ventral)/ Posterior (Dorsal)
Front
-The lungs are anterior (ventral)
Back
-The spinal cord is posterior (dorsal)
Dorsal/ventral refers to body cavities
Lateral
Toward the outside/ away from the midline
Medical
Toward the middle
Proximal
Near
Used when speaking on joints
Distal
Far
Used when speaking on joints
Superficial
Skin level
Deep
Muscle level
The spine has 24 vertebrae
7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (torso) 5 lumbar (lower back)
Pleural
Of the lungs
Viscera
Organs
Diaphragm
Large muscle below thoracic (under lungs) cavity used when breathing
Name the three planes
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse
Sagittal
Front/ Coronal Plane
Split front and back
Anterior/ Posterior
Transverse Plane
Across the middle
Superior/ Inferior
Sagittal Plane
Split long ways down the middle
(Left and right halves)
Mid-sagittal (inner)
Peri-sagittal (outer)
Oblique
At an angle
Cephalic
Head
Buccal
Cheek
Mental
Chin
Cervical
Neck
Vertebra 1-7 (C1-C7)
Sternal
Breast bone
Thoracic
Chest/ upper spine
Next 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
A I’ll art
Armpit
Brachial
Arm (shoulder to elbow)
Antebrachial
Lower arm (forearm)
Carpel
Wrist
Palmar
Hand
Gluteal
Booty
Inguinal
Crease between pelvis and thigh
v lines
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee cap
Popliteal
Back of knee
Crural
Shin
Sural
Calf
Calcaneal
Heel
Plantar
Bottom of foot/ sole
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity (brain) Vertebral cavity (vertebrae)
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity
- pleural cavity (lungs)
- mediastinum (open cavity top middle)
- pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity (liver, stomach, spleen)
- pelvic cavity (reproductive organs)
Parts of a microscope (9 total)
Ocular lens (normal lens mag of 10)
Rotating nose piece (turn style of lenses)
Objective lenses
-4x (40 mag): scanning, largest FOV, starting point
-10x (100 mag): low power
-40x (400 mag): high power
Arm (backbone)
Base (where light sits, bottom)
Stage (where slides sit)
Coarse and fine adjustment knobs (large knob used to focus)
Condenser (just under stage, focuses light)
Iris diaphragm (small lever on bottom of condenser, controls amount of light let in)
Light/ lamp (light source on base, under condenser)
pH scale
Gauges substances acid vs base
0-14 (0 most acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 most basic)
Acids have more hydrogen ions, more hydrogen more acidity. They are also proton donors.
Bases are proton acceptors as they have very little hydrogen ions
What is the human bodies pH?
7.35- 7.45
Epithelial tissue
Fxn: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
Avascular
Skin, cheek
Epithelial tissues to know (6 total)
Simple squamous- lung Simple cuboidal- kidney Simple columnar- intestine Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (cilia)- trachea Stratified squamous- skin and vagina Transitional- urinary bladder
Connective tissue
Most abundant
Fxn: protect, support, and bind other tissues of body
Composed of many types of cells in an extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
Noncellular, non-living material between cells
I.e. fibers and ground substance (collagen, elastic, reticular)
Connective tissues to know (11 total)
Areolar loose connective- fibrous, under skin tissue (areolar tissue)
Reticular- see above (spleen)
Adipose loose connective-fat, soap bubble shape (adipose tissue)
Dense regular connective- tendons, ribbon shape
Dense irregular connective- dermal layer, swirly shape
Dense elastic connective- able to be stretched (aorta)
Hyaline cartilage (joint or trachea)
Fibrous cartilage- cushions between vertebrae and joints (articular disk)
Elastic cartilage (ear, nose)
Bone-osseous tissue, connects whole body, tree trunk shape (bone)
Blood- only fluid connective, little dot shaped (blood)
Muscle tissue
Fxn: produce body movements, move substances through body, control size of certain organs
Muscle tissue to know(3 total)
Skeletal- muscle, stripy look
Cardiac- heart, v shaped
Smooth- smooth muscle, smooth look
Nervous tissue
Two cell types: neurons and neuroglia
Blob with tail shape
Neuron fxn: communication, regulation (excitable cells that transmit electrical impulses)
Neuroglia fxn: protect, support, insulate neurons (do not transmit electrical signal)
Apical
Surface tissue
Basal (basalar)
Deep tissue
Simple
1 layer (simple squamous)
Squamous
Flat cells
Cuboidal
Cube shaped cells
Columnar
Column shaped cells
Psuedostratified
Kinda layered cells
Transitional epithelial
Stacked cube shaped cells
Protein
Creates cell structure, buffers for acids and bases in body, cell transport
Exocyotsis
Leaving the cell
ATP
Carbohydrates and oxygen give us 32 ATP that store in mitochondria, it is energy for constantly working organs
Centrioles, cytoskeleton, desmosomes
Structure or skeleton of cells
Desmosomes are like guide wires spread across the cell to hold up the cell walls from inside