Lab Flashcards
all flat maps contain distortions of properties such as ____,_____,______
scale-distance and area
shape
direction
Map Scale:
Which one is more large scale?
1:10,000 or 1:250,000
Smaller the scale, the _______ the proportion of land that is visible
1:10,000
larger the denominator, the smaller the map scale
larger/lower level of detail
Azimuth vs. Bearing
based on clockwise angles measured from the north end of any meridian
ex: 135 degrees
use of quadrant letter to enclose angles measures from nearest end of meridian
ex: S 45 degrees E
Bearing: N 45 degrees E
Azimuth:?
45
Azimuth: 135 degrees
Bearing:
S 45 degrees E
magnetic declination
how to correct
the different in angle from true north and magnetic south
. to correct you either add or subtract the current date’s magnetic declination angle from an azimuth value
Grid North
differs from true north because meridians converge towards poles while UTM grid units are squares
Define Isolines:
Isobars:
Isotherms:
Isohyets:
topographic contours:
pressure
temp
rainfall
land elevation
Define interpolation
adding isolines to a map on which data consist of a sampling of regularly spaced or randomly scattered points
gradient
is a line along which the value of some measureable variable changes and the rate of change per unit of distance is greater for steep gradients and less for gentle gradients
Vertical Exageration
How to calculate?
the horizontal scale and the vertical scale are not necessarily the same on a profile graph, therby causing what is refered to as
obtained by deviding the horizontal scale by vertical scale
profile
is the term used for 2-dimensional representation of a vertical cross section through a 3 dimensional shape, and is normally depicted as a graph of vertical change versus horizontal distance along a transect
1:_______ and 1:_______ scales are the most common
50,000 and 250,000
Most of Canada is mapped using ______ ______ ______
National Topographic Series(NTS)
Topography maps
to portray the visible characterisitcs of the landscape surface, including the natural features such as landforms, water bodies and streams as well as major components built by humans
UTM
Because the globe is 360° in circumference, a division into sixty vertical zones gives each zone the width of 6° of longitude. By international usage these zones have been numbered 1 to 60. Sixteen of the zones, bearing numbers 7 to 22, cover Canada (see Figure 2)
How to map reference a map with numbers: how to find the location of a church on grids
To arrive at a map reference for the church shown in Figure 1, we would first note the numbering of the lines that form the west and south of the square. For centuries, mathematicians have given the X coordinate before the Y coordinate; map users follow suit by quoting eastings before northings. Therefore the designation of the square containing the church would be 9194.
To give a reference for the church itself, we must imagine the square divided into 100 smaller squares (ten by ten). Then we estimate by eye that the church is six tenths of the way between lines 91 and 92, and four tenths of the way between lines 94 and 95. Using these figures, we can quote the easting as being 916 and the northing as 944. By convention these are combined into a reference of 916944
The Military Grid Reference System is convenient, but unfortunately reference numbers repeat themselves every 100,000 metres (100 km or about 62 miles). Therefore a method has been devised to identify the 100,000-metre squares by letters which are printed in blue on the face of all NTS maps. This is particularly important in the case of medium- and small-scale maps (1:250 000 and smaller), as unlettered references are ambiguous on a single map. The identifying letters (two of them) are always given before the numbers. Figure 3 shows a reference on a 1:250 000 map (where grid lines are usually identified by a single number).
Here the church would be in square NT99 and more precisely at point NT9293. This reference is still not unique, but the same reference does not occur again for about 2,900 km (1,800 miles). For most purposes this is sufficiently unambiguous.
If, for some reason, a reference is required that is unique in the world, one must look in the margin of the map for the Grid Zone Designation. The zone, which is explained elsewhere, is one of the 60 strips of the projection. The zone number is followed by a letter which gives the general area north or south of the equator in bands of 8 degrees. Therefore the unique designation of the church if it were in the Ottawa area would be 18 T NT9293
top of Atmosphere is _____km
.top about 480 km above earths surface
.
3 atmospheric criteria
composition, temp, function
air pressure
air molecules create it through their motion,size,and numbeer exerting force on all surfaces they come in contact with
gravity pushed down on air, compressing, making it denser near earths surface
-increaseing altutide, density and pressure deacrease
chemical composition of atmos: 2
Heterosphere:
- outer atmpsphere from 80-480km alitude
- less than 0.001% of atmospheres mass is here
- region is not uniform, gases are not evenly mixed
- gases sorted by gravity with heavier elements(oxygen,nitrogen) dominant in lower hetero while lightest(hydrogen,helium)are at the margins
Homosphere:
- surface to 80 km altitude
- blend of gases is nearly uniform throughout
- only exception is ozone layer from 19-50km and the variations in water vapour, pollutants
- mostly nitrogen at 78%
Temperature criterion
- Thermosphere
- 80 to 480km
- upper limit is thermopausse
- temperature rises quickly with altitude
- not “hot” in the way you would expect because the density of molecules is so low there that little actual heat is produced
3.mesophere
.50 to 80km
.outer boundary is mesopause is coldest portion of atmos
.low pressure(low density of molecules)
2.stratosphere\
.18 to 50km
.temps increase with altitude
.stratopause outward bound
1.troposphere
.90% of total mass of atmos and the bulk of all water vapour
.warmer to colder with altitude
Temperature vs heat
temp:
.intesnse solar radiation in this portio of the atmosphere excites individual molecules to higher levels of vibration. This kinetic energy, the energy of motion, is the vibrational energy that we measure as Temp
HEAT:
. is created when kinetic energy is transfered between molecules and thus between bodies or substances
Normal Lapse rate is about __ degrees C per ___m
vs environmental laspse rate
- 4 per 1000m
enviro: actual lapse rate for specific places as specific times
“The function” atmospheric criterion: 2
1.ionosphere:
.outer functional layer, extends throughout the thermosphere and into mesopshere
-absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, xrays, and shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet rad changing atoms to positvely charged ions and giving it its name
- ozonosphere:
.portion of stratosphere that contains an increased level of ozone
.absorbs shorter wavelengths of UV rad
.UV energy converted to heat
Why are mean air temperatures at saskatoon below freezing for the months of November through march although shortwave radiation is recieved at ground surface during all of these months?
.Low sun angles in the winter season serve to increase absorption, reflection, and scattering of insolation
.Snow covered land surfaces exhibit an albedo effect greater than 80%, meaning that much of the incoming rad is reflected from the surface. the Relatively small portion of incoming rad absorbed at the surface is transformed in latent heat(melting snow and ice) and sensible heat(heating ground surface and air)
. Loongwave radiation is large and negative in the winter season; strong radiative cooling of the surface and the air above it
all-wave radiation is negative and therefore the ground surface and the air in contactwith it exhibit freezing temperatures
Polar Tropopause lat
Midlatitude Tropopause lat
Equitorial Tropopause latitude
8
11-12
17-18
Why does the tropopause move latitude height in response to location: think fairbanks vs. florida keys
Gases in the troposphere above each location responds to the air temperature by expanding or contracting meaning that tje altitude of the tropopause moves up and down
Florida keys: gases respond to warmer air temps and expand, thus increasing the altitude of the tropopause/thickness of the troposphere
Fairbanks: gases in the troposhphere above fairbanks respond to colder air temps by contracting, thus decreasing the alitude of the tropopause/thickness of troposphere
Solar constant rate on atmos is ______
1372 Watts/m squared(2)
lithosphere ranges in thickness from about ___-___ km
it includes the ____ and uppermost portion of the ______
It is thickest under the _______ and thinnest under the ________
60-150 km
crust, mantle
Continents
ocean basins
There are atleast __ seperate segments(______ ______) which are able to move over a soft layer of mantle called the ________
14
lithospheric plates
asthenosphere
the greatest seismec activity is associated with _______ ______ _______ that are undergoing downwarping(_______) into the asthenosphere
convergent plate boundaries
subduction
Crustal deformation(______) from tensional and compressional forces can generate _____ and _____
diastophism
folds and faults
Building of mountains because of tectonic activity is called…
orogeny
continents are shifting up to __ cm
6
continents are adrift because _______ currents in the ________ and upper mantl provide ________ and ________ forces that push and pull portions of the lithosphere
convection
asthenosphere
upwelling and downwelling
Father of plate tectonics
alfred wegener
