LAB 6: WBCs and inflammation

Question 1

Methods for WBC count

Answer 1

Anticoagulated blood
Burker chamber
Automatic cell counter
Laser cell counter - Fe

Question 2

WBC pools in the body

Answer 2

Marginal pool (attached to the inside of blood vessels)
Storage pool (bone marrow)
Maturation pool (bone marrow)
Mitotic pool (bone marrow)
Circulating pool (the circulating blood)
Tissue pool (tissues)

Question 3

Causes of physiological leukocytosis

Answer 3

• Acute stress (adrenalin): neutrophilia, lymphocytosis

- Chronic stress (ACTH, cortisol): neutrophilia, lymphopenia & eosinopenia

Question 4

What changes in WBCs can be seen during acute inflammation?

Answer 4

• First neutropenia: first stage of inflammation
• Then neutrophilia: late phase inflammation due to granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• Left shit
• Lukemoid reaction
• Toxic neutrophils

Question 5

What changes in WBCs can be seen in chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

• Right shift

- Stress leukogram

Question 6

Left shift characteristics + the two types of left shit

Answer 6

Increased number of young WBCs –> metamyelocytes (jugend) and bands (stab)

• Regenerative LS: leukocytosis, mobilise storage-, maturation- and mitotic pools
• Degenerative LS: leukopenia, utilisation is greater than regeneration due to widespread severe inflammation, big abcess, peritonitis, pleuritis

Question 7

Leukomoid reaction

Answer 7

Extreme amounts of WBCs, leukocytosis of immature WBCs (but more than left shift).
Causes: big abscess, endometritis, neoplastic diseases (not leukemia)

Question 8

Toxic neutrophils

Answer 8

Azurophilic (orange-red) granules in the cytoplasm

In very severe inflammation

Question 9

Döhle bodies

Answer 9

Basophilic inclusion bodies in neutrophil granulocytes = remnants of ER
Due to toxic effects

Question 10

What characterises right shift?

Answer 10

Appearance of hypersegmented neutrophil cells (extra granules in cytoplasm, 4-6).
Leukocytosis.
Lymphocytosis, monocytosis and/or eosinophilia.
Cause: glucocorticoids inhibit cellular proliferation + have membrane stabilising effect.

Question 11

Stress leukogram

Answer 11

Right shift + leukocytosis + neutrophilia + lymphopenia + eosinopenia = stress leukogram

Question 12

Addisons disease

Answer 12

Hypoadrenocorticism.

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, lymphocytosis, eosinopenia

Question 13

Cyclic neutropenia

Answer 13

Inheritable disease of grey collies:

Cyclic bone marrow activity - neutropenia in intervals

Question 14

Pelger-huet anomaly causes what?

Answer 14

Normocytaemia & left shift

Question 15

Bone marrow damage causes what?

Answer 15

Leukopenia & neutropenia –> thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia

Question 16

What is the glutaric aldehyde test used to diagnose?

Answer 16

Reticuloperitonitis, severe mastitis, endometritis of cattle

Question 17

What is glutaric aldehyde test used for?

Answer 17

Examine the increase of fibrinogen and globulin concentration in plasma. Use in cattle.
Causes rapid coagulation - coagulation in seconds in case of inflammation (high fibrinogen and globulin in blood)

Question 18

What is ESR?

Answer 18

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate = 0.5 - 3 cm/min
Increases during inflammation (already high in horses naturally)
Albumin gets replaced by globulin –> RBC from negative to neutral –> agglutinate and sediment

Question 19

CRP (C-reactive protein) origin

Answer 19

An acute phase protein: can bind to a protein of Pneumococcus bacteria called protein-C –> cause precipitation.

Question 20

CRP changes during acute inflammation

Answer 20

Increasing before the appearance of clinical signs - usefull for early detection of inflammatory processes!

Question 21

Types of haemopoetic (leukemic) tumours of animals

Answer 21

1. Acute leukemic disorders

2. Chronic leukemic disorders

Question 22

1. Acute leukemic disorders

Answer 22

Typical cells: “blast” cells

• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
• Acute myeloblastic, promyelolytic leukemia
• Acute erythroblastic leukemia
• Lymphoma stage V

Question 23

2. Chronic leukemic disorders

Answer 23

Typical cells: well differentiated cells in enourmous nr. (can be mixed with lukemoid reaction)

• Chronic small lymphocytic leukemia
• Chronic myleoid
• Polycythaemia absoluta vera (overproduction of RBCs)
• Essential thrombocytosis

Question 24

Lymphoma

Answer 24

Also haeopoetic tumour.
Overproduction of poorly differentiated lymphoid cells in lymphatic organs and other tissues (sometimes)
Only in Fe and Bo