LAB 6: WBCs and inflammation Flashcards
Methods for WBC count
Anticoagulated blood
Burker chamber
Automatic cell counter
Laser cell counter - Fe
WBC pools in the body
Marginal pool (attached to the inside of blood vessels) Storage pool (bone marrow) Maturation pool (bone marrow) Mitotic pool (bone marrow) Circulating pool (the circulating blood) Tissue pool (tissues)
Causes of physiological leukocytosis
- Acute stress (adrenalin): neutrophilia, lymphocytosis
- Chronic stress (ACTH, cortisol): neutrophilia, lymphopenia & eosinopenia
What changes in WBCs can be seen during acute inflammation?
- First neutropenia: first stage of inflammation
- Then neutrophilia: late phase inflammation due to granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
- Left shit
- Lukemoid reaction
- Toxic neutrophils
What changes in WBCs can be seen in chronic inflammation?
- Right shift
- Stress leukogram
Left shift characteristics + the two types of left shit
Increased number of young WBCs –> metamyelocytes (jugend) and bands (stab)
- Regenerative LS: leukocytosis, mobilise storage-, maturation- and mitotic pools
- Degenerative LS: leukopenia, utilisation is greater than regeneration due to widespread severe inflammation, big abcess, peritonitis, pleuritis
Leukomoid reaction
Extreme amounts of WBCs, leukocytosis of immature WBCs (but more than left shift).
Causes: big abscess, endometritis, neoplastic diseases (not leukemia)
Toxic neutrophils
Azurophilic (orange-red) granules in the cytoplasm
In very severe inflammation
Döhle bodies
Basophilic inclusion bodies in neutrophil granulocytes = remnants of ER
Due to toxic effects
What characterises right shift?
Appearance of hypersegmented neutrophil cells (extra granules in cytoplasm, 4-6).
Leukocytosis.
Lymphocytosis, monocytosis and/or eosinophilia.
Cause: glucocorticoids inhibit cellular proliferation + have membrane stabilising effect.
Stress leukogram
Right shift + leukocytosis + neutrophilia + lymphopenia + eosinopenia = stress leukogram
Addisons disease
Hypoadrenocorticism.
Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, lymphocytosis, eosinopenia
Cyclic neutropenia
Inheritable disease of grey collies:
Cyclic bone marrow activity - neutropenia in intervals
Pelger-huet anomaly causes what?
Normocytaemia & left shift
Bone marrow damage causes what?
Leukopenia & neutropenia –> thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia
What is the glutaric aldehyde test used to diagnose?
Reticuloperitonitis, severe mastitis, endometritis of cattle
What is glutaric aldehyde test used for?
Examine the increase of fibrinogen and globulin concentration in plasma. Use in cattle.
Causes rapid coagulation - coagulation in seconds in case of inflammation (high fibrinogen and globulin in blood)
What is ESR?
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate = 0.5 - 3 cm/min
Increases during inflammation (already high in horses naturally)
Albumin gets replaced by globulin –> RBC from negative to neutral –> agglutinate and sediment
CRP (C-reactive protein) origin
An acute phase protein: can bind to a protein of Pneumococcus bacteria called protein-C –> cause precipitation.
CRP changes during acute inflammation
Increasing before the appearance of clinical signs - usefull for early detection of inflammatory processes!
Types of haemopoetic (leukemic) tumours of animals
- Acute leukemic disorders
2. Chronic leukemic disorders
- Acute leukemic disorders
Typical cells: “blast” cells
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- Acute myeloblastic, promyelolytic leukemia
- Acute erythroblastic leukemia
- Lymphoma stage V
- Chronic leukemic disorders
Typical cells: well differentiated cells in enourmous nr. (can be mixed with lukemoid reaction)
- Chronic small lymphocytic leukemia
- Chronic myleoid
- Polycythaemia absoluta vera (overproduction of RBCs)
- Essential thrombocytosis
Lymphoma
Also haeopoetic tumour.
Overproduction of poorly differentiated lymphoid cells in lymphatic organs and other tissues (sometimes)
Only in Fe and Bo
