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Bio 373L > Lab 6: Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Lab 6: Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the objective of this experiment?

A

a) to measure chest dimension during respiratory cycle
b) to study effects of changes in PO2, PCO2 and pH on breathing movement
c) to preform Valsalva’s manoeurve
d) examine neural inout of respiration
e) to determine a subject’s respiratory capacity and volumes

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1
Q

The Law of LaPlace

A
  • explains why two ballons behave as they do

P= 2T / r

P = pressure inside each balloon
T = surface tension
r = radius

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2
Q

How do surfactants work in lungs?

A
  • by reducing the surface tension of liquid that lines the alveoli from a value of about 50 dynes/cm2 to 2 dyes/cm2
  • the concentration of surfactant is slightly higher in smaller alveoli than in larger
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3
Q

What are the two separate motions responsible for filling up the lungs?

A
  • lowering the floor of the chest cavity by contraction of the diaphragm
  • increasing the diameter of the chest cavity by expansion of the ribcage through the contraction of the set of external intercostal muscles found between adjacent ribs
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4
Q

How do the lungs empty out?

A

through revising the motions which fill them up

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5
Q

A. Chest measurements

A
  • using callipers measure from anteroposterior and lateral diameters of the chest cavity during:
    quiet inspiration and extirpations and forced inspirations and expiration
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6
Q

What element is measured to indicate the body’s respiratory requirements?

A

the level of carbon dioxide in the arteries is monitored

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7
Q

Chemical formula of respiration

A

CO2 + H20 <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ +HCO3-

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8
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors in the brain’s medulla sense?

A

a drop in blood pH which can be caused by the rate of production of CO2 exceeding it’s rate of elimination

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9
Q

What in the brain detects changes in the aorta and carotid arteries?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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10
Q

What is the main purpose of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

to sense acidity which arises not from CO2 but from lactic acid

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11
Q

How would you know to increase your depth and rate of breathing?

A

from info sent from central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the brain

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12
Q

Which level does the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries have to fall to in order to trigger the breathing centre?

A

60 mmHg

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13
Q

B. Regulation of Ventilation

A
  • sit on a stool and breath as deeply as you can with your mouth open at the rate of 1 breath/ 4 seconds
  • do this without a large bag tightly over your nose then with the bag
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14
Q

Apnea

A

the suspense of breathing due to no desire to breathe after having had forced breathing

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15
Q

The Valsalva manoeuvre

A
  • forced expiration against a closed glottis
  • illustrates how respiration can markedly influence circulation
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16
Q

Tachycardia

A

acceleration of heartbeat

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17
Q

Cyanosis

A

blood stagnation (and consequently slower delivery of O2) due to the reduced venous return
- bluing of the skin

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18
Q

Cerebral hypoxia

A

insufficient delivery of O2 to the brain

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19
Q

What is responsible for rhythmic breathing?

A

the brains respiratory centre

20
Q

How does the brain respiratory centre work?

A
  • in order to bring inspiration, it sends excitatory impulses to the motor neuron which control the muscles of inspiration and simultaneously sends inhibitory impulses to the motor neuron of opposing groups of muscles
  • for forced exhalation, excitatory impulses are sent to the motor neurons of the expiratory muscles and inhibitory impulses to the opposing muscles
21
Q

What muscles are stimulated to contract during exhalation when the body is at rest?

A

diaphragm, internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

22
Q

The Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex

A

receptors located in the visceral pleura (chest wall), bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli are stimulated by stretching; the resultant neural transmission (via vagus nerve) inhibits the inspiratory centre and thereby prevents further inflation of the lungs

23
Q

The Hering-Breuer Deflation Reflex

A

reduced (unstretched) receptor activity removes the inhibitory influence of inspiratory centre and therefore allows inspiration to begin again

24
Q

Under normal circumstances…

A

strenuous exercise can lead to increases acidity in the blood because of the muscles production of CO2 and lactic acid
- this drop in pH signals the brains respiratory centre to accelerate and deepen the breathing motions
- the same effect can be also seen as soon as the exertion begins before the blood can show any signs of increased pH

25
Q

What are two explanation that cause the response of increased acidity?

A
  1. exercise stimuli from contracting muscles or moving joints causes impulses to be relayed directly to the respiratory centre to increase ventilation
  2. motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex an sent to the muscle may cause collateral impulses to be sent to the respiratory centre to increase the movements of ventilation
26
Q

D. Neural Control of Respiration

A
  1. see how long you can hold your breath for
  2. return to normal breathing then run in place for 30 second redetermine how long you can hold your breath
27
Q

Deglutition Apnea

A

inability to breath while eating or drinking and serves to prevent the passage of substance into the trachea

28
Q

Tidal volume

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during one breathing cycle

29
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the ability to breath in additional air after normal inspiration

30
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume

31
Q

Residual volume

A

the volume of air in the lungs which is present even if the expiratory reserve volume is fully expelled from the lungs and cannot be exhaled
- has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentration

32
Q

Equipment

A
  • laptop
  • black iWorx case containing IXTA-ROAM
  • A-FH-300L Spirometer flow head and plastic tube
33
Q

Spirometer setup…

A
  1. firmly push the tube to the outlets of the flow head
  2. connect the other end of the flow head with the wire to the IXTA-ROAM Channel A1 (red port to red connector)
  3. plug power supply for IXTA-ROAM
34
Q

What software file on labscribe is used?

A

Human Spirometer folder and “Breathing-Rest-Exercise” file

35
Q

How can you calibrate the spirometer?

A

by ensuring that in the setup settings, that the type of spirometer is IXTA and the flow head is 300L, that it is set to “ No Reset Time” and the that the temp for air exhaled is 37

36
Q

Exercise 1: Breathing while resting

A

goal: to measure breathing parameters in a healthy, resting individual

procedure:
1. sit quietly and breath through the spirometer
2. hold it so the outlets are held upward
3. ensure that the flowhead is properly in the subjects mouth so no air gets out
4. record subject breathing normally then record 5 forced exhalation breaths

37
Q

Exercise 1: Breathing while resting
Analysis what info do you obtain from this?

A

V2-V1, T2-T1, Max_dv/dt, Min_dv/dt
- to get this place cursors on a complete breathing cycle

-Tidal volume: place one cursor in the long narrow opening prior to inhalation and the second on the peak of the cycle (V2-V1)

-Max Inspiration Flow Rate (the max rate of air movement during inhalation): cursors in same position as tidal volume and the Max_dv/dt is the max insp. flow rate

-Max Expiratory Flow Rate (max air movement during expiration): place one cursor at one peak of a breathing cycle and the second at a long narrow opening to the right of the peak and observe the value Min_dv/dt

-Breathing Period (the duration of each breathing cycle): place one cursor at the peak of a breathing cycle and the other at the peak of an adjacent breathing cycle

38
Q

Equation for calculating normal breathing rate of the subject at rest (breaths/min)

A

= 60 (sec/min) / mean breath period (sec/breath)

-mean breath period: mean of tidal volume, rates and breath periods

39
Q

Analyzing Forces Respiration at rest

A
  • Tidal Volume (TV): place one cursor in the long narrow opening prior to inhalation and the second on the peak of the cycle (V2-V1)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): one cursor on the peak of the normal breath prior to the max inhalation and the second at the peak of the forced breath cycle (V2-V1)
  • Forced Inspiratory Flow Rate : keeping cursors in same position as IRV but look at Max_dv/dt value
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): place one cursor at peak of the forced breathing cycle and the second cursor on the flatline after the subject has expelled all the air from their lungs (V2-V1) function
  • Forced Expiratory Flow Rate: keeping cursors in same place as FVC but looking at Min_dv/dt value
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): placing one cursor in the long narrow opening prior to the maximal inhalation and the second cursor on the flatline after the subject has expelled all the air from their lungs (V2-V1)
  • Forces Expiratory Volume at 1 Second (FEV1): placing one cursor at the peak of the max breath cycle and the second on the data point that is one second after the peak (V2-V1)
  • Forced Expiratory Volume at 3 Seconds (FEV3): placing one cursor at the peak of the max. breath cycle and the second on the data point that is 3 seconds after the peak use T2-T1 to determine where 3 seconds is but observe V2-v1 for results
40
Q

How to calculate FEV1/FVC

A

divide FEV1 by FVC
- expected : 0.80

41
Q

How to calculate FEV3/FVc

A

divide FEV3 by FVC
- expected: 0.95

42
Q

In obstructive airway diseases like asthma, bronchitis or emphysema both FVC and FEV1 are normally what value?

A

reduced and to a value usually less than 0.70

43
Q

In restrictive lung diseases like fibrosis

A

FVC is reduced but the FEV1/FVC ratio may be normal (0.80) or greater than normal (> 0.85)

44
Q

Expected results (for average sized human male)

A
  • Tidal volume (TV): 500 mL
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3100 mL
  • Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV): 1200 mL
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): 4800 mL
  • Residual Volume (RV): 1200 mL
45
Q

Exercise 2: Breathing Immediately After Exercise

A
  1. subject is instructed to exercise to sufficiently increase breathing rate and this is to be recorded
46
Q

Exercise 3: Breathing Parameters from Other Students

A
  1. repeat exercise 1 with a new subject
47
Q

Results (before vs after exercise)

A
  • what decreased: tidal volume, mean breath periods, max normal air flow rate during exhalation, inspiratory reserve volume, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume 1 second, forced air flow rate during exhalation
  • what increased: breathing rate, mean tidal volume minute air flow rate, flow rate during inhalation, expiratory reserve volume, forced expiratory volume 3 seconds, forced air flow rate during inhalation, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV3/FVC ratio

Bio 373L (7 decks)

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