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Biology 108 Lab > Lab 6: Kingdom Fungi > Flashcards

Lab 6: Kingdom Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main role of fungi in the environment?

A

play a huge role in cycling nutrients (they are mostly decomposers)

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2
Q

describe the role and characteristics of kingdom fungi

A
  • cycle nutrients
  • can be multicellular forms or unicellular form (like yeast)
  • they live in almost every environment
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3
Q

what are five major groups of fungi? which two is the lab focusing on?

A
  1. Chytrids
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Glomeromycota
  4. Ascomycota
  5. Basidiomycota
  • lab is focusing on ascomycota and basidiomycota
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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of fungi?

A
  1. have rigid wall external to the plasma membrane (cell wall)
  2. ability to absorb (rather than ingest or synthesize) compounds for metabolism
  3. ability to reproduce by forming spores
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5
Q

Why are fungi more closely considered part of the domain of botanist than zoologist if they are more related to animals than plants?

A

because the large forms don’t move around or engulf food particles

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6
Q

what are hyphae?

A

they are the basic building blocks of fungi, they are tubular structure made up by elongated cells … their nuclei is haploid

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7
Q

what are mycelium?

A

they are an interwoven network of hyphae

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8
Q

what are fruiting bodies?

A

are mycelium that differentiate into large fleshy or corky structures

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9
Q

what is the purpose of making fruiting bodies?

A

to provide protected, durable enclosure and dispersal device for haploid spores

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10
Q

How do fungi propagate themselves?

A

by producing a large number of spores either sexually or asexually

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11
Q

What are the three distinct phases of sexual reproduction in fungi and what happens at each stage?

A
  1. Plasmogamy occurs –> this is when the nuclei of a haploid hyphae pairs up with the nuclei of another haploid hyphae and their cytoplasm fuse. They form a dikaryon
  2. karyogamy –> when their cytoplasm fuses together and form a zygote (occurs in the gills in basidia)
  3. mieosis –> the diploid nucleus undergoes mieosis and breaks into 4 haploid nuclei which restores the haploid condition (spores) and then the spores germinate
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12
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

their hyphae produce spores and the spores undergo mitosis and then germinate

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13
Q

What kind of mushroom did we work with in the lab? and what group of mushroom is it from?

A

the pleutotus sp. and it is a basidocarp

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14
Q

Where are the spores produced?

A

in the basidia within the gills through mitosis and meiosis

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15
Q

What is the reproductive mechanism of ascomycete and what are their spores called?

A

ascomycetes reproduce asexually and produce asexual spores called conidia that are borne on the tips of modified hyphae known as conidiophores

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16
Q

what kind of fungi is an example of ascomycete and what is it good for? what is it also referred to as?

A

peniccilium sp. is where penicillin was derived from and its also called fungi imperfecti because theres so many kinds of penicillium that do different things

17
Q

what is one very important unicellular group of fungi? how do they reproduce and what is their economic importance?

A

yeasts. they reproduce by budding and their importance is making bread rise and beer

18
Q

What is symbiosis? what are three types of symbiotic relationships between organisms?

A

symbiosis is an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

three types:

  1. parasitic –> one benefits, other is harmed
  2. mutualistic –> association is beneficial to both organisms
  3. Commensulistic –> association benefits one but neither harms or helps the other
19
Q

What are two types of symbiotic/mutalistic relationships between plants and fungi?

A
  1. mycorrhizae (between fungi and roots of vascular plants)

2. Lichen (between fungi and a population of algae or cyanobacteria cells)

20
Q

what is mycorrhizae and what are two major types of mycorrhizal fungi? and how do they benefit the plant?

A

mycorrhizae is a mutualistic symbiotic association between fungi and roots of vascular plants
- they benefit the plant by increasing the physiologically active area of the root system, increasing plants ability to capture water and nutrients like N, P, K, and Ca. Increases plants tolerance to drought, high soil temps, acidity and other environmental extremes, and provides protection from disease and root pests.

Fungus partner receives photosynthetic products (carbohydrates) and vitamins from the plant

the two types of mycorrhizae fun are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which penetrate the root cells and
ectomycorrhizal fungi which surround the root cells

21
Q

What are lichens? what are 3 types of lichen?

A

lichens are mutualistic symbiotic associations between a fungal partner and a algae or cyanobacteria cell

  • fungal partner is usually part of ascomycota and the photosynthetic partner is usually a unicellular member of the chlorophyll or cyanobacteria
  • algae cells are frequently formed as a thin layer just below the surface of the thallus and distributed throughout the fungal hyphae
  • growth forms of lichen are constant

Three types of lichen:

  1. crustose –> forms on rocks and cannot be removed from the substrate
  2. foliose –> thallus is flat and leaflike lobes and its attached to the bark or rock with rhizomes or a circular single cord. Has a upper and lower surface
  3. Fruticose –> thallus is attached to the substrate at the base only and grows vertically like a plant but upward or downward and its shrub like-thin stringy looking
22
Q

How do lichen reproduce asexually?

A

they reproduce asexually through fragmentation of the thallus.
Soredia are outgrowths of the thallus which are produced during asexual reproduction

23
Q

How do lichen reproduce sexually?which partner is it confined to? and what are the structures formed called?

A

confined to the fungi partner and former ascocarps

24
Q

How do lichen benefit fungi and where do they normally live?

A

fungus obtains organic carbon from alga and nitrogen.

  • dominate the flora in large areas of the mount and arctic regions
  • important in areas where plants can’t grow
  • they can be sources of medicine, poison, cosmetics and perfume
  • they are sensitive to polluted air
25
Q

What are some of the ecological importance of fungi?

A

they are saprophytic (derive their energy from breakdown of organic material)

  • they are also symbiotically formed with plants, and algae and also with animals (rumen fungi)
  • rusts and smuts are parasitic
  • can be used as food, steroids, antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, hormones and vitamins

Biology 108 Lab (8 decks)

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