Lab 6 Flashcards
Changes of albumin conc.
Decrease
Decrease:
• Decreased intake of proteins, decreased absorption (maldigestion, malabsorption)
• Decreased synthesis - liver failure, acute inflammation (it is a negative acute phase
protein)
• Increased utilisation – physiologic conditions cause mild changes: pregnancy, work, exercise, production (milk, egg etc.) and chronic diseases (chronic inflammation, neoplasm)
Increased loss –
• via the kidneys (protein loosing nephropathy - PLN),
• gastrointestinal tract (protein loosing enteropathy- PLE),
• skin (burn),
• whole blood loss,
• sequestration into body cavities – NOT the decrease of colloid pressure (cardiac
disease, lymphangiectasia, portal hypertension, other vascular disorders,
peritonitis e.g. perforation in intestines, gall bladder, translocation of bacteria) Other (relative decrease): hyperhydration (may be iatrogen)
Changes of albumin conc.
increase
Increase:
• dehydration
Hypoglobulinaemia
- decreased intake of globulins: in neonates before drinking colostrum, absorption disorders of neonates
- decreased synthesis of globulins: acquired of inherited immunodeficiency, liver function impairment
- increased loss: PLE, PLN, via skin (burns, inflammation), bleeding
Causes of fibrinogen conc. changes
Increase
• acute inflammation (especially ruminants), dehydration
Decrease
• liver function impairment, advanced protein deficiency, DIC, sequestration after
bleeding to body cavity, chronic bleeding, blood loss, inherited afibrionogenaemia (St. Bernard dog)
Causes of changes in glucose concentration
Increase
Increased glucose concentration:
• Transient increase:
o laboratory errors (haemolysis, lipaemia, icterus) o stress (cats! may even have >15 mmol/l)
o food intake (dogs and humans!)
o xylazineffect
o cranial trauma or inflammation (Rabies, Aujeszky disease)
o after/during administration of glucose containing fluid therapy
• Constant hyperglycaemia
o diabetes mellitus - DM (see internal med for types of DM)
o hyperadrenocorticism and glucocorticosteroid therapy!
o Progesterone effect (iatrogen or endogenous – insulin resistance!)
o enterotoxaemia (sheep)
Causes of changes in glucose concentration
Decrease
Decreased glucose concentration:
• laboratory error (incorrect storage/transport of sample)
• decreased energy status (ketosis of ruminants, growing pigs /baby pig diseases/,
puppies small breed!, starvation, strenuous exercise /hunting dogs, racehorses etc./
• insulin overdose (sometimes β-receptor blockers in heart insufficiency)
• insulinoma
• anabolic steroid effect
• liver failure, terminal stage
• acute liver failure (fast depletion of liver glycogen after a very short hyperglycaemic
phase)
• hypoadrenocorticism
• septicaemia
• hyperthyroidism
• paraneoplastic syndrome
Causes of hyperlipidaemia
- hyperlipidaemia of ponies
- increased fat content in diet
- diabetes mellitus (decreased free fatty acid /FFA/ influx into the cells)
- hypothyroidism
- hyperadrenocorticism or glucocorticosteroid therapy
- nephrotic syndrome
- sepitcaemia (energy deficiency)
- pancreatitis (lipase activation)
- idiopathic – familiar hyperlipidaemia in miniature schnauzers, beagles
Causes of decreases lipid content
- starvation (long term)
- liver failure (e.g. PSS)
- malabsorptio, maldigestio (e.g EPI)
Causes of hypocholesterolaemia
- malnutrition
- liver failure (decreased synthesis)
- neoplastic disease
- hyperthyreosis (increased usage)
- decreased apolipoprotein synthesis
Causes of hypercholesterolaemia
- increased dietary fat content
- hypothyroidism
- hyperadrenocorticism
- diabetes mellitus
- nephrotic syndrome (concurrent low TP)
- cholestatic diseases (increased leakage from liver due to bile duct obstruction)
- idiopathic - primary dyslipidosis
Average normal values
FFA, Total lipid, TG, Cholesterol
free fatty acid, FFA: 0,1-0,3 mmol/l
total lipid, TL: 5-7 mmol/l
triacyglycerol, TG: 0,6-1,2 mmol/l (sheep: 1,5-4 mmol/l) cholesterol, Chol: 2-6 mmol/l
