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Organisms 2 Lab Exam > Lab 5 (Chordata) > Flashcards

Lab 5 (Chordata) Flashcards

1
Q

What must all animals that belong to the phylum Chordata have at some time in their life cycle?

A 
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits/pouches 
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Endostyle
Postanal tail
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2
Q

What is the notochord?

A
  • A slender rod of connective tissue lying near the dorsal side, that runs the length of the animal
  • It acts as an endoskeleton
  • Found in most vertebrate embryos
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3
Q

What is the pharyngeal slits/pouches?

A
  • Multiple pairs of slits in the pharynx through which water enters (for gas exchange)
  • In some vertebrates, they are found only in the embryo
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4
Q

What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A
  • Along with the brain (a modification of the notochord), this forms the central nervous system
  • The nerve cord lies dorsal to the digestive tract
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5
Q

What is the endostyle?

A
  • Involved in feeding for tunicates and lamprey larvae; it is homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates
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6
Q

What is the postanal tail?

A
  • The tail projects past the anus and is used to propel the animal in water (it may be present only in embryonic or juvenile stages in some animals)
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7
Q

Explain the basics to the Subphylum Tunicates

A
  • Sea squirts
  • Invertebrates
  • Adult forms have a leathery tunic enclosing their body
  • Only free swimming larval tunicates have all the characteristic chordate features (adults are mostly sessile)
  • They are found in marine habitats, anchored to submerged objects and grasses
  • Some are called sea squirts because of their habit of squirting water from their excurrent siphon when handled or poked
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8
Q

What is the larval anatomy of the sea squirts?

A
  • Often called tadpole larvae
  • The body cavity contains the digestive system (this includes a stomach and intestine) the pharynx with gill slits (which are connected to the incurrent and excurrent siphons, through which water flows in and out)
  • Anterior to the pharynx lies the endostyle
  • The larva’s long postanal tail is filled with the notochord
  • The tail is lost in the adult form
  • At the anterior end, there should be adhesive papillae; these attach the larva to a substrate as it metamorphoses into an adult
  • The larval stage is very short lived, does not feed (despite the presence of a digestive system), and only acts as a means of dispersal
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9
Q

What is the adult anatomy of the sea squirts?

A
  • The adult animal clearly does not resemble its larval form, although some shared characteristics are evident
  • They have an incurrent and excurrent siphons; the former is located at the “top” of the animal
  • The outer covering of the animal is generally called the tunic
  • The large stomach leads to the intestine, at the basal (posterior) end of the animal
  • The intestine ends in an anus that empties towards the excurrent canal
  • Most of the body cavity is filled with the pharynx, which consists of many pharyngeal slits
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10
Q

Explain the basics to the Subphylum Cephalochordata

A
  • Lancelet
  • Similar to the ancestor of vertebrates
  • It has the makings of a ventral heart and metameric arrangement of muscles and nerves
  • They live partially buried in sandy sea bottoms, where it feeds on particles filtered through a fringe of slender oral tentacles
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11
Q

What is the feeding and digestion of the lancelet?

A
  • At the front of the animal is a pointed rostrum
  • Beneath the rostrum is the mouth, which is surrounded by oral tentacles
  • The pharynx directs food, captured from water, into the intestine (where digestion occurs); waste is ejected from the anus
  • Though not visible, there is an endostyle that secretes mucous, used to trap food particles
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12
Q

What is the respiration of the lancelet?

A
  • The wheel organ, consisting of finger like extensions in the oral cavity, maintains a current of water flowing into the mouth via ciliary action
  • Water then passes into the pharynx, which is perforated with a series of gill slits, between which lie the gill bars (the surface where gas exchange occurs)
  • Water exits the body via the atriopore, which lies in front of the anus
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13
Q

What is the support and nervous system of the lancelet?

A
  • The notochord is striated; it provides skeletal support and a place for muscles to attach
  • The dorsal nerve cord also extends the full length of the animal
  • Black spots along the nerve cord are called photoreceptor (light sensitive) cells
  • Chemoreceptors and touch receptors are scattered over the body, though some are concentrated near the mouth
  • No eyes and no distinct brain
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14
Q

Explain the basics to the Subphylum Vertebrata

A
  • Vertebrates
  • With a spinal column
  • Includes lampreys, sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals
  • Divided into “jawless” and “jawed” taxa
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15
Q

What are the classes to the Subphylum Vertebrata?

A 
Class Petromyzontida 
Class Chondryichthyes 
Class Actinopterygii 
Class Amphibia
Class Mammalia
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16
Q

Explain the basics to the class petromyzontida

A
  • Lampreys
  • Descendants of the earliest known vertebrates
  • Have no jaws
  • They have paired fins, scales and an internal skeleton
  • Young lampreys, called ammocoete larvae, spend the first 3-5 years living in sand, as filter feeders
  • Metamorphosis occurs rapidly, and the adults become parasites of fish
  • They are worrisome aquatic pests in some regions
  • The larva looks very similar to the adult form of the lancelet, but there are some critical differences
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17
Q

What is the feeding and digestion of the lampreys?

A
  • The mouth lies within the oral hood, to which a series of bumpy oral papillae is attached (these are used for filter feeding)
  • The large endostyle is located just beneath the gills; as in the lancelet, it secretes mucus into the pharynx and is used to trap food particles
  • The pharynx narrows to form the esophagus, then broadens again at the posterior end of the animal to become the intestine
  • The posterior end of the intestine receives the contents of the kidney ducts at a region called the cloaca, then opens to the exterior by the anus
  • Below and slightly behind the kidney lie the liver and gall bladder
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18
Q

What is the respiration/circulation of the lampreys?

A
  • Posterior to the papillae is the velum; a large pair of flaps that uses muscular action to create water currents over the gills
  • The pharynx is perforated with seven internal gill slits, which open into gill pouches
  • The gill pouches allow water to return to the outside environment by way of small external gill slits
  • Gas exchange takes place on the pharynx walls
  • A two chambered heart is found in front of the liver and gallbladder
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19
Q

What is the support and nervous system of the lampreys?

A
  • The ammocoete larva has a three lobed brain in the head; it is an extension of, and attached to, the spinal cord (nerve cord)
  • The large notochord lies beneath the spinal cord
  • A small pair of dark eyes may be visible in the same region as the brain
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20
Q

What is the general external anatomy of the lampreys?

A
  • The change in size during the metamorphosis from ammocoete larva to adult is dramatic
  • The adult has distinct anterior and posterior dorsal fins, plus the caudal fin on the tail
  • The nostril, which opens to the olfactory sac (this detects smells), is located on the top of the head
  • The lidless eyes are large
  • Seven external gill slits are evident as openings along the anterior sides of the body
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21
Q

What is the support and nervous system of the lampreys?

A
  • The form yet flexible notochord has been retained from the larval stage
  • A series of cartilage and connective tissues provide skeletal support
  • The bi lobed brain and the spinal cord lie dorsal to the notochord
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22
Q

What is the feeding/digestion of the lampreys?

A
  • The mouth is a remarkable and quite menacing structure
  • The oral disk is fringed with sensory papillae and is lined with sharp teeth
  • The sucker like mouth adheres to a host while teeth and a rough tongue rasp the hosts flesh to release nutritive blood and body fluids
  • The dorsal branch becomes the esophagus, which empties into the intestine, and then the anus (there is no stomach, a primitive feature)
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23
Q

What is the respiration/circulation of the lampreys?

A
  • The ventral branch of the pharynx becomes the respiratory tube; this structure is perforated by internal gill slits
  • Although water typically flows from the mouth to the gill slits, this is impossible when the animal feeds; to compensate, it can also pump water directly in and out of it gills
24
Q

Explain the basics to the class chondryichthyes

A
  • Cartilaginous fishes (shark)
  • With jaws
  • Cartilaginous skeletons, powerful jaws and well developed sense organs
  • Rays, skates and chimaeras
  • To detect and capture their food (primarily bottom dwelling fish and crabs), they rely on specialized sense organs on the head (ampullae of Lorenzini)
25
Q

What is the general external anatomy of the dogfish?

A
  • On the dorsal surface, starting from behind the head is the anterior dorsal fin and posterior dorsal fin (these act as stabilizers)
  • The tail carries a lobed caudal fin; side to side motion of this fin propels the animal forward
  • On the ventral surface, closest to the head, is a pair of pectoral fins; these turn the animal left and right
  • The pelvic fins act as stabilizers and are modified into firm claspers (used for copulation) in the male
  • The skin is covered with placoid scales; each scale is anchored in the skin and is built much like a tooth (also called dermal denticles)
  • The scales reduce friction producing turbulence as the shark swims, thereby reducing drag
  • The teeth are modified placoid scales (adapted for cutting food)
26
Q

What is the respiration of the dogfish?

A
  • Behind the eyes is a pair of spiracles
  • These open into the pharynx, and permit water intake while the shark is feeding (they can be closed to prevent water escape when not in use)
  • Five pairs of external gill slits are evident on either side of the animal
  • With few exceptions, sharks must constantly be in motion to ensure a continual flow of water over the gills in order to breathe
27
Q

What is the sensory structures of the dogfish?

A
  • On the head are the nostrils (which lead to olfactory sacs) and the large eyes
  • Running the length of the body, rows of tiny, mucous filled sensory pores form the lateral lines
  • These pores detect changes in water currents, allowing the shark to detect moving prey even in pitch darkness
  • On the surface of the skin of the head (especially the rostrum) are tiny pores (these are the ampullae of Lorenzini)
  • The ampullae are electromagnetic sensors
  • Electric fields produced by muscle contractions in other animals can be detected, allowing the shark to respond to prey and correctly orient itself in the water
  • The organs and body cavity are lined with a shiny membrane: the peritoneum
  • Numerous extensions of the peritoneum, called mesenteries, suspend the organs in place
28
Q

What is the digestion/excretion of the dogfish?

A
  • The largest organ is the three lobed liver
  • Lying beside the smallest lobe is a thin, greenish, tubular sac: the gallbladder
  • Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated in the gall bladder, then is discharged during meals into the duodenum (part of the small intestine) via a duct
  • Bile aids in absorption of fats and certain vitamins
  • The liver plays another important role in the shark: it secretes a large quantity of oil, which is lighter than water (this contributes to the animals buoyancy in water)
  • The esophagus leads from the pharynx to the J shaped stomach
  • The next turn of the digestive tract takes us to the duodenum, which is closely associated with the pancreas
  • The pancreas is a gland that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes, many of which flow into the duodenum
  • The duodenum is one of the primary sites of chemical digestion
  • A small portion of the pancreas extends to the large spleen, which lies near the posterior end of the stomach
  • The spleen is actually not part of the digestive system; it is a site of red blood cell production, storage and filtration
  • The ileum is filled with spiral shaped ridges to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption
  • The colon is where feces are formed and finally the rectum
  • The cloaca (single external opening) receives both the rectum and the urogenital ducts
29
Q

Explain the basics to the class actinopterygii

A
  • Bony fishes (perch)
  • Most abundant vertebrates
  • They inhabit nearly all depths of fresh and salt water
  • Recognized by scales, a bony operculum covering the gills, a bony skeleton and a swim bladder
30
Q

What is the general external anatomy of the bony fishes?

A
  • The back carries a pair of dorsal fins; the tail bears a lobed caudal fin
  • A pair of pectoral fins are located on the sides, and below these, the pelvic fins
  • An additional fin is present near the tail: the anal fin (the anus is located at the base of this fin)
  • The fin rays that support the thin membrane of each fin; some are rather soft while others are spiny
  • The mouth is enclosed by the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw)
  • The orientation of the mouth can tell you about the method of feeding: a forward facing mouth means the fish overtakes prey as it swims; an upward facing mouth indicated a surface feeder, while a down facing mouth indicates a bottom feeder
  • There is an operculum (gill cover)
  • It is compromised of membrane supported by bony rays, and fits snugly against the body when it is closed
  • Beneath the operculum are the gills
31
Q

What is the sensory structures of the bony fishes?

A
  • Two eyes and nostrils (which are attached to olfactory bulbs)
  • A pale lateral line is visible along the length of the body; this bears small sensory pores that detect vibrations and pressure gradients
  • Shiny lining of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
32
Q

What is the digestion of the bony fishes?

A
  • Intestine lies along the ventral surface; it may be encased in a slyer of yellow fat
  • Sac like stomach
  • Near the stomach are finger like processes called the pyloric caeca; these secrete digestive enzymes into the stomach
  • Anterior to the stomach is the lobed liver
33
Q

What is the reproduction of the bony fishes?

A
  • The gonads are usually located dorsal to the intestines, and towards the posterior of the animal
  • Fertilization in most fish is external
34
Q

What is the floatation of the bony fishes?

A
  • There is a vey thin, shiny membrane of the swim bladder along the dorsal/posterior region of the body wall
  • The swim bladder is a “buoyancy tank”
  • By increasing and decreasing the volume of cases within the bladder according to the depth of the water, it adjust the specific gravity of the fish to maintain a neutral buoyancy and allows the fish to “float” in the water
35
Q

What is the excretion of the bony fishes?

A
  • Two kidneys lie against the dorsal body wall and extend the whole length of the abdomen above the swim bladder
  • Ducts extend from the kidneys to the bladder
36
Q

What is the respiration/circulation of the bony fishes?

A
  • Water movement across the gills is accomplished with a “double pump” system
  • The two “pumps” are the mouth cavity and the cavity beneath the operculum
  • By opening/closing the mouth and/or operculum, pressure differentials are created between the two cavities and the external environment, causing a smooth flow of water over the gills
  • The pericardial cavity, which contains the heart, is separated form the abdominal cavity by wall called a septum
  • The heart is two chambered and consists of an atrium and ventricle
37
Q

Explain the basics to the Class Amphibia

A
  • Grass Frog
  • A transition between aquatic and land dwelling vertebrates
  • Soft, moist skin (so they have to live in or near water)
  • Their eggs lack the tough protective shells of land vertebrates and are deposited in water
  • The immature stage (tadpoles) are only aquatic and breathe with gills
38
Q

What is the general external anatomy of the grass frog?

A
  • The forelimbs are stout but well muscled (inward orientation to the hands)
  • The hands are used to walk, grasp surfaces and handle large food items that aren’t swallowed easily
  • The hindlimb are very long and extremely strong and are built for both jumping and swimming
  • They are the best jumpers of all vertebrates
  • The shorter forelimbs act as shock absorbers when the animal lands
  • There are membranous webbing between the digits of the feet
  • On the posterior, where the hindlimbs meet, there should be a cloaca (this is the single opening used for waste excretion and sex cells)
39
Q

Explain the eyes of the grass frog?

A
  • They are large and prominent
  • They are protected by eyelids, which can blink, as well as a transparent nictitating membrane
  • This membrane can be drawn down to protect the eye during swimming without affecting vision
  • They do not have external ears (they possess round tympanic membranes behind each eye)
40
Q

What is the respiration/circulation of the grass frog?

A
  • In the “throat” are near the head, their is a small heart (it is enclosed by a pericardial membrane)
  • They have 3 chambers to the heart (left and right atria and lower ventricle)
  • Under the heart and the large lobes of the liver is where the tiny lungs are located
  • The size of the lungs indicate the animals respiratory habits
  • Amphibians breathe through their moist skin as well as with their lungs (this is very important for winter when they hibernate in mud because lung function ceases at this time)
  • Air is drawn into the mouth cavity vis the nares (nostrils) by depressing the floor of the mouth
  • Then, the nares are closed, an opening connected to the lungs (the glottis), and the floor of the mouth is raised (this forces air from the mouth through the glottis and into the lungs)
  • This is called positive pressure breathing
  • Air is expelled by contraction of the body wall and elastic recoil of the lung
41
Q

What is the digestion of the grass frog?

A
  • Beneath the lobes of the liver is the small sac of the gall bladder
  • The pancreas is a thin, flat whitish structure lying in the mesentery between the stomach and the first bend of the intestine
  • The digestive tract is relatively short
  • Under the heart, liver and lungs is where the esophagus is located (esophagus empties into the stomach)
  • A small valve controls the passage of food from the stomach to the coils of the small intestine (nutrient absorption)
  • The large intestine (water absorption/formation of feces) comes next
  • Waste eventually empties via the cloaca (only external opening)
  • The round, pinkish spleen is usually found attached to some of the intestinal mesenteries
42
Q

What is the urogenital systems of the grass frog?

A
  • In males, the small, oval of testes lie on the ventral surfaces of the kidneys, which are found on the dorsal body wall on either side of the midline
  • Sperm passes from the testes into mesonephric ducts then into the choaca
  • Waste passes from the kidneys to the bladder via the same ducts
  • In females, eggs are released from the ovaries into the body cavity
  • They travel down the oviduct to the uterus, which empties into the cloaca
  • A separate duct in females carries waste from the kidneys to the choaca
43
Q

What is the fat storage of the grass frog?

A
  • Finger like, yellow fat bodies are attached to the kidneys and are used to store fat
  • The size of the fat bodies vary (largest in fall)
44
Q

Explain the basics to the class mammalia

A
  • Fetal pig and rat
  • Many are terrestrial, some aquatic and other then to the skies
  • Range in size
45
Q

Members from the class mammalia are characterized by what?

A
  • Young are fed with milk produced by mammary glands in females
  • Muscular diaphragm
  • Four chambered heart
  • Hair
  • Well developed nervous system
46
Q

What are the body cavities of the mammals?

A
  • Divided into two parts
    1) Thoracic cavity (contains the heart and lungs)
    2) Abdominal cavity (contains the digestive and urogenital organs
  • The thin, muscular “wall” between the two cavities is the diaphragm
47
Q

What is the respiration/circulation of the mammals?

A
  • The four chambered heart lies in the middle of the thoracic cavity
  • The chambers consist of left and right atria, and left and right ventricles
  • The heart is enclosed by a shiny membrane, the pericardium
  • On either side of the heart are the lobes of the lungs
  • The lungs are connected to the trachea (windpipe), which lies below the heart and opens to the mouth
  • The thinner esophagus lies beneath the larynx and leads to the stomach bu passing through the diaphragm
  • The muscular diaphragm separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • When the diaphragm is drawn downward, it creates a vacuum and draws air into the lungs (negative pressure breathing)
48
Q

What is the digestion of the mammals?

A
  • Below the diaphragm is a large lobed liver
  • Under the central lobes is the sac like gallbladder
  • The stomach lies beneath the liver, on the animals left side
  • The spleen is a flap of glandular tissue found below the stomach
  • The small pancreas is visible in the first coil of intestine after the stomach
  • After the stomach is the extensive coils of the small intestine, which are attached to each other by a highly vascularized mesentery
  • Digestion is completed in the small intestine and nutrients are absorbed from the blood vessels in the mesentery
  • The next section is wider but shorter large intestine, whose primary function is water removal and the formation of feces, which are passed through the rectum and exit through the anus
49
Q

What is different about the rats digestion?

A

The rat has an additional outcropping of the small intestine before the large intestine

50
Q

What is the cecum for the mammal digestion?

A
  • It is a bag like intestinal structure that contains bacteria responsible for breaking down cellulose
  • This structure is commonly found in herbivorous animals but is greatly reduced in omnivores and carnivores
51
Q

What is the urogenital systems of the mammals?

A
  • In males they have a penis and testes
  • The rat has a pair of vesicular glands, which produce nutrients and secretions that aid in sperm motility
  • The females have two uterine horns (these meet at the a uterine body which is very small)
  • The ovaries are located at the very tip of each horn
  • The urinary bladder collects the urine produced by the kidneys, a pair of which lie on the dorsal body wall
52
Q

What is the vertebrate skeletons?

A
  • It is an endoskeleton made primarily of calcium phosphate
  • Bone is living tissue, containing blood vessels and nerves
  • They can generally be divided into two regions
    1) Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs)
    2) Appendicular skeleton (pectoral, pelvic, limb bones)
53
Q

What is the function of the bones in the vertebrate skeleton?

A
  • Rigid support structure that retains the animals shape
  • Protects vital organs
  • Provides surfaces for muscle attachment (facilitate movement)
  • Produces blood cells
  • Involves in numerous metabolic functions
54
Q

What is the skeleton of the frogs (class amphibia)?

A
  • When they move from water to land and developed a tetrapods existence, they encountered a new set of stress and leverage challenges
  • Their skeletal structure is designed for jumping and swimming
  • Gone are the sinuous, fishlike motions of their aquatic ancestors
  • The vertebral column has lost much of its flexibility and together with a large pelvic girdle, has become a rigid frame for transmitting force from the hindlimb to the body
  • The greatly reduced skull is lighter to accommodate rapid mobility on land
  • Many bones in the limbs have fused again providing rigidity for leaping
55
Q

What is the skeleton of the turtles (class reptilia)?

A
  • They have a protective carapace (shell) and plastron (breastplate)
  • The shell is covered in scutes (homologous to dermal scales in other reptiles)
  • The awkward gait is due to its sprawling posture, with limbs splayed to either side (characteristic of primitive land dwellers)
  • The skull is solid, save for openings for the sensory organs
  • There are large depressions on the back of the skull, where strong neck muscles would attach
56
Q

What is the skeleton of the pigeons (class aves)?

A
  • Perfect mixture if strength and lightness, both of which facilitate flight
  • Many of the bones of the limbs and pelvic/pectoral girdles are hollowed with a “honeycomb” structure
  • Some of the bones are even perforated by extensions of the respiratory system, filling them with buoyant warm air
  • While the neck is flexible, the back is largely fused with the pelvic girdle, creating a stiff framework that provides rigidity for flight
  • The sternum, greatly enlarged, provides an enormous surface area for breast attachment, the muscles that power flight
57
Q

What is the skeleton of cats (class mammalia)?

A
  • Arsenal pointed teeth
  • Retractile claws
  • Forward facing eyes
  • Flexible spine
  • Long limbs
  • Skeleton is mostly like ours

Organisms 2 Lab Exam (5 decks)

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