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general biology lab 2 > lab 5: bacteria & autotrophic protists > Flashcards

lab 5: bacteria & autotrophic protists Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is domain eukarya? the kingdoms in it?

A

-the third domain on the tree of life
-range from tiny single-celled species to sequoia trees & blue whales
-have membrane bound nucleus & organelles
-kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, & protists

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2
Q

what’s domain archaea? the kingdom?

A

-ancient life forms
-live in virtually every habitat, including extreme environments (extremophiles)
-similar to Earth, acidic, hot, salty, anaerobic, full of CO2 & H
-kingdom archae-bacteria

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3
Q

what is domain bacteria? the kingdom?

A

-they are a monophyletic group (an ancestral population & all descendants)
distributed more widely than any other group of organisms
-microscopic
have cell walls that give them characteristic traits: bacillus (rod shaped), coccus (spherical shaped), spirillum (spiral shaped)
-kingdom bacteria

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4
Q

what is the difference between bacteria & archaea?

A

-bacterias cell wall & membrane lipids are made up of fatty acids (peptidoglycan) while archaea is made of different chemicals (no peptidoglycan)
-many types of bacteria can photosynthesize & archaea can’t
-the flagella is different (archaea has little flagellum & bacteria has a lot)
-archaea reproduce by fission while bacteria produce spores
-the chemical makeup of their DNA & RNA is different
-some bacteria can cause disease (pathogenic) while archaea can’t (not pathogenic)

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5
Q

what is the acronym “dear king Phillip came over for grape soda” stand for ?

A

domain , kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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6
Q

autotrophs

A

manufacture their own food (carbon-containing compounds)
ex: plants with photosynthesis

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7
Q

heterotrophs

A

-live by consuming other organisms
-most bacteria are this

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8
Q

decomposers

A

feed on dead material & release nutrients not otherwise available to other organisms (locked up) = fungi

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9
Q

parasites/parasitism

A

feed on living organisms & tissue

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10
Q

asexual reproduction

A

-occurs via binary fission (cell pinches in half after DNA replication)
-offspring genetically identical to parents
-some bacteria: genetic recombination via conjugation (all or part of genetic material is transferred to another bacterium)

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11
Q

extreme halophiles

A

-extreme salt lovers
-live in very salty conditions
-type of archaea

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12
Q

methanogens

A

-methane makers
-type of archaea that produce methane & are killed by oxygen exposure
-found living in oxygen-free mud, at the bottom of the ocean, & inside digestive tracts of cows, termites & marine life

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13
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

-type of archaea
-lives in environment that are hotter than 80°C
-such as waters of hot springs or geothermal pools

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14
Q

bacillus (bacteria)

A

-rod shaped
-ex: firmicutes
-metabolically diverse
-species are important components of soil
-some species cause disease, others ferment milk into yogurt

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15
Q

spirillum (bacteria)

A

-spiral shaped
-ex: spirochaeles (spirochetes) = corkscrew shape & unusual flagella
-very common in aquatic habitats
-cause disease: syphilis & lyme disease

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16
Q

coccus (bacteria)

A

-ex: cyanobacteria formally known as “blue-green algae”
-photosynthetic bacteria
-reproduce by fission
-found as independent cells, chains, or colonies
-contain chlorophyll a & the accessory pigments to perform photosynthesis
-produce oxygen, nitrogen & organic compounds that feed other organisms in aquatic environments

17
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

N2 -> NH3 / NO3-
ex: rhizobium (provide ammonia to the plant while the plant provides sugars & other nutrients to the bacteria)

18
Q

mutualism

A

-both interacting organisms benefit
-ex: plant & rhizobium
-plant gets nitrogen in usable form & rhizobium needs a plant host to fix nitrogen & receives organic acids as carbon & energy source

19
Q

gram stain

A

-classify bacteria based on the stain & can tell their cell wall
-we can test antibiotics by knowing it because of the sensitivity of the bacterium

20
Q

bacterial sensitivity to inhibitors

A

-can tell which antibiotic can kill the bacteria
-can be able to circle the best/worst antibiotic based on the ring shows how effective it is

21
Q

cyanobacteria

A

-first organism that brought oxygen to environment; Earth’s atmosphere
-prokaryotes
-photosynthetic bacteria

22
Q

mitosis

A

-body cells
-occurs in all organisms (except viruses)
-one cell division
-no recombination/crossing over
-produces 2 diploid daughter cells
-daughter cells are identical

23
Q

meiosis

A

-follows same steps as mitosis
-occurs in animals, plants & fungi
-creates sex cells (gametes)
-two cell divisions
-recombination/crossing over that occurs in metaphase
-produces 4 haploid daughter cells
-daughter cells are genetically different

24
Q

protista/protists

A

-a diverse group of organisms that includes all eukaryotes except land plants, fungi & animals
-they live in moist habitats & include simple eukaryotes (like amoebas) as well as multicellular organisms (like brown algae-kelp)
-they don’t make up a well-defined monophyletic group due to differences in their DNA sequence & cellular features
-probably share a common ancestry with fungi, plants & animals
-common characteristics: most very small, tend to live in moist areas, diversity in immense
-can classify protists into several eukaryotic supergroups that display distinctive features

25
Q

algae

A

-importance: photosynthetic -> global oxygen production, base of food chain, key roles in ecosystem
-algae applies to about 10 groups of protists that are predominantly photosynthetic
-polyphyletic group (have more than 1 common ancestor)
-major groups of algae are distinguished by their energy storage products, cell walls & color from pigments

26
Q

supergroup archaeplastida: green algae

A

-fresh & salt water
-unicellular, filamentous, colonial
-likely ancestral to land plants (share chlorophyll a & b, starch as carbohydrate storage material, cell walls of cellulose)
-ex: spirogyra, cladophora, chlamydomonas
-forms of green algae: unicellular (chlamydomonas), filamentous (spirogyra & cladophora), colonial (volvox)

27
Q

chlamydomonas (unicellular green algae)

A

-motile
-soil, lakes, ditches
-mostly asexual reproduction via mitosis
-exception: unfavorable environment conditions: sexual reproduction
-fusion of gametes -> diploid gametes
-gametes = isogamous: identical shape & appearance (+ / -)
-(+ / -) haploid gametes fuse to -> diploid zygote by syngamy
-zygote surrounds itself with resistant surface called zygospore
-under favorable conditions, the zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid individuals = spores
-spores = reproductive cells capable of developing into an adult w/o fusing to another cell

28
Q

spirogyra (filamentous green algae)

A

-running streams, slippery
-conjugation: sexual reproduction
-fragmentation: asexual reproduction

29
Q

cladophora (filamentous green algae)

A

-common in streams
-coarser appearance & texture
-diploid stage = produce spores = sporophytes
-haploid stage = produces gametes = gametophytes
-reproductive system: haploid gametophytes -> gametes fuse -> zygotes -> diploid sporophyte
-sporophyte: meiosis -> spores -> gametophytes

30
Q

volvox (colonial green algae)

A

-colonial
-chlamydomonas = cells clustered in sphere
-each cell has 2 flagella
-some cells are specialized & can produce new colonies
-reproduce by oogamy: motile sperm + large nonmotile = diploid zygote
-zygote -> zygospore -> meiosis = haploid cells
-haploid cells -> mitosis = start a new colony
-volvocines- evolving multicellularity & colonial complexity

31
Q

supergroup archaeplastida: red algae

A

-live in warm marine habitats & can grow in many forms; live at considerable depths
-consist mostly of multicellular species
-almost all photosynthetic; a few are parasitic
-no flagella
-reproduce by producing spores through mitosis
-obtain color from presence of red phycobilins in their plastids

32
Q

supergroup chromaveolata: brown algae

A

-primarily marine
-complex, unique among protists, all species are multicellular
-brown pigment: fucoxanthin
-photosynthetic & sessile but reproductive cells may move
-swimming gametes -> zygote = via sexual reproduction
-species exhibit alternation of generations
-form underwater forests & huge mats that are important habitats for wide variety of animals (kelp, sargassum)
-economically important (food, alginic acid- use as emulsifier in processed foods & products)

33
Q

fucus in supergroup chromaveolata: brown-algae

A

-common rockweed
-covered by a gelatinous sheath (to help keep moist, not dry out)
-sexual reproduction: tips of branches = conceptacles contain the reproductive structures (oogonium: egg; antheridia: sperm)
-eggs + sperm -> release to water -> mature thallus = diploid
-cells within reproductive structures -> meiosis -> gametes
-skip multicellular haploid stage (common to protists, plants, & fungi)

34
Q

supergroup chromalveolata: diatoms

A

-unicellular / form chains of cells
-tiny
-supported by external, silicon-rich, glassy shells (good fossils)
-all species photosynthetic
-primary link in food chain (numerous)
-only sperm has flagella; adults either float in water or move via microtubules
-can reproduce asexually or sexually
-diatoms dominate the plankton of cold nutrient-rich waters
-most important producer of carbon compounds in water

35
Q

supergroup chromalveolata: dinoflagellates

A

-unicellular
-bizarre appearance of their cellulose plates & 2 flagella
-primary producers
-can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
-bioluminescent

36
Q

harmful algal blooms

A

-occur when dinoflagellates, toxin-producing protists, reach high densities in an aquatic environment
-algal blooms of dinoflagellates = red tides
-can be harmful to humans because these toxins build up in clams & shellfish; if eaten person can become poisoned

37
Q

supergroup excavata: euglenoids

A

-unicellular flagellates
-excavata: named for “excavated” feeding groove on 1 side of the cell
-the 1000 known species of euglenoid mostly live in freshwater environments; others live in marine environments
-mostly ingest bacteria / small cells (heterotrophic), although about 1/3 are photosynthetic (autotrophic)
-some have light-sensitive eyespots called stigma & use flagella to swim to light
-eyespot allow cells to sense light direction & intensity & respond to it by swimming

general biology lab 2 (11 decks)

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