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Botany > Lab 5 > Flashcards

Lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

anemophilous

A

plants that have evolved specific adaptations to maximize pollen dispersal by wind; flowers lack showy petals or strong fragrances, their pollen grains are lightweight and often produced in abundance, increasing the chances of successful pollination over long distances

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2
Q

entomophilous

A

plants that have evolved to attract insects such as bees, butterflies, and beetles to transfer pollen between flowers; flowers display vibrant colors, patterns and fragrances to lure pollinators; they may offer nectar as a reward

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3
Q

flower

A

reproductive structures of angiosperms; they consist of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils; they vary in size, shape, color, and scent, reflecting adaptations to their specific pollinators and environmental conditions

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4
Q

actinomorphic flower/polysymmetrical flower

A

flowers that exhibit radial symmetry; this symmetry allows pollinators to approach the flower from any direction
ex. daisy family

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5
Q

zygomorphic flower/monosymmetrical flower

A

flowers that display bilateral symmetry, meaning they can only be divided into two equal halves by a single plane; it corresponds to specialized pollination mechanisms, where specific pollinators are guided towards the flower’s reproductive structures
ex. orchids

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6
Q

floral formula

A

a shorthand notation used to represent the structure of a flower; includes information about the number and arrangement of floral parts, their fusion, and other important characteristics

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7
Q

floral diagram

A

graphical representation of a flower’s structure, depicting the arrangement and relationships of its floral parts; provides a visual summary of important floral characteristics, such as the arrangement of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

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8
Q

receptacle

A

enlarged tip of a flower’s stem where all the floral organs are attached; provides support and attachment for the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, serving as a central hub for the reproductive structures of the flower

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9
Q

pedicel

A

the stalk that supports the flower, attaching it to the main stem or branch of the plant; plays a crucial role in positioning the flower to optimize exposure to pollinators, ensuring successful pollination

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10
Q

perianth

A

collective term for the outer floral whorl, consisting of the sepals and petals; protect the developing flower bud and may also play a role in attracting pollinators through color, scent, or other visual cues

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11
Q

sepal

A

the outermost whorl of the flower, typically green and leaf-like in appearance; encloses and protects the bud before it opens and provides structural support to the flower

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12
Q

petal

A

the colorful, often fragrant parts of the flower, located inside the sepal; attract pollinators by providing visual cues such as color and pattern, as well as olfactory cues through their fragrance

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13
Q

perigon

A

the outer floral whorl when the sepals and petals are similar in appearance and not clearly differentiated

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14
Q

tepal

A

undifferentiated floral parts that resemble both sepals and petals

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15
Q

nectary

A

glandular organ found within the flower that produces nectar, a sugary liquid; nectar serves as a reward for pollinators, attracting them to the flower and encouraging them to transfer pollen between flowers

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16
Q

androecium

A

the male reproductive organ of the flower, comprising one or more stamens; produces and releases pollen, which contains the male gametes

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17
Q

stamen

A

the male reproductive organ of the flower, consisting of an anther and a filament; responsible for producing and releasing pollen, which contains the male gametes required for fertilization

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18
Q

anther

A

the pollen-producing structure located at the tip of the stamen; contains pollen sacs where pollen grains are produced through the process of meiosis, and it releases pollen when mature

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19
Q

connective (in stamen)

A

the tissue that connects the two lobes of the anther; plays a structural role in supporting the anther and facilitating pollen release during pollination

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20
Q

filament (in stamen)

A

a stalk that supports the anther, positioning it for optimal pollen dispersal; provides structural support to the anther

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21
Q

theca

A

the two lobes of the anther where pollen is produced; each lobe contains pollen sacs (microsporangia) where microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce pollen grains

22
Q

tapetum

A

a layer of nutritive tissue surrounding the sporogenous cells within the anther; provides nutrients to developing pollen grains and plays a crucial role in their maturation and release

23
Q

endothecium

A

the inner layer of cells within the anther wall; helps to facilitate pollen release when the anther splits open

24
Q

microspore

A

spores produced by microsporocytes within the microsporangia of the anther; each microspore produces a pollen grain

25
Q

megaspore

A

large spores produced by megasporocytes within the ovule; they give rise to the embryo sac, which develops within the ovule and contains the egg cell

26
Q

gametophyte

A

the haploid phase of the plant life cycle; the male gametophyte is produced within the pollen grain, while the female gametophyte develops within the ovule

27
Q

pollen

A

male gametophyte of seed plants, produced by the anthers of flowers; consists of microscopic grains containing the male gametes

28
Q

exine

A

tough outer layer of the pollen grain, composed primarily of sporopollenin; provides protection for the delicate contents of the pollen grain and may have sculptural features that aid in pollen dispersal

29
Q

intine

A

inner layer of the pollen grain wall, located beneath the exine; composed of cellulose and other organic materials; involved in pollen tube germination and growth during pollination

30
Q

vegetative cell

A

one of the cells within the pollen grain, responsible for forming the pollen tube during pollination; provides nutrients and structural support to the growing pollen tube as it penetrates the stigma and style of the pistil

31
Q

sperm cell

A

male gametes contained within the pollen grain; they are released from the pollen grain and travel down the pollen tube to reach the ovule, where they fertilize the egg cell to initiate seed development

32
Q

gynoecium

A

female reproductive organ of the flower, comprising one or more pistils; produces and nurtures the female gametes (egg cells) and facilitate their fertilization by pollen grains

33
Q

pistil

A

female reproductive organ of the flower, consisting of three main parts: the stigma, style, and ovary; receives pollen, supports PT growth, and houses the ovules, where fertilization occurs

34
Q

superior pistil

A

positioned above the attachment point of the other floral organs, such as sepals and petals; may protrude from the flower’s receptacle or be completely enclosed within the floral tube

35
Q

inferior pistil

A

positioned below the attachment point of the other floral organs, often within a floral tube; may be partially or fully enclosed by the receptacle

36
Q

ovary

A

enlarged basal portion of the pistil, located at the base of the flower; contains one or more ovules, which are the structures that develop into seeds after fertilization

37
Q

placenta

A

tissue within the ovary where ovules are attached; provides support and nutrients to the developing ovules and seeds

38
Q

ovule

A

structures within the ovary that contain the embryo sac, surrounded by integuments; attached to the placenta within the ovary by a structure called the funicle

39
Q

ortotropous ovule

A

straight in its orientation on the placenta; the funicle, chalaza and micropyle lie in one straight line

40
Q

anatropous ovule

A

body of the ovule is inverted and is turned at an angle of so that the micropyle and the funicle happen to lie next to each other

41
Q

funicle

A

stalk-like structure that attaches the ovule to the placenta within the ovary; transports nutrients and water to the developing ovule and provides support during seed maturation

42
Q

chalaza

A

the basal part of the ovule where the integuments converge; point of attachment for the funicle; provides support and protection to the developing embryo sac and ovule contents

43
Q

integument

A

layers of tissue that surround the nucellus in the ovule, forming the seed coat after fertilization; protect the developing embryo sac and seed from mechanical damage or pathogens

44
Q

micropyle

A

small opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube enters during fertilization

45
Q

nucellus

A

central tissue within the ovule, containing the embryo sac and surrounding tissues; site of megasporogenesis

46
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte within the ovule, containing the egg cell and other supporting cells; develops from a megaspore

47
Q

style

A

long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary

48
Q

transmitting tissue

A

specialized tissue within the style that provides nutrients and support to the growing PT and guides it towards the ovary

49
Q

stigma

A

receptive surface located at the top of the style in the pistil; covered with sticky or feathery structures that capture pollen grains during pollination

50
Q

stigmatoid tissue

A

any specialized tissue on the stigma’s surface that aids in pollen capture and recognition; may include hairs, papillae, or other structures that enhance pollen adhesion and germination

Botany (6 decks)

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