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Patho Lab Midterm 2 > Lab 5 > Flashcards

Lab 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New cellular growth that is autonomous (self-controlled) or beyond normal physiological restraints

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2
Q

What causes neoplasia?
What are the two types of mutations?

A

Specific types of genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth
Mutations that impair the normal on/off switches for cellular replication and growth
Mutations that inhibit or impair apoptosis

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3
Q

What are factors that can increase an individual’s risk for developing a specific type of neoplasia?

A

Environmental Factors: UV Exposure
Pre-existing genetic factors

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4
Q

What are the two categories of tumors

A

Benign
Malignant

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumors?

A

Localized overgrowth of tissue
Does NOT INVADE or metastasize
Closely resembles the tissue of origin (well-differentiated)
Well-circumscribed (Encapsulated), clearly-defined borders

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6
Q

What are characteristics of malignant tumors?

A

Morphologically and functionally different from parent tissue (cell line)
Poorly differentiated
INVASIVE (borders unclear or irregular)
Can metastasize

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7
Q

What is differentiated and how is it described?

A

Differentiation is the degree of resemblance of cells to the mature normal cell of the tissue origin
Described along a specture

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8
Q

What information does the differentiation provide?

A

Malignancy of cancer and the prognosis of treatment

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9
Q

Benign vs Malignant:
Irregular; poorly-defined borders

A

Malignant

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10
Q

Benign or Malignant:
Good Prognosis

A

Benign

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11
Q

Suffix “oma”

A

Benign growth

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12
Q

Suffix “carcinoma”

A

Malignant growth of epithelial origin

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13
Q

Suffix “sacroma”

A

Malignant growth of mesenchymal origin

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14
Q

Prefix “adeno-“

A

neoplastic growth of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Adenoma: Benign or Malignant

A

Benign

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16
Q

Adenocarcinoma: Benign or Malignant

A

Malignant

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17
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Cellular atypia, lack of differentiation)lead to a lack of normal tissue architecture)

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18
Q

Where on the differentiation spectrum in anaplasia

A

Malignant
Poorly differentiated

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19
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of anaplasia in histological tissue sections

A

Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Atypical Mitosis
Tumor Giants Cells

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20
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

abnormal variation in size or shape of cell and cell nuclei

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21
Q

What is hyperchromatism?

A

enlarged, darkened nuclei (chromatin clumping, large prominent nucleoli)

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22
Q

What is atypical mitosis?

A

Mitotic figures, other cellular abnormalities

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23
Q

What are tumor giant cells?

A

Large bizarre shaped cells, may be multi-nucleated

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24
Q

What is the histologic evidence of malignant tumors

A

Invasion - spread from primary site to adjacent tissues

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25
Q

How do neoplasias spread?

A
  1. Invasion - spread within the primary site or the organ/tissue or origin (local spread)
  2. Metastasis - spread to another site/ tissue/ organ (distant spread)
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26
Q

3 routes of metastatic spread?

A
  1. Hematogenous (blood vessels)
  2. Lymphatic (lymphatic system)
  3. Direct seeding / extension (direct contact)
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27
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

solid new growths which occur the blood

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28
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Proliferating neoplastic cells

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29
Q

What is stroma?

A

Supportive structures
Connective tissue and blood vessels

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30
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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31
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Formation of abundant dense connective tissue stroma

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32
Q

What does local neoplasia mean?

A

Swelling
Irritation
Vascular Damage
Organ damage and compromised function

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33
Q

Systemic Neoplasia

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes
Hypercalcemia
Anorexia, weight loss, and cachexia
Tumor hormones secretions

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34
Q

Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages
Tumor immunosurveillance
Immunotherapy

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35
Q

What is tumor immunosurveillance

A

recognition and destruction of cancer cells by immune system

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36
Q

What cells are apart of tumor immunosurveillance?

A
  1. T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cytotoxic) - recognize TSA and lyse tumor cells
  2. Natural Killer Cells - can lyse tumor cells without TSA
  3. Macrophages and B lymphocytes play minor role
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37
Q

What is organ tropism?

A

Tendency for malignant neoplasias to spread to or target organs; favored soil for growth

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38
Q

Examples of Organ Tropism

A

Breast Cancer –> bone, brain, lung, liver
Lung Cancer –> adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver
Prostate Cancer –> adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver

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39
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Marked dysplastic epithelial changes, still confined to the basement membrane (pre-invasive)

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40
Q

What are the progressions from dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia –> Carcinoma in situ –> invasive (malignant) neoplasia

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41
Q

What does grading do?

A

measure degree of differentation of proliferating cells compared to normal tissue

42
Q

Why do we grade cancers?

A

to help predict the clinical behavior of a malignancy and to establish criteria for therapy and treatment

43
Q

What is staging?

A

Assessing the extent of cancer spread

44
Q

Why do we stage cancers?

A

To aid in prognosis, treatment/therapy options

45
Q

What are the factors in scoring system of staging cancers?

A

Tumor size
Presence of lymph node metastasis
Presence of distance metastasis

46
Q

TNM system

A

T: size of primary tumor (T1-T4); T0 = carcinoma in situ
N: Regional lymph node spread (N0-N3)
M: Presence of distance metastasis (M0-M1)

47
Q

Most common primary malignant bone tumor?

A

Osteosacroma

48
Q

What is the primary site of osteosarcoma?

A

Bone

49
Q

Osteosarcoma are most common in

A

adolescents
boys twice as likely than girls
elderly

50
Q

What types of bones is osteosarcoma most common in?

A

Long bones

51
Q

What are the mutations of tumor suppressor genes for osteosarcoma

A

Rb and p53

52
Q

Where do osteosarcoma commonly metastasize to? Via?

A

Lung via hematogenous

53
Q

What is chondrosarcoma?

A

Chondroblastic malignancy

54
Q

Chrondrosarcoma is most common in what age group individuals?

A

30-60 year olds

55
Q

Are males or females more likely to develop chrondrosarcoma?

A

Males ( two times more likely)

56
Q

Where do chondrosarcoma metastasize to? via?

A

Lung (hematogenous)
liver, kidney, brain

57
Q

What causes/drives neoplasia?

A
  1. Mutations in normal regulatory genes which turn on/off normal cell growth or mutations that impair/inhibit apoptosis
  2. the net result of these types of mutations is increased cell growth and regeneration
58
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

Normal genes which promote normal cell growth

59
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Altered versions of normal protooncogenes that promote autonomous growth in cancer cells
Promote cell growth in absence of normal mitogenic signals

60
Q

What are examples of oncogenes?

A

erb, ret, myc, ras, sis

61
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)

A

produces proteins which stop/slow cellular proliferation (cell growth and divides to 2 daughter cells)

62
Q

Deletions or mutations of tumor suppressor genes allow for…

A

excessive cellular proliferation

63
Q

What are examples of tumor suppressor genes?

A

p53, Rb, BRCA1, BRCA2, APC

64
Q

What are apoptotic genes?

A

genes that regulate apoptosis, normal apoptotic balance achieved by balance of anti apoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes

65
Q

What is tumor necrosis?

A

Death of tumor tissue
Common in aggressive, fast-growing cancers where cells rapidly outgrow their blood supply resulting in cell death

66
Q

What is the most prevalent cancer in US men?

A

Prostate Cancer - prostate adenocarcinoma

67
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the breast?

A

Fibroadenoma

68
Q

What is the most common malignancy in US women?

A

Breast Cancer

69
Q

What is the most common histological type of breast cancer?

A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

70
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US

A

Lung Cancer

71
Q

What are the 4 most common histological subtypes of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell, Gland forming adenocarcinoma, Small cell carcinoma, Large cell carcinoma

72
Q

Which lung cancers are linked to cigarette smoking?

A

Squamous cell and small cell carcinomas

73
Q

What is the most common lung cancer among women and non-smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

74
Q

Approximately 1/3 of all cancer death show metastasis to what area?

A

Lungs

75
Q

3 most common types of skin cancer?

A
  1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  3. Malignant Melanoma
76
Q

What is the most prevalent skin cancer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

77
Q

Are basal cell carcinoma’s metastatic

A

not highly

78
Q

What type of people is basal cell carcinoma most common in?

A

fair-skinned people

79
Q

What is the second most prevalent skin cancer?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

80
Q

Is squamous cell carcinoma metastatic?

A

not highly

81
Q

Are Malignant melanoma metastatic?

A

Highest metastatic potential

82
Q

What is leukemia?

A

neoplastic disorders of uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stems cells

83
Q

Where does leukemia originate from?

A

bone marrow, malignant cells spill into peripheral circulation

84
Q

How are leukemia’s classified on

A

based on malignant cell maturity and cell type

85
Q

What are the two types of cell maturity

A
  1. Acute leukemias
  2. Chronic Leukemias
86
Q

What are acute leukemias

A

involve more blast, immature cells, more poorly differentiated

87
Q

What are chronic leukemias

A

more mature cells involved, more well differentiated

88
Q

What are the two cell types of leukemia

A
  1. Lymphocytic leukemias (T and B lymphocytes)
  2. Myelogenous leukemias (granulocytes and monocytes)
89
Q

What is the most common adulthood leukemia

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

90
Q

What is an indication of leukemia on a histological slide?

A

Smudge cells

91
Q

What are potential consequences of all leukemias

A
  1. Severe anemias
  2. Bleeding disorders
  3. Leukopenia (decreased WBC)
92
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

malignant neoplasm of cells native to lymphoid tissue, predominantly lymph nodes most involve B lymphocytes

93
Q

How are lymphomas classified?

A

based on pattern of spread

94
Q

What are the two patterns of spread of lymphomas

A
  1. Spreads contiguously
  2. Spreads non-contiguously
95
Q

Is Hodgkin Lymphoma and contiguously or non-contiguously spread

A

Contiguously

96
Q

Is non- hodgkin Lymphoma and contiguously or non-contiguously spread

A

non-contiguously

97
Q

What is the malignant cell in contiguous lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

98
Q

What is the malignant cell in non-contiguous lmyphoma

A

malignant lymphoid cell other than Reed-Sternberg

99
Q

What is the most common malignancy in young adults?

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

100
Q

What are the potential consequences of lymphomas?

A

Lymphadenopathy (lymph node enlargement)
Elevated WBC count
Infection
Weight loss
Fever
Malaise

Patho Lab Midterm 2 (1 decks)

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