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bio 141 lab > lab 5 > Flashcards

lab 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function?

A

tissues

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2
Q

what is the study of tissues?

A

histology

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3
Q

what are the 4 primary tissue types that make up the human body?

A

connective
epithelial
muscle
nervous

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4
Q

to perform specific functions, tissues are organized into what? such as heart and lungs

A

organs

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5
Q

what is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

A

epithelium

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6
Q

what is the form of epithelial tissue that forms the endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

glandular epithelium

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7
Q

what kind of epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the skin, lines the opening cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls and organs of the central body cavity?

A

covering and living epithelium

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8
Q

what are the 6 important functions of epithelium?

A

protection
absorption
secretion
excretion
filtration
sensory

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9
Q

all epithelial cells are said to exhibit what?

A

apical-basal polarity

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10
Q

what are the two surfaces of epithelial tissues?

A

apical and basal

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11
Q

what epithelial tissue surface is exposed to the exterior of the body or to the cavity of an internal organ?

A

apical surface

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12
Q

what is the lower attached second surface of epithelial tissue?

A

basal surface

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13
Q

epithelia is ___, meaning it has no blood vessels

A

avascular

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14
Q

what is the thin sheet of tissue that adheres to the underlying connective tissue and acts as a selective filter, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse through from the connective tissue?

A

basal lamina

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15
Q

what the layer of extracellular material containing a network of collagen/protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue? it’s deep to the basal lamina

A

reticular lamina

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16
Q

what do the basal lamina and reticular lamina form together?

A

basement membrane

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17
Q

what is important about the basement membrane?

A

it reinforces the epithelial sheet, helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces

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18
Q

what are the three modifications of plasma membrane that hold cells together?

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions

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19
Q

what are the 2 modifications of plasma membrane that hold cells together?

A

cilia and microvilli

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20
Q

what plasma membrane modification are cells joined by collars of tightly fused membrane and prevents movement of materials between cells?

A

tight junctions

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21
Q

what kind of plasma membrane modification are cells that are held together by a group of connecting filaments and it’s found in the skin?

A

adhering junctions

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22
Q

what plasma membrane modification are adjacent cells that are connected by protein channels that allow for transmission of signals from cell to cell and is found in the heart and smooth muscle?

A

gap junctions

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23
Q

what plasma membrane modification are projections made of microtubules that sweep substances along outer surface of the cell?

A

cilia

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24
Q

what plasma membrane modification are projections composed of microfilaments that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?

A

microvilli

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25
Q

true or false: epithelial cells can reproduce

A

true

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26
Q

what are the two criteria used to classify epithelial tissue?

A

shape and number of layers

27
Q

what are the 4 shapes of epithelial tissue?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
pseudostratified columnar

28
Q

what are the names for the different type of layers of epithelial cells?

A

simple
stratified

29
Q

what epithelial cells are flat, saclike cells?

A

squamous

30
Q

what epithelial cells are boxlike and approximately the same width and height?

A

cuboidal

31
Q

what epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped?

A

columnar cells

32
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are of varying heights?

A

pseudostratified columnar cells

33
Q

what kind of layer of epithelial cells is one layer of cells?

A

simple

34
Q

what kind of layer of epithelial cells are two or more layers of cells?

A

stratified

35
Q

stratified tissues are named based on the shape of cells in the ______ _______?

A

apical layer

36
Q

what is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the human body?

A

connective tissue

37
Q

what are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

A

binding/support
protection
insulation
transportation

38
Q

what embryonic tissue do all connective tissues arise from?

A

mesenchyme

39
Q

connective tissues may be _______ to varying degrees or _______

A

vascularized
avascularized

40
Q

what is a nonliving tissue between the cells that allows these connective tissues to withstand greater stress than other tissues?

A

extracellular matrix

41
Q

what are the 3 important structural elements of connective tissues?

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

42
Q

what structural element of connective tissues fills the spaces b/w cells and contains fibers, is composed mainly of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, and can be a liquid or gel-like or very hard?

A

ground substance

43
Q

what structural element of connective tissues provides support and has 3 types?

A

fibers

44
Q

what are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissues?

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

45
Q

what fiber type is composed of protein, provides high tensile strength (longitudinal stress), and are aka white fibers?

A

collagen

46
Q

what fiber type are long, thin fibers that form a branched network in the matrix, contain elastin, and are found in the skin and lungs and blood vessel walls, and are aka yellow fibers?

A

elastic fibers

47
Q

what fiber type are short, fine fibers continuous with collagen fibers, and their extensive branching forms networks surrounding small blood vessels and supporting soft tissues of organs?

A

reticular fibers

48
Q

connective tissue cells are called what?

A

blast cells

49
Q

what are the 4 types of blast cells?

A

fibroblasts
chondroblasts
osteoblasts
hematopoietic stem cell

50
Q

what blast cells are connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblasts

51
Q

what blast cells are cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

52
Q

what blast cells are bone?

A

osteoblasts

53
Q

what blast cells are blood?

A

hematopoietic stem cell

54
Q

what are the 4 classifications of connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

55
Q

what is the main component of the nervous system, which regulates and controls body functions?

A

nervous tissue

56
Q

nervous tissue forms the organs of _____ nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord and the ______ nervous system, including all nerves that emanate from the central nervous system?

A

central
peripheral

57
Q

what are the 2 major types of cells that comprise nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)

58
Q

what type of nervous tissue cells are highly specialized, generate and conduct nerve impulses, and are branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes?

A

neurons

59
Q

what are the two processes of neurons?

A

axons and dendrites

60
Q

what neuron process transmit signal away from the cell body, are covered in a sheet of fat that increases the speed with which impulses are transmitted?

A

axons

61
Q

what neuron cells process receives signals and transports signal or between the neuron and effector cells?

A

dendrites

62
Q

what is the space or junction between 2 neurons or between the neuron and effector cells?

A

synapse

63
Q

what type of nervous tissue cells insulate and protect neurons and don’t conduct nerve impulses?

A

neuroglia

64
Q

what type of tissue is responsible for most types of body movement, is highly cellular and well vascularized, has microfilaments (actin and myosin) that allow for movement and contraction?

A

muscle tissue

bio 141 lab (1 decks)

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